Guo Wei (郭威) | 24 Histories

Overview

Guo Wei was the founding emperor of the Later Zhou dynasty.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Posthumous name	Sagely, Divine, Martial, Civil, Reverent, Filial Emperor	神圣文武恭肃孝皇帝
Temple name	Taizu	太祖	Tàizǔ
Nickname	Guo Que'er	郭雀兒	Guo Que'er
Alternate name	Lord Guo	郭公	Guō gōng

Life and dates

Death

Burial Song Mausoleum 嵩陵
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 19
Date Source Date: Text: 應曆4年 · Reign Id: liao-yingli · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 954
Directly stated · History of Liao 6, passage 70
AD 954 周太祖崩
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 37
AD 954 显德元年正月壬辰
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 14
At Hall of Nourishing Virtue 滋德殿
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 120

Age

18
Reckoning Sui
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 4
51
Reckoning Sui
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 129

Attested activity

AD 951 南北軍遇於劉子陂；《通鑑》乾祐三年十一月癸未，翌日甲申交戰
Event Guo Wei's army first encounters the imperial army at Liuzipo on guiwei, day 20: 950-12-31 Julian = 951-01-05 proleptic Gregorian. This is the encounter quoted in 104 s0018, not the next day's jia-shen battle. Under a Julian-year convention the old AD 950 was valid.
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 18
AD 951 Supplementary 新五代史/卷11 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆: 廣順元年春正月丁卯，皇帝即位，大赦，改元，國號周。
Event SUPPLEMENTARY PERSONAL EVIDENCE: Guo Wei accedes as emperor. This is not the author's later act of reference. The local reference is preserved separately as an undated retrospective event.
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 38
AD 951 廣順元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 50
AD 953 廣順三年夏
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 79
AD 954 應曆4年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 6, passage 70
AD 950
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 207

Show 69 more source-backed claims

AD 951 Chronology stated or entailed by s0067
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 67
AD 950 三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 13
AD 954 世宗顯德元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 145, passage 29
AD 950 乾祐三年；反
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 120
AD 950 乾祐三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passages 98, 107, 111, 113, 154, 156-158, 174, 176, 178, 184, 202, 205-206, 215
AD 950 乾祐三年二月甲申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 14
AD 950 乾祐三年冬
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 8
AD 950 乾祐三年冬十一月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 26, 36
AD 950 乾祐三年十一月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 46
AD 950 乾祐三年夏四月壬午
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passages 40-41
AD 949 乾祐二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 102, passage 27
AD 948 乾祐元年；樞密使；討李守貞
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 76, 90
AD 948 乾祐元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passages 62, 70, 115, 136
AD 948 乾祐元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 17
AD 948 to AD 951 乾祐至廣順初
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 11, 90
AD 951 周太祖入立
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 179
AD 951 周太祖入立
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passages 13, 135, 147
AD 950 周太祖兵犯京師
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 169-170
AD 951 周太祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 28; New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 133, 226
AD 951 周太祖即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 175
AD 946 周太祖居帳下
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 64
AD 954 周太祖崩
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 37
AD 949 周太祖平李守貞
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 84
AD 951 周太祖廣順元年六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 16
AD 948 to AD 950 周太祖為樞密使
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 231
AD 948 to AD 950 周太祖用兵西方
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 142
AD 953 周廣順三年四月乙亥
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 195
AD 951 周廣順元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 89; Old History of the Five Dynasties 145, passage 2
AD 951 周廣順元年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passages 113, 115
AD 949 城破，守貞與妻子自焚
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passages 90-91
AD 947 夏四月己未
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 121
AD 951 天祿五年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 51
AD 947 天福十二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 97
AD 947 天福十二年四月；權樞密副使
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 33
AD 951 太祖入立
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 68
AD 951 太祖入立
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 7
AD 951 太祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passages 2, 11, 29
AD 951 太祖即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passages 68, 72; New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 179
AD 954 太祖崩
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 19-20
AD 951 to AD 954 太祖聖神恭肅文武孝皇帝
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passages 64, 68
AD 950 to AD 951 太祖舉兵
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passages 61, 67
AD 951 太祖踐阼
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 18
AD 950 太祖鎮鄴
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 13
AD 949 契丹入邊時
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 25
AD 921 威年十八
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 4
AD 948 to AD 950 威舉兵反
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 194-195, 231
AD 951 廣順
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 64
AD 953 廣順三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 102, 105
AD 953 廣順三年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 148
AD 953 廣順三年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 84
AD 953 廣順三年秋九月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 69
AD 952 廣順二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 37
AD 952 廣順二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 89, 94
AD 951 廣順元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 90; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 15
AD 951 廣順元年冬
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 26
AD 951 廣順元年春正月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 65
AD 948 to AD 950 後漢隱帝時
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 89
AD 954 明年，太祖有事於南郊
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 70
AD 952 明年五月，太祖親征
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 102
AD 954 显德元年正月壬辰
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 14
AD 948 to AD 949 李守貞河中之叛／圍城
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passages 136, 140, 145, 154-156
AD 950 漢末
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passages 1, 9
AD 948 to AD 949 漢遣白文珂、常思等出軍擊之
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passages 79, 83, 88
AD 926 莊宗沒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passages 5, 8
AD 948 to AD 954 郭威
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 53, passages 36, 77
AD 951 郭威稱帝
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 71, passage 85
AD 950 to AD 951 隱帝嗣位至為眾所推
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passages 4, 14
AD 954 顯德元年春正月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 116, 120
AD 947 to AD 948 高祖親征鄴城
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 67

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Ancestor of Cheng (誠)
imperial grandson 皇孫 · 2 generations · Through Emperor Shizong (世宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 29
Ancestor of Yi (誼)
imperial grandson 皇孫 · 2 generations · Through Emperor Shizong (世宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 29
Ancestor of Prince Xian (諴)
imperial grandson 皇孫 · 2 generations · Through Emperor Shizong (世宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 29
Parent of Empress Xuanyi Fu (宣懿皇后符氏)
adoptive father 養父 · Adoptive parentage
acknowledged as father 拜…為父 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 99; New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 36
Parent of Emperor Shizong (世宗)
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
raised as son 養為己子 · Adoptive parentage
son 子 · Uncertain parentage
father 父 · Uncertain parentage
made him his son 以为子 · Adoptive parentage
raised as his own son 養為己子 · Adoptive parentage
son 兒
son 子 · Adoptive parentage
Sources vary in certainty · History of Liao 6, passage 70; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 16; Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passages 17, 29; New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 4; Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 80; New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 2
Parent of Later Empress Fu (後符後)
adoptive father 養父 · Adoptive parentage
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 99
Parent of Daughter of Zhou Taizu (周太祖之女)
daughter 女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 119, passage 72
Spouse of Empress Shenmu Chai (柴氏)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
empress/wife 后 · Primary marriage
empress/wife 后 · Primary marriage · Widowed
wed 适 · Marriage
empress 后 · Primary marriage
wife 妻 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 2; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passages 1-2; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 2-3, 6; New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 3
Parent of Tong (侗)
son 子
father 父
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passages 1, 11; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 32, 49
Parent of Xin (信)
father 父
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passages 4, 12; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 32, 50
Child of Guo Jian (郭簡)
father 父
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 2-3
Parent of Princess Yongning (永寧公主)
fifth daughter 第五女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 125
Parent of Princess Shou'an (壽安公主)
fourth daughter 第四女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 124
Spouse of Honored Consort Zhang (貴妃張氏)
honored consort 貴妃 · Secondary marriage
successor consort 繼室
successor wife 繼室 · Primary marriage
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 9; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 60; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 26
Kin of the empress dowager (太后)
honored the dowager as mother 奉太后為母
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 228
Kin of Shouyuan (守願)
nephew 侄
imperial nephew 皇侄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passages 9, 13; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 32, 47, 51
Spouse of Virtuous Consort Dong (德妃董氏)
took as wife 聘
Marriage
Lady 夫人 · Marriage
wife/consort 聘/妃
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 43-44; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 76; New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 75
Child of Lady Wang (王氏)
mother 妣
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 79
Kin of Xun (遜)
nephew 侄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 9; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 32, 47
Kin of Fengchao (奉超)
nephew 侄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 9; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 32, 47
Parent of Shizong (世宗)
Shizong 世宗 · Adoptive parentage
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passages 64-65
Kin of Shizong (世宗)
succeeded the Guo house 承郭氏之後
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 119, passage 120
Spouse of Lady of Cultivated Virtue Yang (淑妃楊氏)
successor wife 繼室 · Primary marriage
Marriage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 13; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 43
Child of Qing Zu (慶祖)
Taizu 太祖 · paternal line
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passages 62, 64
Parent of Princess Le'an (樂安公主)
third daughter 第三女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 123
Kin of Chang Si (常思)
uncle 叔 · Claimed parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 146

Kinship Role sons · Count 2 · Detail sons killed with Consort Zhang 諸子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 28
Kinship Role household-kin · family members in the capital executed (plural household; exact count unstated) · Count 2
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 49
Kinship Role empress-and-consorts · Count 4 · Detail one empress and three imperial consorts 一后三妃
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 2
one empress and three consorts 一後三妃
Kinship Role consorts · Count 4
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 51
Kinship Role family members · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 169, 173
killed by Later Han in the capital
Kinship Role wife-and-children · Negated false · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passages 61, 63

Key source chapters

Career and standing

soldier 軍卒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 4
military commissioner of Tianxiong 天雄軍節度使
AD 950 乾祐三年四月 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 116
regent at Yedu 鄴都留守
AD 950 乾祐三年夏四月壬午 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 40
Privy Councilor 樞密使
AD 948 乾祐元年 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 76
Associate Grand Councilor 同中書門下平章事
AD 948 乾祐元年七月 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 86
acting Commissioner of Military Affairs 權樞密使
AD 947 夏四月己未 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 121

Show 45 more source-backed claims

Acting Minister of Works 檢校司徒
AD 947 夏四月己未 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 121
acting Vice Privy Councilor 權樞密副使
AD 947 天福十二年四月 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 33
Associate Grand Councilor 同中書門下平章事
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 22
Commissioner of the Privy Council 樞密使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 18
Honorary Grand Preceptor and Palace Attendant 檢校太師兼侍中
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 30
Military Affairs Commissioner 樞密使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passage 70
regent of Yedu and military commissioner of Tianxiong 鄴都留守、天雄軍節度使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 39
Vice Commissioner of the Privy Council 樞密副使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 16
Vice Palace Secretariat commissioner 副樞密使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 97
ordered to lead northern campaign 部署大軍
Assigned
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 199
Concurrent Councilor of the Second Rank 同平章事
AD 948 七月庚申 · Granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passage 115
Military Affairs Commissioner 樞密使
AD 948 to AD 949 李守貞河中之叛／圍城 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 136
Grand Councilor 樞密使
AD 948 to AD 949 漢遣白文珂、常思等出軍擊之 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 79
Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner 樞密使
AD 948 to AD 950 隱帝嗣位 · Held
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 4
Deputy Military Affairs Commissioner 樞密副使
AD 947 to AD 948 高祖親征鄴城 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 67
Attendant-in-chief 侍中
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 24; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 17
chief clerk of tribal and Han forces 蕃漢兵馬都孔目官
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 121
chief of the Privy Council 樞密使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 231
Commissioner of military affairs 樞密使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 50
Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs 樞密使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 61
commissioner of the horse-and-foot army 馬步軍使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 8
Deputy Military Affairs Commissioner 副樞密使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passage 62
Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs 樞密使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 7
Military Affairs Commissioner 樞密使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passage 115
Privy Council Commissioner 樞密使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 66
Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs 樞密使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passages 14, 40, 98
regent of the realm 監國
Regent · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 64
Became
Regent
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 60
Entered
AD 950 乾祐三年十一月 · Rebel
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 120
Entered
Regent
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 50
Became emperor
AD 951 明年正月丁卯
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passages 227-228
AD 951 951
Polity Later Zhou 周
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 14
AD 951 周太祖入立
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passages 13, 147
AD 951 周太祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 28
AD 951 周廣順元年
Emperor · Polity Later Zhou 周
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 145, passage 2
AD 951 周廣順元年
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 69-70, 89
AD 951 天祿五年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 51
AD 951 太祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 2
AD 951 太祖踐阼
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 18
AD 951 已而周太祖果代漢
Polity Later Zhou 周
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 28
Polity Zhou 周 · Era Name Guangshun 廣順
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 65
Emperor · Polity Later Zhou
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 90
Emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 6, 15; New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 68
AD 951 太祖即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 18
AD 951
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 67

Places and affiliations

Later Han 漢
Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 36; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 11
Later Zhou 周
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 69, 89; Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passage 64; Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 16; History of Liao 6, passage 70; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 90
Later Zhou 後周
Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 2
Zhou 周
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · History of Liao 5, passage 51
Polities Later Zhou
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 67
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Associated with
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passages 98, 107, 111, 113, 154, 156-158, 174, 176, 178, 184, 202, 205-206, 215

Show 16 more source-backed claims

Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 97; Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 25
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passages 62, 70, 115, 136; New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 84, 89, 116, 194, 231
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Subject of
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 14
Polity Later Han 漢 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passages 136, 145; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passages 43, 60; New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 16; New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 142, 172; New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 79
Polity Later Zhou 周 · Relation Later identified as founder · Mode named-source-report Source Work History of Song 宋史
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passages 140, 145, 154
Polity Later Zhou 周 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 28; Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passages 64, 179; Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 37; Old History of the Five Dynasties 145, passage 2; New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 65; New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 9; New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 2; New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 179; New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 68; New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 13
Polity Later Zhou 後周 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 18; New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 133, 226
Polity Name Later Zhou 周 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 18
At Yaoshan in Xingzhou 邢州堯山
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 1
At Huazhou 滑州 · Relation Advanced to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 196
At Songling, Xinzheng County, Zheng Prefecture 嵩陵，郑州新郑县 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passages 32-33
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Served at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 14, 26
At Weizhou 魏州 · Relation Posted at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 194
At Weizhou 魏州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 89
At Xing Prefecture neighborhood 邢州同里 · Relation Lived in
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 3
At Ye 鄴 · Relation Governed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 233, 235

Learning and skills

Skill letters and accounts 書算 · Level competent
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 12
Skill military strategy 兵法 · Level rough-grasp
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 13

Works and attributed material

Spring and Autumn Outside the Gate 閫外春秋
Relation Reader
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 13
Offered own head to commanders
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 107
Refused to demote burial rites for emperor
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 158
Edict · Author · With Yan Honglu (閻宏魯)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passages 159-161
故夫人柴氏，追冊為皇后，謚曰聖穆。
Edict · Author
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 6
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passages 18-29

Show 14 more source-backed claims

Handwritten edict · Author · With Zheng Renhui (鄭仁誨)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passages 82-85
Memorial · Author · With Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 23
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 102, passage 102
Oath · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 41
與公共事先帝，獨無故人之情乎？
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Liu Zhu (劉銖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passages 172-174
Speech · Speaker · With Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 48
Speech · Speaker · With Gao Xingzhou (高行周)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 64
Speech · Speaker · With Bai Wenke (白文珂)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 102, passage 27
Speech · Speaker · With Yang Tingzhang (楊廷璋)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 17
Speech · Speaker · With Wang Yin (王殷)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passages 65-66
Speech · Speaker · With Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 33
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Guo Wei (郭威)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 90
劉侍中墜馬傷甚，而軍士逼辱，迨有微生，吾欲奏太后，貸其家屬，何如？
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 176
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passages 79-81; New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 21, 28, 30-31, 34-35; New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 16

Events and relationships

Acclaimed by six armies
Political · Acclaimed ruler
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 23
Army threatened capital
AD 950 兵犯京師 · Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 169
Asked dowager to act as regent
Political · Petitioner · With Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 22
Asked dowager to choose heir
Political · Petitioner · With Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 31
Asked dowager to issue orders
Political · Petitioner · With Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 21
Attacked Li Shouzhen at Hezhong
AD 948 to AD 950 漢乾祐中 · Military · Commander · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞) · At Hezhong 河中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 98

Show 69 more source-backed claims

Besieged and stormed Hezhong
AD 948 to AD 949 漢遣白文珂、常思等出軍擊之 · Military · Commander · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passages 83, 88, 91
Border patrol against Khitan
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 102, passage 134
Burned debt bonds
AD 953 廣順三年 · Political · Ruler · With Chang Si (常思)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 149
Campaigned against Khitan
AD 949 乾祐二年 · Military · Commander · With Wang Jun (王峻)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 109
Campaigned against Li Shouzhen
AD 948 乾祐元年八月 · Military · Commander · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 90
Campaigned at Yanhai/Yanzhou
AD 953 廣順三年 · Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passages 79, 86
Campaigned against
Military · Commander · Other Khitan 契丹
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 16
Confronted court armies
Military · Commander · At Liuzipo 劉子陂 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Zizhi tongjian 通鑒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 18
Cursed Nie Wenjin after seeing handwriting
Political · Target · With Nie Wenjin (聶文進)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 235
Defeated Han at northern suburb
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 29
Defeated Hezhong rebels
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passage 136
Defeated
AD 949 周太祖平李守貞 · Military · Commander · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 84
Defeated
Military · Commander · With Murong Yanchao (慕容彥超) · At northern suburb 北郊
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 36
Defeated
Military · Commander · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞) · At Hezhong 河中
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 67
Entered capital via Yingchun Gate
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 154
Entered capital
AD 950 太祖入京師 · Military · Victor
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 170
Entered capital
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 54; New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 28
Entered capital
Political · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 36, 69
Entered capital
Political · Entrant
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 21
Enthroned and granted estates
AD 951 太祖即位 · Political · Ruler
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 179
Founded state
Founding · Founder
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 44
Granted disposal of Hebei military and fiscal resources
AD 950 乾祐三年夏四月壬午 · Administrative · Authority
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 41
Household besieged
AD 950 漢末 · Political · Householder · At imperial residence 帝第 · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Ouyang Xiu (歐陽修)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 9
Killed market butcher
Personal · Actor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 9
Marched on capital
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 11
Marched south from Yedu after secret edict
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passages 107, 116
Murdered sovereign and founded Zhou
AD 951 天祿五年 · Political · Usurper · With Emperor Yin (隱帝)
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 51
Northern campaign
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 37
Northern expedition then acclaimed emperor at Chanzhou
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passages 202, 215
Ordered rewrite of law books
AD 951 廣順元年六月 · Administrative · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 16
Personally took Yanzhou; Murong clan destroyed
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 102
Personally campaigned
Military · Commander · At Yan Prefecture 兗州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passages 127, 130
Posthumously created Prince of Chen
Political · Grantor · With Cheng Xun (承勛)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 89
Proposed Chengxun as heir
Political · Advocate · With Chengxun (承勳)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 33
Proposed Liu Yun as successor
Political · Kingmaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 176
Quelled internal strife
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 140
Raised army
Military · Commander · At Wei 魏
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 47
Raised troops crossed Yellow River
Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 46
Raised troops in rebellion
AD 950 威舉兵反 · Military · Rebel leader
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 195
Raised troops
AD 950 漢末 · Military · Commander · At Wei 魏 · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Ouyang Xiu (歐陽修) Source Work Biographies of the Imperial Family in Ouyang's History 歐陽史·家人傳
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 122, passage 9
Raised troops
Military · Commander · At Wei 魏
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passages 61, 67
Recovered Hezhong
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 102, passages 75, 80
Registered and executed officers
AD 947 to AD 948 高祖親征鄴城 · Legal · Enforcer · With Du Chongwei (杜重威)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 67
Requested Han heir
Political · Actor · With Empress Dowager (太后)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 38
Returned from border inspection
AD 950 乾祐三年二月甲申 · Inspection · Inspector
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 14
Rose at
AD 950 三年 · Military · Rebel leader · At Wei 魏
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 13
Sent Zhu Xian on a return embassy to Wuyu
Event sent Zhu Xian on a return embassy to Wuyu · Historical event
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 68
Sent Suo Wanjin to garrison Shenzhou
Military · Commander · With Suo Wanjin (索萬進) · At Shenzhou 深州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 25
Sent to Hezhong front
AD 948 八月壬午 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 101, passages 125, 133
Sought ministerial support
Political · Actor · With Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 36-37
Suppressed rebellion
Military · Commander · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 31
Suppressed rebels
Military · Commander · At Hezhong 河中 · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 25, 29
Swore to Heaven
Ritual · Oath taker
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 38
Took Hezhong; Shouzhen self immolated
AD 949 乾祐二年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 104, 170
Western campaign against
Military · Commander · With Li Shouzhen (李守貞)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 136
served the late emperor together 共事先帝
Relation Former colleague of · Person Liu Zhu (劉銖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 172
Relation Associate of · Person Wang Jun (王峻)
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 169
Relation Advisee of · Person Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 84
Relation Rival of · Person Liu Chong (劉崇)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 7
Relation Predecessor of · Person Emperor Shizong (世宗)
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 19
Relation Addressed as younger brother · Person Murong Yanchao (慕容彥超)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 77
Relation Protege of advisor · Person Zheng Renhui (鄭仁誨)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passages 64-65
Relation Opponent of · Person Li Shouzhen (李守貞)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passages 136, 140
Relation Served · Person Later Han Gaozu (漢高祖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 14, 26
Relation Superior of · Person Guo Chongwei (郭崇威)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 45, 54
Relation Honorary child of · Person Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 17
Relation Honorary son of · Person Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passages 23, 26
Relation Old friend of house · Person Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 18
Relation Predecessor of · Person Rong (榮)
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 105, 128

Assessments and attributes

Assessment knew the fault lay with himself regarding Han · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passages 63-64
Assessment loved wine, gambling, and swaggering heroics in early life · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 4
Assessment worthy · Mode named-person-judgment Speaker Emperor Yin (隱帝)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 32
in youth a wastrel who loved gambling
Character
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 85
proud-spirited and fond of drink
Character
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 5
striking and imposing stature
Physical description
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 5

Show 5 more source-backed claims

tattoo of a flying sparrow on the neck
Physical description
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 17
Item campaign robe 戎衣 · Relation Received · With Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 27
Item jade belt 玉帶 · Relation Bestowed · With Murong Yanchao (慕容彥超)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 77
Item jade belt 玉帶 · Relation Received · With Empress Li (李氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 27
Item jade belt 玉帶 · Relation Bestowed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 30, 32

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 37; Old History of the Five Dynasties 147, passage 16; New History of the Five Dynasties 30, passage 142; New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 79
From Guo Que'er 郭雀兒 · To Emperor Taizu of Zhou 周太祖
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 14

Later references and commemoration

Cited in authorial comparison of dynastic families
Retrospective reference · Recalled historical example · Mode historian-judgment · Source Book: xinwudaishi · Chapter: 016 · Unit: s0038 · Quote: 周太祖為一家，世宗為一家。 · Source Hash: sha256:361709b03e3695a04fc80e2134fb5453031d92817148b2149a02338097d3fbf3 · Reception Date Note The chapter supplies no date for the act of reference. No composition year, reception year, exact death, or posthumous classification is inferred.
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 38

References in the histories

Search passages

History

415 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 99Volume 99 Book of Later Jin 1: Gaozu Annals 1 · 1 passage

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以蕃漢兵馬都孔目官郭威為權樞密使、檢校司徒； Guo Wei was made acting Commissioner of Military Affairs and Acting Minister of Works;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 100Volume 100 Book of Later Jin 2: Gaozu Annals 2 · 1 passage

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以權樞密副使郭威為副樞密使，加檢校太保； acting deputy commissioner Guo Wei was confirmed as deputy commissioner and made honorary grand mentor;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 101Volume 101 Book of Later Jin 3: Emperor Yin Annals 1 · 7 passages

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時蘇逢吉等在中書，樞密使楊邠、副樞密使郭威等，權勢甚盛，中書每有除授，多為邠等所抑。 At this time Su Fengji and his colleagues held the Secretariat, while Military Affairs Commissioner Yang Bin, Deputy Commissioner Guo Wei, and others wielded great power; many Secretariat appointments were blocked by Bin's faction.

以副樞密使郭威為樞密使，加檢校太尉； Guo Wei, Deputy Commissioner, was promoted to Commissioner with the additional rank of Acting Grand Commandant;

庚申，樞密使郭威加同平章事。 On gengshen Military Affairs Commissioner Guo Wei was additionally made Concurrent Councilor of the Second Rank.

壬午，命樞密使郭威赴河中府軍前，詔河府、永興、鳳翔行營諸軍，一稟威節制。 On renwu Military Affairs Commissioner Guo Wei was ordered to the front at Hezhong, and all field armies of Hezhong, Yongxing, and Fengxiang were commanded to obey him exclusively.

癸卯，郭威奏，今月二十三日，大軍已抵河府賊城； On guimao Guo Wei reported that on the twenty-third day of this month the main army had reached the rebel walls at Hezhong;

壬子，郭威奏，破河府賊軍於城下。 On renzi Guo Wei reported a victory over the Hezhong rebel army beneath the city walls.

壬申，郭威奏，得郭從義報，今月十四日，鳳翔王景崇兵士離本城，尋遣監軍李彥從率兵襲至法門寺西，殺戮二千餘人。 On renshen Guo Wei reported that he had received word from Guo Congyi: on the fourteenth day of this month Fengxiang's Wang Jingchong had withdrawn his troops from the city; he then sent army supervisor Li Yanchong to strike west of Famen Temple and kill more than two thousand men.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 102Volume 102 Book of Later Jin 4: Emperor Yin Annals 2 · 8 passages

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時蜀軍自大散關來援王景崇，郭威自將兵赴岐下，將行，戒白文珂、劉詞等曰：「賊之驍勇，並在城西，慎為儆備。」 At the time Shu troops came from Dasan Pass to aid Wang Jingchong. Guo Wei personally led troops toward Qizhou. Before departing he admonished Bai Wenke, Liu Ci, and the others: "The rebels' fierce warriors are all west of the city—take strict precautions."

賊城內偵知郭威西行，於正月四日夜，遣賊將王三鐵等， Spies within the rebel city learned that Guo Wei had gone west. On the night of the fourth day of the first month they sent the rebel generals Wang Santie and others,

丙辰，樞密使郭威奏，收復河府羅城，李守貞退保子城。 On bingchen, the Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner Guo Wei memorialized that the outer wall of Hezhong had been recovered and Li Shouzhen had withdrawn to hold the inner city.

甲子，樞密使郭威奏，收復河中府，逆賊李守貞自燔而死。 On jiazi, the Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner Guo Wei memorialized that Hezhong Prefecture had been recovered and the rebel Li Shouzhen had burned himself to death.

守溫有愛姬陷在賊城，為思綰所錄，及收城，從義盡得思綰之婢仆，守溫求其愛姬，從義雖與之，意有所慊，遂發前罪，密啟於郭威，請除之，與王益等並誅焉。 Shouwen had a beloved concubine trapped in the rebel city who had been taken by Sizhan. When the city was recovered, Congyi obtained all of Sizhan's maids and servants. Shouwen asked for his beloved concubine. Though Congyi gave her to him, he was not satisfied and exposed Shouwen's former crime, secretly reporting to Guo Wei and requesting his removal. Shouwen and Wang Yi and the others were all put to death.

九月乙己，樞密使郭威檢校太師、兼侍中，宋州節度使兼侍衛親軍都指揮使史宏肇加兼中書令。 In the ninth month, on the yisi day, the Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner Guo Wei was made Acting Grand Tutor and concurrent Palace Attendant, and the Song Prefecture military governor and concurrent commander of the Imperial Guards Shi Hongzhao was given the additional title of Grand Councilor.

初，郭威平河中回，朝廷議加恩，威奏曰：「臣出兵已來，輦轂之下，無犬吠之憂，俾臣得專一其事，軍旅所聚，資糧不乏，此皆居中大臣鎮撫謀畫之功也，臣安敢獨擅其美乎！」 When Guo Wei returned from pacifying Hezhong, the court discussed extending favors. Wei memorialized: "Since I led troops forth, the capital has had no worry of disturbance, enabling me to devote myself to this campaign alone. Where armies gathered, supplies were not lacking—all this is the achievement of the great ministers at court in calming affairs and planning strategy. How dare I monopolize the credit!"

遣樞密使郭威率師巡邊，仍令宣徽使王峻參預軍事。 The Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner Guo Wei was sent to lead troops on a border patrol, and the Palace Secretariat commissioner Wang Jun was ordered to participate in military affairs.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 103Volume 103 Book of Later Han 5: Emperor Yin Annals, Part 2 · 41 passages

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甲申，樞密使郭威巡邊回。 On jiashen, Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner Guo Wei came back from his border inspection.

先是，契丹入邊，萬山城守，郭威遣索萬進率騎七百屯深州。 When the Khitan had invaded, Wanshan had defended the city while Guo Wei sent Suo Wanjin with seven hundred cavalry to hold Shenzhou.

壬午，以樞密使郭威鄴都留守，依前樞密使。 On renwu, bureau commissioner Guo Wei became Yedu regent while keeping his bureau title.

詔河北諸州，應兵甲、錢帛、糧草一稟郭威處分。 An edict placed all armor, cash, silk, and grain of the Hebei prefectures under Guo Wei's authority.

是日，帝遣腹心賫密詔往澶州、鄴都，令澶州節度使李洪義誅侍衛步軍都指揮使王殷，令鄴都屯駐護聖左廂都指揮使郭崇、奉國左廂都指揮使曹英害樞密使郭威及宣徽使王峻。 That day he sent a secret edict to Chanzhou and Yedu ordering Li Hongyi to kill Wang Yin and ordering Guo Chong and Cao Ying to murder Guo Wei and Wang Jun.

郭威得之，即召王峻、郭崇、曹英及諸軍將校，至牙署視詔，兼告楊、史諸公冤枉之狀，且曰：「汝等當奉行詔旨，斷予首以報天子，自取功名。」 Guo Wei summoned Wang Jun, Guo Chong, Cao Ying, and his commanders, showed them the edict, described how Yang Bin and Shi Hongzhao had been wronged, and said, "Obey the edict—cut off my head for the emperor and win your reward."

於是將校等請威入朝，以除君側之惡，共安天下。 The commanders then urged Wei to march on the capital, purge the emperor's evil counselors, and settle the realm.

〈（《東都事略》：漢隱帝遣使害太祖，魏仁浦曰：「公有大功於朝廷，握強兵，臨重鎮，以讒見疑，豈可坐而待斃！」 (From the Summary of Affairs in the Eastern Capital: Emperor Yin sent agents to kill Guo Wei. Wei Renpu said, "You have great service, command a powerful army, and hold a key post—slandered and suspected, how can you sit and die?"

太祖納其言。）〉 Guo Wei took his advice.)〉

翌日，郭威以眾南行。 The next day Guo Wei marched south.

先是，帝遣嵒脫偵鄴軍所至，為遊騎所獲，郭威即遣回，因令附奏赴闕之意，仍以密奏置嵒脫衣領中。 The emperor had sent Yan Tuo to scout the Yedu army; scouts seized him, but Guo Wei sent him back with a collar-hidden memorial stating his intent to come to court.

〈（《宋史·侯益傳》云：周太祖起兵，隱帝議出師禦之。 (From the History of Song, biography of Hou Yi: when Guo Wei rebelled, Emperor Yin debated marching against him.

文進曰：「有臣在，必不失策，縱有一百個郭威，亦當生擒之耳！」 Wenjin replied, "I am here—we cannot fail; even a hundred Guo Weis I would seize alive!"

彥超輕脫，先擊北軍，郭威命何福進、王彥超、李筠等大合騎以乘之。 Yanchao rashly attacked the northern wing; Guo Wei sent He Fujin, Wang Yanchao, Li Yun, and others with massed cavalry against him.

彥超退卻，死者百餘人，於是諸軍奪氣，稍稍奔於北軍。 Yanchao retreated with a hundred-odd dead; imperial morale collapsed and men drifted to Guo Wei.

是夜，帝與宰臣從官宿於野次，侯益、焦繼勛潛奔鄴軍。 That night the emperor camped in the open with his ministers; Hou Yi and Jiao Jixun defected to Guo Wei.

是日，周太祖自迎春門入，諸軍大掠，煙火四發，翌日至晡方定。 That day Guo Wei entered by Yingchun Gate; troops looted until fires burned everywhere and order returned only by the next dusk.

周太祖既入京城，命有司遷帝梓宮於太平宮。 Once in the capital, Guo Wei ordered the emperor's coffin moved to Taiping Palace.

或曰：「可依魏高貴鄉公故事，以公禮葬之。」 Some said, "Follow the Wei noble village lord precedent and bury him with ducal rites."

周祖曰：「予顛沛之中，不能護衛至尊，以至於此，若又貶降，人謂我何！」 Guo Wei said, "In my wanderings I could not protect the emperor and it came to this—if I demote him too, what will men say of me?"

樞密使郭威楊邠、侍衛使史弘肇、三司使王章親承顧命，輔立少君，協力同心，安邦定國。 Bureau commissioner Guo Wei, Yang Bin, guard commander Shi Hongzhao, and three-departments commissioner Wang Zhang received the deathbed charge, installed the young ruler, and together stabilized the realm.

郭威授任專征，提戈進討，躬當矢石，盡掃煙塵，外寇蕩平，中原寧謐。 Guo Wei took command, fought in person, swept the field, pacified foreign enemies, and quieted the heartland.

而又潛差使臣，矯賫宣命，謀害樞密使郭威、宣徽使王峻、侍衛步軍都指揮使王殷等。 They also sent secret agents with forged orders to kill Guo Wei, Wang Jun, and Wang Yin.

今者，郭威，王峻，澶州節度使李洪義，前曹州防禦使何福進，前復州防禦使王彥超，前博州刺史李筠，北面行營馬步都指揮使郭崇，步軍都指揮使曹英，護聖都指揮使白重贊、索萬進、田景鹹、樊愛能、李萬全、史彥超，奉國都指揮使張鐸、王暉、胡立，弩手指揮使何赟等，徑領兵師，來安社稷。 Now Guo Wei, Wang Jun, Li Hongyi, military commissioner of Chanzhou, former defenders He Fujin of Caozhou and Wang Yanchao of Fuzhou, former Bozhou prefect Li Yun, northern field horse-and-foot commander Guo Chong, infantry commander Cao Ying, Guarding-the-Sacred commanders Bai Chongzan, Suo Wanjin, Tian Jingxian, Fan Aineng, Li Wanquan, and Shi Yanchao, Serving-the-State commanders Zhang Duo, Wang Hui, and Hu Li, crossbow commander He Yun, and others have led their armies directly here to secure the altars of state.

樞密使郭威以蕭墻變起，宗祏無奉，率群臣候太后，請定所立，且言：「開封尹承勛，高祖皇帝之愛子也，請立為嗣。」 Guo Wei, with no heir at the altars, asked the dowager to choose a successor and said, "Kaifeng mayor Chengxun is Gaozu's beloved son—please establish him as successor."

周太祖與諸將請視承勛起居，及視之，方信，遂議立高祖從子、徐州節度使赟為嗣。 Guo Wei and the generals inspected Chengxun, found it true, and settled on Gaozu's nephew, Xuzhou commissioner Yun.

賴大臣郭威等，激揚忠義，拯濟顛危，除惡蔓以無遺，俾綴旒之不絕。 Guo Wei and loyal ministers had crushed the villains and preserved the line.

周太祖以嗣君未至，萬機不可暫曠，率群臣請太后臨朝，誥答曰：「昨以奸邪構釁，亂我邦家，勛德效忠，剪除兇慝，俯從人欲，已立嗣君，宗社危而再安，紀綱壞而復振。 With the heir not yet arrived, Guo Wei asked the dowager to rule temporarily; her proclamation answered: "Yesterday vicious traitors disturbed our state; loyal merit cut down the villains; bowing to popular will a successor was established; the altars were perilous and again secure, statutes broken and again restored.

庚寅，樞密使郭威奏，左軍巡勘得飛龍使後贊款伏，與蘇逢吉、李業、閻晉卿、聶文進、郭允明等同謀，令散員都虞候奔德等下手殺害史宏肇等。 On gengyin Guo Wei reported Hou Zan's confession of plotting with Su Fengji, Li Ye, and others to murder Shi Hongzhao.

宜令樞密使郭威部署大軍，早謀掩擊。 Guo Wei should deploy the main force and strike quickly.

十二月甲午朔，郭威領大軍北征。 At the twelfth-month new moon Guo Wei led the main army north.

〈（《東都事略》：周太祖征李守貞，每朝廷遣使賫詔，處分軍事，皆中機會，太祖問：「誰為此辭？」 (From the Summary of Affairs in the Eastern Capital: campaigning against Li Shouzhen, Guo Wei found every court edict on military affairs perfectly timed and asked, "Who wrote them?"

使者以範質對，太祖曰：「宰相器也。」 The envoy named Fan Zhi; Guo Wei said, "Chief-minister timber."

壬子，樞密使郭威次澶州，何福進已下及諸軍將士，扶擁威請為天子，即日南還。 On renzi Guo Wei stopped at Chanzhou; He Fujin and the commanders forced him to become emperor and turned south the same day.

威上章於太后，言為諸軍所迫班師。 Guo Wei memorialized the dowager that the armies had forced his return.

壬戌，奉太后誥，命樞密使侍中郭威監國，中外庶事，並取監國處分。 On renxu the dowager ordered vice grand councilor Guo Wei to supervise the state with full civil and military authority.

己未，太后誥曰：「比者，樞密使郭威，誌安社稷，議立長君，以徐州節度使赟，高祖近親，立為漢嗣，爰自藩鎮，征赴京師。 On jiwei the dowager proclaimed: "Recently Guo Wei, intending to settle the altars, deliberated establishing a senior ruler; Xuzhou commissioner Yun, Gaozu's close kinsman, was established as Han successor and summoned from his post to the capital.

周太祖踐阼，奉太后為母，遷於西宮，上尊號曰昭聖太后。 When Guo Wei took the throne he honored the dowager as mother, moved her to the western palace, and titled her Zhaosheng Empress Dowager.

是月十五日，周太祖與百僚詣帝殯宮，成服親奠，不視朝七日。 On the fifteenth the Zhou founder and officials went to the late emperor's hall, mourned in person, and suspended court seven days.

高祖之征鄴城也，一日，帝語太祖曰：「我夜來夢爾為驢，負我升天，既舍爾，俄變為龍，舍我南去，是何祥也？」 During Gaozu's Yedu campaign the emperor told Guo Wei, "I dreamed you were a donkey carrying me to Heaven, then a dragon that left me south—what omen is that?"

周太祖撫掌而笑。 Guo Wei clapped and laughed.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 104Volume 104 Book of Later Jin 6: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 7 passages

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又云：南北軍遇於劉子陂，帝欲自出勞軍，太后曰：「郭威吾家故舊，非死亡切身，何以至此！ The same work adds: at Liuzipo the young ruler meant to ride out to hearten the lines; the dowager cried, "Guo Wei is family to us—would he rebel without mortal cause!

周太祖入京，凡軍國大事，皆請後發教令以行之。 After Guo Wei took the capital he still had her issue the orders that ran the realm.

是歲，議立徐州節度使赟為帝，以迎奉未至，周太祖乃率群臣拜章，請後權臨朝聽政，後於是稱誥焉。 That year they planned to enthrone Liu Yun, the Xuzhou military commissioner; because the welcoming escort had not yet arrived, Guo Wei led the ministers to memorialize the dowager to hold court temporarily as regent, and she thereupon spoke in edict form.

及周太祖為六軍推戴，上章具述其事，且言願事後為慈母。 When the Six Armies raised Guo Wei, his memorial laid out every step and vowed to honor her as a mother.

後下誥答曰：「侍中功烈崇高，德聲昭著，翦除禍亂，安定乾坤，謳歌有歸，歷數攸屬，所以軍民推戴，億兆同歡。 "Your merit towers high and your virtuous name shines bright; you have cut away turmoil and steadied heaven and earth. Song and acclaim have found their lord, the mandate is rightly yours, and army and people together rejoice.

仍出戎衣、玉帶以賜周太祖。 She sent him a field robe and a jade belt as gifts.

周太祖即位，上尊號曰德聖皇太后，居於太平宮。 Once Guo Wei took the throne he styled her the Virtuous and Sagely Empress Dowager and housed her at Taiping Palace.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 105Volume 105 Book of Later Jin 7: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 15 passages

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周太祖下詔封陳王。 Zhou Taizu issued an edict creating him Prince of Chen.

乾祐三年冬十一月，周太祖駐軍於京師，議立嗣君，奉太后誥，立赟為嗣。 In the eleventh month of Qianyou 3, Zhou Taizu camped at the capital to choose an heir; obeying the dowager's patent, he named Yun successor.

郭威既敗慕容彥超於北郊，隱帝遇弒，威入京師，謂諸大臣密相推戴，及見宰相馮道等，道殊無意。 After Guo Wei routed Murong Yanchao north of the capital and Emperor Yin was murdered, Wei entered the city and asked the chief ministers to back him in secret; when he met Feng Dao and the rest, Dao showed no inclination whatsoever.

威不得已，見道下拜，而道猶受拜如平時，徐勞之曰：「公行良苦。」 Wei had no choice but to bow to Dao; Dao accepted the bow as usual and said slowly, "You have had a hard road of it."

威意色皆沮，以為大臣未有推己意，又難於自立，因與王峻入白太后，推擇漢嗣。 Wei's face fell; he took it that the ministers were not yet backing him and that seizing the throne on his own would be hard, so he and Wang Jun went in to the dowager to have a Later Han heir selected.

乃遣太師馮道率百官往迎，道揣威意不在赟，直前問曰：「公此舉由衷乎？」 Grand Preceptor Feng Dao was sent at the head of the bureaucracy to escort him; sensing that Wei did not mean Yun, Dao stepped forward and asked, "Does this come from your heart?"

威指天為誓。 Wei swore by Heaven.

赟行至宋州，威已自澶州為兵士擁還京師。 Yun reached Songzhou while Wei had already been carried back to the capital from Chanzhou by his troops.

道路皆言郭威已為天子，而陛下深入不止，禍其至哉。 Travelers all say Guo Wei is already emperor, yet you press on—will disaster not soon arrive?

是夕，崇威密誘令超歸郭氏，盡奪赟部下兵。 That night Chongwei secretly won Lingchao to Guo Wei and stripped Yun of every soldier.

郭威以書召道先歸，留其副趙上交、王度奉赟入朝太后，道乃辭赟先還。 Guo Wei summoned Dao back by letter, leaving deputies Zhao Shangjiao and Wang Du to escort Yun to the dowager; Dao took leave of Yun and went ahead.

郭威已監國。 Guo Wei was already regent.

太后乃下詔曰：「比者，樞密使威，誌安宗社，議立長君，以徐州節度使赟，高祖親近，立為漢嗣，乃自藩鎮，召赴京師。 The dowager then issued an edict: "Recently Commissioner Wei, seeking to secure the realm, chose a mature ruler; Xuzhou governor Yun, close to Gaozu, was named Han heir and summoned from his province to the capital.

周祖之入京師也，少主崩於北岡，周主命宰相馮道迎湘陰公，將立之。 When the Zhou founder entered the capital, the young emperor died on the northern ridge; the Zhou ruler ordered Feng Dao to escort the Duke of Xiangyin and install him.

至宋州，高祖已為三軍推戴。 At Songzhou, Gaozu had already been acclaimed by the three armies.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 109Volume 109 Book of Later Jin 11: Biographies 6: Du Zhongwei, Li Shouzhen, Zhao Siwan · 7 passages

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高祖遣三司使王章、樞密副使郭威，錄重威部下將吏盡誅之，籍其財產與重威私帑，分給將士。 Gaozu sent Wang Zhang of the Three Departments and Deputy Military Affairs Commissioner Guo Wei to list every officer under Chongwei, execute them, seize their goods together with Chongwei's private hoard, and divide the spoils among the troops.

朝廷命白文珂、常思等領兵問罪，復遣樞密使郭威西征。 The court sent Bai Wenke, Chang Si, and others to punish him, and dispatched Military Affairs Commissioner Guo Wei on a western campaign.

及守貞叛，周主討之，全義每率敢死士夜出攻周祖壘，多所殺傷。 When Shouzhen rebelled and the Zhou ruler marched against him, Quanyi repeatedly led suicide squads out by night to strike the Zhou founder's camps and inflict heavy losses.

〈（馬令《南唐書·朱元傳》：守貞以河中反，漢命周太祖討之，元與李平奉守貞表來乞師，未復而守貞敗。）〉 (Ma Ling, Southern Tang History, biography of Zhu Yuan: When Shouzhen rebelled at Hezhong, Han ordered the Zhou founder against him. Yuan and Li Ping brought Shouzhen's plea for troops, but before any answer came Shouzhen was defeated.)〉

〈（《宋史·吳虔裕傳》：周祖討三叛，以虔裕為河中行營都監，率護聖諸軍五千以往。 (History of Song, biography of Wu Qianyu: Campaigning against the three rebels, the Zhou founder made Qianyu supervisor of the Hezhong field headquarters with five thousand Imperial Guard troops.

李守貞出兵五千餘，設梯橋，分五路於長連城西北以禦周祖。 Li Shouzhen sent out more than five thousand men with scaling bridges, dividing into five columns northwest of the long walls to meet the Zhou founder.

周祖令虔裕率大軍橫擊之，蒲人敗走，奪其梯橋，殺傷大半。）〉 The Zhou founder ordered Qianyu to strike them in the flank. The Hezhong troops fled, losing their bridges, and more than half were killed or wounded.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 119Volume 119 Book of Later Zhou 21: Shizong Annals 6 · 2 passages

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先帝潛龍時，亦上疏請解其兵權，以備非常之變，少主不納，未幾先帝遂有天下。 When Taizu was still in obscurity, Tao also memorialized to strip him of military authority against extraordinary change; the young lord did not accept it, and before long Taizu possessed the realm.

臣下有過，必面折之，常言太祖養成二王之惡，以致君臣之義，不保其終，故帝駕馭豪傑，失則明言之，功則厚賞之，文武參用，莫不服其明而懷其恩也。 When subordinates erred, he rebuked them to their faces. He often said that Taizu had nurtured the wickedness of the two princes, so that the bond between ruler and minister could not be preserved to the end. Therefore he controlled bold spirits: faults he named plainly, merit he rewarded richly; civil and military alike he employed, and all submitted to his clarity and cherished his grace.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 120Volume 120 Book of Later Zhou 22: Emperor Gong Annals · 1 passage

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稟上聖之姿，有神武之略，佐我高祖，格於皇天，逮事世宗，功存納麓，東征西怨，厥績懋焉。 You bear the stature of a supreme sage and a divinely martial mind; you aided our founding emperor and won Heaven's approval; you served Shizong to the end and secured the succession; your campaigns east and west won the realm—your achievements are great.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 121Volume 121 Book of Later Zhou 23: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 34 passages

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太祖微時，在洛陽聞後賢淑，遂聘之。 While he was still obscure, he heard in Luoyang of her virtue and refinement and took her as his wife.

〈（《東都事略·張永德傳》云：周太祖柴後，本唐莊宗之嬪御也。 (The 《Eastern Capital Miscellany》, Biography of Zhang Yongde, states that Empress Chai of Emperor Taizu of Zhou had originally been a concubine of Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang.

逆旅主人曰：「此馬步軍使郭雀兒者也。」 The innkeeper answered, "That is Guo Que'er, commissioner of the horse-and-foot army."

所謂郭雀兒，即周太祖也。）〉 The Guo Que'er in question was none other than the future Emperor Taizu of Zhou.)〉

太祖壯年，喜飲博，好任俠，不拘細行，後規其太過，每有內助之力焉。 In his prime he drank and gambled freely, loved bold adventure, and cared little for petty propriety; she checked his excesses and was a steady force within the household.

世宗皇帝即後之侄也，幼而謹願，後甚憐之，故太祖養之為己子。 Emperor Shizong was her nephew; dutiful even as a boy, he won her deep affection, and the Emperor therefore raised him as his own son.

太祖嘗寢，後見五色小蛇入顴鼻間，心異之，知其必貴，敬奉愈厚，未及貴而厭代。 Once while he slept she saw a small five-colored serpent slip between his cheek and nose; struck by the omen and sure he was destined for greatness, she honored him all the more—yet she died before he rose to power.

太祖即位，乃下制曰：「義之深無先於作配，禮之重莫大於追崇。 After he took the throne he issued an edict: "In depth of righteousness nothing precedes the bond of marriage; in weight of ritual nothing surpasses posthumous honor.

顯德初，太祖神主入廟，以後祔於其室。 At the beginning of Xiande, when Emperor Taizu's spirit tablet entered the ancestral temple, she was enshrined beside him in his chamber.

是年生女，為周太祖淑妃，明年生廷璋。）〉 A daughter was born that year—the future Lady of Cultivated Virtue of Emperor Taizu of Zhou—and Tingzhang was born the year after.)〉

太祖佐漢之初，屬聖穆皇后棄世，聞妃之賢，遂以禮聘之。 Early in his service to the Later Han, after Empress Shenmu's death, he heard of the lady's virtue and took her as his wife with full ceremony.

《宋史·楊廷璋傳》：有姊寡居京師，周祖微時欲聘之，姊不從。 The 《History of Song》, Biography of Yang Tingzhang, notes that he had an elder sister, a widow in the capital; when the Zhou founder was still obscure he sought to marry her, but she refused.

廷璋往見周祖，歸謂姊曰：「此人姿貌異常，不可拒。」 Tingzhang went to see the Zhou founder and told his sister on returning, "This man's bearing is extraordinary; you must not refuse him."

太祖凡一後三妃，及嵩陵就掩，皆議陪祔。 The Emperor had one empress and three consorts in all; when Songling was sealed, each was considered for joint enshrinement.

妃兄廷璋，蚤事太祖，即位累歷內職，出為晉州節度使。 Her elder brother Tingzhang had served the Emperor from early on; after the founding he held a series of inner-court posts before being appointed military governor of Jin.

太祖從漢祖鎮並門，屬楊夫人以疾終，無何武氏子卒，太祖素聞妃之賢，遂納為繼室。 When the Emperor followed the Han founder to garrison Bingmen, Lady Yang died of illness; soon afterward the Wu son died as well. Having long heard of the lady's virtue, he took her as his successor consort.

太祖貴，累封至吳國夫人。 As he rose in rank she was repeatedly ennobled, eventually to Lady of the State of Wu.

漢隱帝末，蕭墻變起，屠害大臣，太祖在鄴都被讒，妃與諸皇屬同日遇害於東京舊第。 At the end of Han Yindi's reign palace intrigue erupted and ministers were slaughtered; slandered while in Ye, the Emperor could not save her—she and the imperial kin were killed on the same day at his old residence in the Eastern Capital.

太祖踐阼，追冊為貴妃，發哀，故世宗有起復之命。 After he took the throne he posthumously invested her as Honored Consort and proclaimed mourning; therefore there was an order for Shizong to leave mourning and resume office.

太祖從漢祖幸洛，因憶淑妃之言，尋以禮納之。 When the Emperor accompanied the Han founder to Luoyang, he recalled Lady Yang's praise and soon took her as his wife with full ceremony.

太祖自聖穆皇后蚤世以來屢失邦媛，中幃內助惟妃存焉，加以結珮脫簪，率由令範。 Since Empress Shenmu's early death he had lost consort after consort; she alone remained to manage the inner household, and in every detail of dress and deportment she set the standard.

廣順三年夏，遇疾，醫藥之際，屬太祖兗海之征，車駕將行，妃奏曰：「正當暑毒，勞陛下省巡，明發宵征，須人供侍，司簿已下典事者，各已處分從行。」 In summer of Guangshun 3 she fell ill. While physicians attended her, the Emperor was about to set out on the Yanhai campaign. She memorialized: "This is the season of summer heat, yet Your Majesty will tour the provinces, marching at dawn and through the night—you will need attendants. I have already assigned the clerks and other officers in charge to accompany you."

太祖曰：「妃疾未平，數令診視，此行在近，無繁內人。」 He replied, "Your illness is not yet settled; I have ordered the physicians to watch you closely. This campaign is nearby—there is no need to trouble the inner household."

及太祖駐蹕魯中，妃誌欲令內人進侍，發中使往來言之。 After he halted in Lu, she still wished to send inner attendants to wait on him and dispatched palace envoys to urge it.

太祖手敕鄭仁誨曰：「切慮德妃以朕至兗州行營，津置內人承侍。 The Emperor wrote in his own hand to Zheng Renhui: "I am concerned that the Virtuous Consort, learning that I have reached the Yanzhou field headquarters, will arrange for inner attendants to come and serve me.

既而平定兗州，車駕還京，妃疾無減，俄卒於大內，時年三十九。 Yanzhou was pacified and the Emperor returned to the capital, but her illness did not abate; she soon died in the inner palace at the age of thirty-nine.

世宗隨太祖在鄴，後留居邸第。 When Shizong followed the Emperor to Ye, she remained at their residence.

漢乾祐中，守貞叛於河中，太祖以兵攻之，及城陷，崇訓自刃其弟妹，次將及後，後時匿於屏處，以帷箔自蔽，崇訓倉黃求後不及，遂自刎，後因獲免。 During the Han Qianyou era Li Shouzhen rebelled at Hezhong and the Emperor besieged him. When the city fell, Chongxun killed his younger siblings and was about to kill her next; she had hidden behind a screen, shielded by curtains. He searched for her in panic but could not find her in time and cut his own throat, and she escaped.

太祖入河中，令人訪而得之，即遣女使送於其父，自是後常感太祖大惠，拜太祖為養父。 When the Emperor entered Hezhong he had her found and at once sent a female envoy to return her to her father. From then on she was deeply grateful for his kindness and acknowledged him as her adoptive father.

世宗鎮澶淵日，太祖為世宗聘之。 When Shizong was garrisoned at Chanyuan, the Emperor betrothed her to him.

其後據河中叛，高祖為樞密使，受命出征。 Later he seized Hezhong and rebelled; the High Ancestor, then Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs, was ordered to campaign against him.

後知高祖與其父有舊，城破之際，據堂門而坐，叱諸軍曰：「我符魏王女也，魏王與樞密太尉，兄弟之不若，汝等慎勿無禮。」 Knowing the High Ancestor and her father were old associates, when the city fell she sat in the hall doorway and shouted at the soldiers, "I am the daughter of Prince of Wei Fu; the Prince of Wei and the Grand Preceptor are as close as brothers—you must not treat me with disrespect."

頃之，高祖至，喜曰：「此女於白刃紛之際保全，可謂非常人也。」 Soon the High Ancestor arrived and said with delight, "This woman preserved herself amid flashing blades—she is truly extraordinary."

〈（案：薛史無外戚傳，考《五代會要》云：周太祖第三女樂安公主，為漢室所害，廣順元年二月追封，至顯德四年四月，又追封莒國長公主。 (Note: Xue's History has no biography of maternal kin. The 《Institutional Essentials of the Five Dynasties》 records that Emperor Taizu's third daughter, Princess Le'an, was killed during the Later Han; she was posthumously enfeoffed in Guangshun 1.2 and again as Grand Princess of Ju in Xiande 4.4.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 122Volume 122 Book of Later Zhou 24: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 9 passages

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剡王侗，太祖子，初名青哥，漢末遇害。 Prince Tong of Shan was a son of Taizu; his childhood name was Qingge, and he was murdered in the final days of the Later Han.

太祖即位，詔贈太尉，賜名侗。 After Taizu came to the throne, he ordered Tong posthumously honored as Grand Commandant and given the formal name Tong.

杞王信，太祖子，初名意哥，漢末遇害。 Prince Xin of Qi was another son of Taizu; born Yige, he too was slain in the closing days of the Later Han.

太祖即位，詔贈司空，賜名信。 On his accession Taizu posthumously named him Xin and honored him as Minister of Works.

〈（案：太祖諸子蚤歲遇害，本無事跡。 Editor's note: Taizu's sons were murdered young and left virtually no deeds worth recording.

原本過於簡略，疑有刪節，今據《歐陽史·家人傳》云：初，帝舉兵於魏，漢以兵圍帝第，時張貴妃與諸子青哥、意哥，侄守筠、奉超、定哥皆被誅。 The base text is so terse that passages may have been cut; the following is drawn from Ouyang Xiu's family biographies. When the future Taizu first took up arms in Wei, the Later Han besieged his household. The honored consort Zhang, the boys Qingge and Yige, and the nephews Shoujun, Fengchao, and Dingge were all put to death.

太祖即位，詔故第二子青哥贈太尉，賜名侗； After Taizu acceded, he posthumously named his former second son Qingge Tong and honored him as Grand Commandant;

太祖即位，詔賜皇孫名，誼贈左驍衛大將軍，誠左武衛大將軍，諴左屯衛大將軍。 When Taizu acceded he named his grandsons: Yi became Grand General of the Left Valiant Cavalry, Cheng of the Left Martial Guard, and Yan of the Left Garrison.

明年夏四月癸未，先封太祖諸子。 The following fourth month, on guiwei day, he enfeoffed Taizu's slain sons first.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 127Volume 127 Book of Later Zhou 29: Biographies 7: Lu Wenji, Ma Yisun, He Ning, Su Yugui, Jing Fan · 4 passages

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（《歐陽史》：周太祖入立，即拜司空於家。） (The History of Ouyang: When Zhou Taizu took power, Wenji was at once appointed Grand Master of Works at home.)

太祖即位，就加檢校禮部尚書、太子賓客，分司在洛。 When Taizu acceded he was made inspector-general of rites and guest of the heir, with duty at Luoyang.

三年冬，太祖入平內難，禹珪遁入都城，為兵士所擄。 In winter of year three Taizu entered to quell strife. Yugui fled into the capital and was seized by troops.

翌日，太祖令人求之，既見，撫慰甚至，尋復其位。 Next day Taizu sent for him, comforted him deeply, and soon restored his post.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 130Volume 130 Book of Later Zhou 32: Biographies 10: Wang Jun, Murong Yanchao, Yan Honglu, Cui Zhoudu · 39 passages

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太祖鎮鄴，兼北面兵馬，峻為監軍，留駐鄴城。 When Guo Wei was military governor at Ye and also commanded the northern armies, Jun served as his military supervisor and remained garrisoned at Ye.

從太祖赴闕，綢繆帷幄，贊成大事，峻居首焉。 He followed Guo Wei to the capital, worked closely with him in the command tent, and helped bring the great enterprise to success—Jun ranked foremost among them.

太祖北征，至澶州，為諸軍擁迫，峻與王殷在京聞變，乃遣侍衛馬軍都指揮使郭崇往宋州，前申州刺史馬鐸往許州，以防他變，二州安然，亦峻之謀也。 When Guo Wei marched north and reached Chanzhou, the armies pressed him to take the throne. Jun and Wang Yin, hearing the news in the capital, dispatched Palace Guard cavalry commander Guo Chong to Songzhou and the former prefect of Shen, Ma Duo, to Xuzhou to forestall any other upheaval. Both prefectures stayed calm—another stroke planned by Jun.

太祖踐阼，加平章事，尋兼右僕射、門下侍郎平章事，監修國史。 When Guo Wei became emperor, Jun was made grand councilor; soon he also held the posts of right vice director of the imperial secretariat, vice minister of the gate department and grand councilor, and supervisor for the compilation of the national history.

時朝廷初建，四方多故，峻夙夜奉事，知無不為，每侍太祖商榷軍事，未嘗不移時而退，甚有裨益。 The dynasty was new and troubles pressed on every side. Jun attended day and night, leaving nothing undone that he could attempt. Whenever he sat with the emperor to weigh military affairs he would not withdraw until hours had passed—his counsel proved of real benefit.

太祖從而順之，則忻然而退； If the emperor agreed, he would withdraw well pleased.

太祖素知其為人，且以佐命之故，每優容之。 Guo Wei had long known his temper, and for his merit in founding the dynasty showed him forbearance time and again.

峻年長於太祖二歲，太祖雖登大位，時以兄呼之，有時呼表字，不忘布衣之契也。 Jun was two years older than the emperor. Though Guo Wei now wore the throne, he would sometimes address him as elder brother, sometimes call him Xiufeng—never forgetting their bond as men in plain cloth.

廣順元年冬，劉崇與契丹圍晉州，峻請行應援，太祖用為行營都部署，以徐州節度使王彥超為副。 In the winter of the first year of Guangshun, Liu Chong and the Khitan besieged Jin Prefecture. Jun asked to lead the relief army; Guo Wei appointed him overall commander of the field headquarters, with Wang Yanchao, military governor of Xuzhou, as his deputy.

將發之前，召宴於滋德殿，太祖出女樂以寵之。 On the eve of departure the court feasted him in the Hall of Nurturing Virtue, and the emperor sent out female musicians to honor him.

及發，太祖幸西莊，親臨宴餞，別賜御馬玉帶，執手而別。 As the army set out, Guo Wei went to the Western Villa and personally feasted him on his departure, then gave him an imperial horse and jade belt and clasped his hands in farewell.

峻至陜駐留數夕，劉崇攻晉州甚急，太祖憂其不可支，議親征，取澤州路入，與峻會合，先令諭峻。 Jun reached Shan and halted several nights. Liu Chong's assault on Jin Prefecture was fierce; the emperor feared the city could not stand and considered leading the campaign himself along the Ze Prefecture road to join Jun, and first sent word to inform him.

時永興軍節度使李洪信，漢室之密戚也，自太祖踐阼，恒有憂沮之意，而本城軍不滿千，峻出征至陜州，以救援晉州為辭，抽起數百人，及劉崇北遁，又遣禁兵千餘人，屯於京兆，洪信懼，遂請入朝。 Li Hongxin, military governor of Yongxing, was a close kinsman of the Han house. Since Guo Wei took the throne he had shown constant unease, yet his city garrison numbered fewer than a thousand. When Jun marched out and reached Shan, he used the relief of Jin Prefecture as a pretext to draft several hundred men from him; and when Liu Chong fled north, Jun sent more than a thousand palace guards to garrison Jingzhao. Hongxin was terrified and petitioned to come to court.

峻軍回，太祖厚加優賜。 When Jun's army returned, the emperor showered him with generous rewards.

峻意欲自將兵討賊，累言於太祖曰：「慕容劇賊，曹英不易與之敵耳。」 Jun wanted to take the field himself. Again and again he told the emperor, "Murong is a ferocious rebel—Cao Ying will not easily stand against him."

太祖默然。 The emperor said nothing.

太祖登極之初，務存謙抑，潛龍將佐未甚進用，其後鄭仁誨、李重進、向訓等稍遷要職，峻心忌之，至是求退，蓋偵太祖之意也。 Early in Guo Wei's reign he had kept his former companions in check and advanced them slowly. Later Zheng Renhui, Li Chongjin, Xiang Xun, and others were gradually promoted to high office. Jun resented it. His request to retire was largely a probe of the emperor's mind.

峻連貢三章，中使宣諭無虛日，太祖嚴駕將幸其第，峻聞之，即馳馬入見，太祖慰勞久之，復令視事。 Jun sent up three memorials in a row. Palace envoys came day after day with the emperor's word. Guo Wei in full procession was about to visit his mansion; Jun heard of it and galloped straight to court. The emperor comforted him at length and ordered him back to office.

及土木之功畢，請太祖臨幸，恩賜甚厚。 When the building was finished he invited the emperor to visit in person, and the gifts showered on him were exceedingly rich.

太祖曰：「樞密院舍宇不少，公更自興造何也？」 Taizu replied: "The Bureau of Military Affairs already has ample quarters—why are you building more on your own?"

巖侄崇勛，居於陳郡，峻為求官田宅以賜之，太祖亦從之。 Yan's nephew Chongxun lived in Chen commandery; Jun secured official land and a mansion for him as a gift, and Taizu agreed.

居無何，邀求兼領青州，太祖不得已而授之。 Before long he pressed to hold Qingzhou as well; Taizu, unable to refuse, granted the post.

翌日，峻奏上交知舉不公，請致之於法，太祖頷之而已。 The next day Jun memorialized that Shangjiao had run the examinations unfairly and asked that he be punished by law. Taizu only nodded.

太祖曰：「進退宰輔，未可倉卒，待徐思之。」 Taizu said: "The appointment and removal of chief ministers must not be rushed. Let us consider it at leisure."

太祖未食，日將亭午，諍之不已。 Taizu had not yet eaten; the sun was nearly at noon, yet Jun argued without stopping.

太祖曰：「節假之內，未欲便行，已俟假開，即依所奏。」 Taizu said: "During the holiday I did not wish to act at once. When the holiday ends I will do as you ask."

太祖見馮道已下，泣曰：「峻淩朕頗甚，無禮太過，擬欲盡去左右臣僚，翦朕羽翼。 Taizu met Feng Dao and the others and wept: "Jun bullies me cruelly and shows outrageous disrespect. He means to drive away every minister at my side and cut off my wings.

周祖親征，遣使諭之。 The Zhou founder took the field in person and sent an envoy to instruct him.

使還具奏，周祖自以手提其耳曰：「幾敗吾事。」）〉 The envoy returned and reported every word. The Zhou founder clutched his own ear and said, "He nearly ruined everything.")〉

彥超鎮兗州，漢隱帝欲殺周太祖，召彥超，方食，釋匕箸而就道。 While Yanchao governed Yan Prefecture, Emperor Yindi of Later Han plotted to kill Guo Wei and summoned him. Yanchao was in the middle of a meal but set down his utensils and set out at once.

周太祖時，彥超進呈鄆州節度使高行周來書，其書意即行周毀讟太祖結連彥超之意，帝覽之，笑曰：「此必是彥超之詐也。」 Under the Zhou founder, Yanchao submitted a letter purportedly from Gao Xingzhou, military governor of Yun Prefecture, whose wording suggested that Xingzhou had slandered the emperor and was conspiring with Yanchao. Guo Wei read it and laughed: "This must be Yanchao's trick."

高祖登極，改乾祐為廣順。 When the founder took the throne he changed the era name from Qianyou to Guangshun.

高祖親征，城將破，忽夜夢一人，狀貌甚偉異，被王者之服，謂高祖曰：「陛下明日當得城。」 The founder marched in person. As the city was about to fall, he dreamed at night of a man of strange and imposing mien in kingly robes who said to him, "Your Majesty will take the city tomorrow."

高祖私謂征兆如此，可不預備乎！ The founder said to himself: With an omen like this, how could he fail to prepare!

高祖意豁然，謂近臣曰：「寡人所夢，得非夫子乎？ His mind cleared at once. He said to his close ministers, "Was the figure in my dream none other than the Master?

高祖曰：「夫子聖人也，百王取則，而又夢告寡人，得非夫子幽贊所及耶？ The founder said, "The Master is a sage whom a hundred kings take as their model. He warned me in a dream—was that not his hidden blessing at work?

慕容彥超之被圍也，乘城而望，見高祖親臨矢石，其勢不可當，退而憂之，因勉其麾下曰：「汝等宜為吾盡命，吾庫中金銀如山積，若全此城，吾盡以為賜，汝等勿患富貴。」 While Murong Yanchao was under siege he climbed the wall and saw the founder himself in the hail of arrows and stones. The assault could not be withstood. He withdrew in dread and urged his men: "Fight to the death for me. Gold and silver in my treasury are heaped like mountains—if we hold the city I will give it all to you. You need not fear for wealth or rank."

及高祖之入也，有司閱其庫藏，其間銀鐵胎者果十有七八。 When the founder entered, officials inspected the treasury. Seven or eight tenths of the silver proved to be iron at the core.

太祖平兗州，詔曰：「閻宏魯、崔周度，死義之臣，禮加二等，所以滲漏澤而賁黃泉也。 When the founder pacified Yan Prefecture, an edict said, "Yan Honglu and Cui Zhoudu died for righteousness. Their rites shall be raised two grades, that seeping favor may reach them even in the yellow springs.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 138Volume 138: Foreign States Biographies 2: Tubo, Huihu, Goryeo, Bohai Tungusic Tribes, Heishui Tungusic Tribes, Silla, Tangut, Kunming Tribes, Yutian, Champa, Zangkeman · 1 passage

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至是，周太祖命除去舊法，每回鶻來者，聽私下交易，官中不得禁詰，由是玉之價直十損七八。 Thereupon Emperor Taizu of Zhou abolished the old rules. Whenever Uyghurs came, private trade was allowed and officials were forbidden to interfere. As a result the price of jade fell by seven or eight tenths.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 139Volume 139: Treatises 1 Astronomy · 2 passages

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周太祖廣順二年，四月丙戌朔，日有蝕之。 In the second year of Guangshun under Zhou Taizu, on the new moon of the fourth month (bingxu), the sun was eclipsed.

周太祖顯德三年，正月壬戌夜，有星孛於參角，其芒指於東南。 In the third year of Xiande under Zhou Taizu, on the night of renxu in the first month a broom star appeared at the corner of the Three Stars asterism, its rays toward the southeast.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 144Volume 144: Treatises 6 Music 1 · 2 passages

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太祖聖神恭肅文武孝皇帝廟室酌獻，舞《明德之舞》。 For the libation offering at the temple chamber of Taizu, the Sheng Shen, Gong Su, Wen Wu, Xiao Emperor, the Dance of Bright Virtue was performed.

〈（《五代會要》云：太祖廟室樂章，太常卿田敏撰。 (According to the Five Dynasties Institutional Compendium, the hymns for Taizu's temple chamber were composed by Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Tian Min.

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周廣順元年，太祖初即大位，惟新庶政，時太常卿邊蔚上疏請改舞名，其略云：「前朝改祖孝孫所定二舞名，文舞曰《治安之舞》，武舞曰《振德之舞》，今請改《治安》為《政和之舞》，《振德》為《善勝之舞》。 In the first year of Later Zhou's Guangshun reign, when Taizu first ascended the throne and set about renewing government, Director of Imperial Sacrifices Bian Wei memorialized the throne to rename certain court dances. In brief he wrote: "The previous dynasty had altered the two dances that Zu Xiaosun had established—the civil dance Pacifying the Realm and the martial dance Stirring Virtue. We ask that Pacifying the Realm be renamed Harmonious Governance and Stirring Virtue be renamed Good Victory.

世宗顯德元年即位，有司上太祖廟室酌獻，奏《明德之舞》。 When Emperor Shizong ascended the throne in the first year of Xiande, the responsible officials offered libations at Taizu's temple hall to the accompaniment of the Dance of Bright Virtue.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 147Volume 147: Treatises 9 Punishment and Law · 1 passage

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周太祖廣順元年六月，敕侍御史盧億、刑部員外郎曹匪躬、大理正段濤同議定重寫法書一百四十八卷。 In the sixth month of the first year of Guangshun, Emperor Taizu of Zhou ordered Attending Censor Lu Yi, Vice Director of the Bureau of Punishments Cao Feigong, and Senior Rectifier Duan Tao of the Court of Judicial Review to deliberate together and rewrite the law books in one hundred and forty-eight scrolls.

History of Liao, Chapter 5Volume 5 Annals 5: Shizong · 1 passage

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漢郭威弒其主自立，國號周，遣朱憲來告。 Guo Wei of Han murdered his sovereign and declared himself emperor under the state name Zhou, then sent Zhu Xian to announce it.

History of Liao, Chapter 6Volume 6 Annals 6: Muzong 1 · 1 passage

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是月，周主威殂，養子晉王柴榮嗣立。 That month Zhou's ruler Guo Wei died, and his adopted son, Prince of Jin Chai Rong, succeeded him.

History of Liao, Chapter 71Volume 71 Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 1 passage

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劉知遠、郭威稱帝，世宗承強盛之資，奄奄歲時。 When Liu Zhiyuan and Guo Wei took imperial titles, Shizong, though he held a mighty inheritance, let year after year pass without action.

History of Song, Chapter 482Volume 482 Biographies 241, Hereditary Houses 5: Liu Jiyuan of the Northern Han Liu Family (Father: Liu Jun; Elder Brother: Liu Ji'en; Appended: Wei Rong, Zhao Wendu, Li Yun, Ma Feng, Guo Wuwei) · 5 passages

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隱帝嗣位，周祖為樞密使，崇謂判官鄭珙曰：“吾與郭樞密素不協，朝廷幼弱，郭得誌，吾無類矣。” After Emperor Yinyou came to the throne, Guo Wei of Later Zhou held the post of Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner. Liu Chong told his registrar Zheng Gong, "Guo and I have never gotten along. The throne is held by a boy. Once Guo has his way, my whole line is finished."

揣郭公之心，必不以天下與人，不如領精騎疾度太行，控孟津，以觀其變，徐州位定，然後歸晉陽，即郭公不敢動矣。” Read Guo Wei's mind and you will see he will never hand the empire to anyone else. Take your best horsemen, cross the Taihang fast, seize Mengjin, and watch how things unfold. Once the succession at Xuzhou is settled, return to Jinyang—then even Guo Wei will not dare touch you."

俄周祖為眾所推，降封贇湘陰公。 Soon afterward Guo Wei was elevated by popular acclaim; Yun was reduced in rank and made Duke of Xiangyin.

崇遣使奉書周祖，乞贇歸藩。 Chong sent envoys with a letter to Guo Wei, asking that Yun be sent back to his own territory.

漢乾祐中，周祖征河中，無為杖策謁於軍門，周祖一見大奇之，將留館門下。 During the Later Han Qianyou era, when Guo Wei campaigned in the Hezhong region, Wuwei came staff in hand to the army gate. Guo Wei was greatly impressed at first sight and was about to keep him at his residence.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu, Emperor Yin · 14 passages

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夏四月己未，右都押衙楊邠為樞密使，蕃漢兵馬都孔目官郭威權樞密副使。 On jiwei in the fourth month Yang Bin, right chief adjutant, became Privy Councilor, and Guo Wei, chief clerk for Fan and Han horse troops, acting Vice Privy Councilor.

楊邠為中書侍郎兼吏部尚書、同中書門下平章事，郭威為樞密使，鎮寧軍節度使郭從義為永興軍兵馬都部署。 Yang Bin became Vice Director of the Secretariat and Minister of Personnel, Associate Grand Councilor; Guo Wei, Privy Councilor; and Guo Congyi of Zhenning, deployment commissioner for Yongxing horse and foot.

庚申，郭威同中書門下平章事。 On gengshen Guo Wei was made Associate Grand Councilor.

八月壬午，郭威討李守貞。 On renwu in the eighth month Guo Wei marched to suppress Li Shouzhen.

秋七月丁巳，郭威殺華州留後趙思綰於京兆。 On dingsi in the seventh month of autumn Guo Wei executed Zhao Sizhen, rear commander of Huazhou, at Jingzhao.

丙戌，郭威使來獻俘。 On bingxu an envoy from Guo Wei arrived with prisoners for the court.

己丑，郭威及宣徽南院使王峻伐契丹。 On jichou Guo Wei marched against the Khitan with Wang Jun, commissioner of the Southern Bureau of the Palace Secretariat.

丙午，郭威進添都馬。 On bingwu Guo Wei offered extra horses for the capital guard.

夏四月壬午，郭威以樞密使為天雄軍節度使。 On renwu in the fourth month Guo Wei, Privy Councilor, was appointed military commissioner of Tianxiong.

郭威反。 Guo Wei rose in rebellion.

庚辰，義成軍節度使宋延渥叛附於威。 On gengchen Song Yanwo of Yicheng turned rebel and went over to Guo Wei.

壬午，威犯封丘，泰寧軍節度使慕容彥超軍於七里店。 On renwu Guo Wei advanced on Fengqiu while Murong Yanchao of Taining drew up his army at Qilidian.

慕容彥超及郭威戰，敗績，開封尹侯益叛降於威。 Murong Yanchao met Guo Wei in battle and was routed; Hou Yi, governor of Kaifeng, defected to the rebel side.

自隱帝崩後四十二日，周太祖始即位，而斷自帝崩書「漢亡」者，見帝而漢崩亡矣。 Taizu of Zhou did not take the throne until forty-two days after Yindi died, but the text marks “Han perished” at the emperor’s death to show that Han fell with him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 11Volume 11 Later Zhou Annals 2: Taizu · 44 passages

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太祖聖神恭肅文武孝皇帝，姓郭氏，邢州堯山人也。 Taizu, temple name the Sagely, Divine, Reverent, Solemn, Civil, Martial, Filial Emperor, was of the Guo clan and came from Yaoshan in Xingzhou.

劉仁恭攻破順州，簡見殺，子威少孤，依潞州人常氏。 When Liu Rengong seized Shunzhou, Jian was killed. Wei was still a boy and, orphaned, was taken in by the Chang family of Luzhou.

潞州留後李繼韜募勇敢士為軍卒，威年十八，以勇力應募。 Li Jitao, regent of Luzhou, was raising bold men for the ranks; at eighteen Wei enlisted on the strength of his daring.

威嘗遊於市，市有屠者，常以勇服其市人。 Wei once walked the market where a butcher ruled the stalls by sheer bravado.

威醉，呼屠者，使進幾割肉，割不如法，叱之。 Drunk, Wei hailed the butcher for a few slices; the cuts displeased him and he shouted the man down.

威即前取刀刺殺之。 Wei strode up, seized the knife, and ran him through.

一市皆驚，威頗自如。 The market erupted in alarm; Wei himself was unruffled.

繼韜叛晉附於梁，後莊宗滅梁，繼韜誅死，其麾下兵悉隸從馬直，威以通書算補為軍吏。 When Jitao turned on Jin for Liang, Zhuangzong later crushed Liang and put Jitao to death. The remnant force entered the Imperial Horse Guard, and Wei, skilled in letters and accounts, was posted as a clerk.

後高祖所臨鎮，嘗以威從。 Afterward, on every posting Gaozu held, Wei usually went along.

契丹滅晉，漢高祖起兵太原，即皇帝位，拜威樞密副使。 After the Khitan overthrew Jin, Han Gaozu rose at Taiyuan and claimed the throne, naming Wei Vice Commissioner of the Privy Council.

乾祐元年正月，高祖疾大漸，以隱帝托威及史弘肇等。 In the first month of Qianyou 1, as Gaozu lay dying, he committed the Hidden Emperor to the care of Wei, Shi Hongzhao, and the rest.

隱帝即位，拜威樞密使。 On the Hidden Emperor’s accession, Wei became Commissioner of the Privy Council.

隱帝謂威曰：「吾欲煩公可乎？」 The Hidden Emperor asked Wei, “May I burden you with this command?”

威對曰：「臣不敢請，亦不敢辭，惟陛下命。」 Wei answered, “I would not presume to request it, nor dare I decline—only obey Your Majesty.”

乃加拜威同中書門下平章事，使西督諸將。 He was made Associate Grand Councilor and sent west to take command of the armies.

威居軍中，延見賓客，褒衣博帶，及臨陣行營，幅巾短後，與士卒無異； In camp he met guests in formal robes and wide belt; on the march or at the front he wore a kerchief and short jacket like any soldier—

威至河中，自柵其城東，思柵其南，文珂柵其西，調五縣丁二萬人築連壘以護三柵。 At Hezhong Wei walled the east, Chang Si the south, and Bai Wenke the west, while twenty thousand laborers from five counties threw up connecting works to guard the three siegelines.

諸將皆謂守貞窮寇，破在旦夕，不宜勞人如此，威不聽。 His officers insisted Shouzhen was spent and would collapse any day, and that so much conscription was wasteful. Wei paid them no heed.

已而守貞數出兵擊壞連壘，威輒補之，守貞輒復出擊，每出必有亡失。 Shouzhen soon began raiding the lines again and again; Wei patched each breach, and every attack left the rebels weaker.

久之，城中兵食俱盡，威曰：「可矣！」 When provisions inside the walls ran out, Wei declared, “Now we may strike!”

隱帝勞威以玉帶，加檢校太師兼侍中，威辭曰：「臣事先帝，見功臣多矣，未嘗以玉帶賜之。」 The Hidden Emperor honored Wei with a jade belt and made him Honorary Grand Preceptor and Palace Attendant. Wei refused: “Under the late emperor I watched countless men of merit, and none were given a jade belt.”

隱帝以威為賢，於是悉召楊邠、史弘肇、蘇逢吉、禹珪、竇貞固、王章等皆賜以玉帶，威乃受。 Moved, the Hidden Emperor called in Yang Bin, Shi Hongzhao, Su Fengji, Yu Gui, Dou Zhengu, Wang Zhang, and the others and belted them too; then Wei accepted his own.

威又推功大臣，請加爵賞，於是加貞固司空，逢吉司徒，禹珪、邠左右僕射。 Wei pressed the case for his fellow ministers, and Dou Zhengu was elevated to Minister of Works, Su Fengji to Minister of Education, Yu Gui and Yang Bin to Vice Directors of the Left and Right.

是冬，契丹寇邊，威以樞密使北伐，至魏州，契丹遁。 That winter, with Khitan raids on the frontier, Wei led a northern campaign as Privy Commissioner. At Weizhou the invaders melted away.

四月，拜威鄴都留守、天雄軍節度使，仍以樞密使之鎮。 In the fourth month he was named regent of Yedu and military commissioner of Tianxiong, retaining the Privy Council and going out to the command.

久之，卒以樞密使行，詔河北諸州皆聽威節度。 At last Wei departed as Privy Commissioner, with an edict placing all Hebei prefectures under his authority.

隱帝與李業等謀，已殺史弘肇等，詔鎮寧軍節度使李弘義殺侍衛步軍指揮使王殷於澶州，又詔侍衛馬軍指揮使郭崇殺威及宣徽使王峻於魏。 The Hidden Emperor and Li Ye had already struck down Shi Hongzhao and his allies. He now ordered Li Hongyi of Zhenning to murder Wang Yin, foot commander of the Palace Guard, at Chanzhou, and Guo Chong, horse commander, to kill Wei and Wang Jun, commissioner of the Palace Secretariat, at Wei prefecture.

詔書先至澶州，弘義恐事不果，反以詔書示殷，殷與弘義遣人告威。 The Chanzou order arrived first. Li Hongyi, afraid the scheme would miscarry, showed the edict to Wang Yin; Yin and Hongyi dispatched a messenger to alert Wei.

已而詔殺威、峻使者亦馳騎至，威匿詔書，召樞密使院吏魏仁浦謀於臥內。 Then came the courier charged with executing Wei and Jun. Wei concealed the edict and called Privy Council clerk Wei Renpu to his bedside for counsel.

仁浦勸威反，教威倒用留守印，更為詔書，詔威誅諸將校以激怒之，將校皆憤然效用。 Renpu urged revolt and showed him how to reverse the regent’s seal and issue a counterfeit order for Wei to kill his commanders. The officers, furious, rallied to him as one.

十一月丁丑，威遂舉兵渡河。 On dingchou in the eleventh month Wei marched and crossed the Yellow River.

隱帝遣開封尹侯益、保大軍節度使張彥超、客省使閻晉卿等率兵拒威，又遣內養瑽脫覘威所向。 The Hidden Emperor dispatched Hou Yi, governor of Kaifeng, Zhang Yanchao of Baoda, Yan Jinqing of the guest-reception office, and others to meet Wei in battle, and sent the palace attendant Zongtuo to track his march.

瑽脫為威所得，威乃附脫奏請縛李業等送軍中。 Zongtuo fell into Wei’s hands, and Wei used him to forward a memorial demanding Li Ye and his party be bound and delivered to camp.

隱帝得威奏，以示業等，業等皆言威反狀已白，乃悉誅威家屬於京師。 The Hidden Emperor read the memorial to Li Ye’s circle; they declared Wei’s guilt proven and put every member of his household in the capital to death.

庚辰，威至滑州，義成軍節度使宋延渥叛於漢來降。 On gengchen Wei entered Huazhou; Song Yanwo of Yicheng broke with Han and came over.

丙戌，威入京師，縱火大掠。 On bingxu Wei entered the capital; fires blazed and the troops looted freely.

庚寅，威率百官詣明德門，請立武寧軍節度使赟為嗣。 On gengyin Wei brought the ministers again to the Bright Virtue Gate and proposed Liu Yun, military commissioner of Wuning, as heir.

十二月甲午朔，威北伐契丹，軍於滑州。 On jiawu, the new moon of the twelfth month, Wei marched north against the Khitan and stopped at Huazhou.

庚申，太后制以威監國。 On gengshen the Empress Dowager named Wei regent of the realm.

廣順元年春正月丁卯，皇帝即位，大赦，改元，國號周。 On dingmao in the first month of Guangshun 1 the emperor was enthroned, proclaimed a general amnesty, and declared the dynasty Zhou.

秋七月戊寅，幸王峻第。 On wuyin in the seventh month the emperor called at Wang Jun’s home.

夏五月庚申，東征，李穀留守東都，鄭仁誨為大內都點檢。 On gengshen in the fifth month the emperor marched east. Li Gu stayed as regent at Luoyang; Zheng Renhui was named chief inspector of the inner palace.

顯德元年春正月丙子朔，有事於南郊，大赦，改元，群臣上尊號曰聖明文武仁德皇帝。 On the new-year day bingzi in the first month of spring, Xiande 1, the southern suburb rites were performed. A general amnesty was proclaimed, the era name changed, and the ministers honored him as Sagely, Bright, Martial, Civil, Benevolent, and Virtuous Emperor.

是日，皇帝崩於滋德殿。 That same day the emperor died in the Hall of Nourishing Virtue.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Later Zhou Annals 3: Shizong, Emperor Gong · 10 passages

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柴氏女适太祖，是为圣穆皇后。 A Chai clanswoman wed Taizu and was enthroned as Empress Shengmu.

后兄守礼子荣，幼从姑长太祖家，以谨厚见爱，太祖遂以为子。 Rong, Shouli’s son and the empress’s nephew, was raised from boyhood in Taizu’s house through his aunt; his sober loyalty won affection, and Taizu adopted him as a son.

太祖后稍贵，荣亦壮，而器貌英奇，善骑射，略通书史黄老，性沈重寡言。 As Taizu’s star rose, Rong matured into a man of striking looks and presence, expert in the saddle and bow, with a modest grounding in the classics, histories, and Daoist texts, and a temperament grave and quiet.

太祖为汉枢密使，荣为左监门卫大将军。 While Taizu served Later Han as privy commissioner, Rong held the post of Grand General of the Left Gate Guard.

太祖镇天雄，荣领贵州刺史、天雄军牙内都指挥使。 When Taizu took command at Tianxiong, Rong became prefect of Guizhou and commander-in-chief of the Tianxiong inner guard.

太祖入立，拜澶州刺史、镇宁军节度使，检校太傅、同中书门下平章事。 After Taizu seized the throne, Rong was made prefect of Chan, military commissioner of Zhenning, honorary grand tutor, and associate grand councilor.

是冬，卜以来年正月朔旦有事于南郊，而太祖遇疾，不能视朝者久之。 That winter auguries fixed the southern suburb rite for dawn on the coming new year, yet Taizu fell ill and went long without holding court.

壬辰，太祖崩，秘不发丧。 On renchen Taizu died; the court concealed the death and withheld the mourning proclamation.

夏四月乙卯，葬神圣文武恭肃孝皇帝于嵩陵。 On yimao in the fourth month Taizu, the Sagely, Divine, Martial, Civil, Reverent, Filial Emperor, was interred at Songling.

乙丑，次新郑，遂拜嵩陵。 On yichou he stopped at Xinzheng and then visited Songling to mourn Taizu.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16: Family of the Tang Deposed Emperor · 1 passage

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周太祖為一家，世宗為一家。 Later Zhou likewise splits in two: the line of Taizu and that of Shizong.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 18Volume 18: The Later Han Imperial Family · 18 passages

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邠等死，周太祖起兵向京師，慕容彥超敗於劉子陂，帝欲出自臨兵，太后止之曰：「郭威本吾家人，非其危疑，何肯至此！ After their deaths, Taizu of Zhou marched on the capital; Murong Yanchao was defeated at Liuzipo; the emperor meant to take the field himself; the dowager stopped him: “Guo Wei was originally one of our household—had he not been driven to doubt, how would he have come to this!

周太祖入京師，舉事皆稱太后誥。 When Guo Wei entered the capital, he acted in the dowager’s name.

已而議立湘陰公赟為天子，赟未至，太祖乃請太后臨朝。 They meant to make the Duke of Xiangyin, Yun, emperor; before he arrived, Guo Wei had the dowager hold court.

已而太祖出征契丹，軍士擁之以還。 Guo Wei marched against the Khitan; the army forced him back.

太祖請事太后為母，太后誥曰：「侍中功烈崇高，德聲昭著，剪除禍亂，安定邦家，謳歌有歸，歷數攸屬，所以軍民推戴，億兆同歡。 He asked to honor her as mother; her edict read: “The attendant-in-chief’s merit towers, his virtue shines; he has ended chaos and steadied the realm—the army and people have chosen him, and all rejoice.

周太祖已敗漢兵於北郊，隱帝遇弒。 Guo Wei had beaten Han at the northern suburb; the Hidden Emperor was killed.

太祖入京師，以謂漢大臣必相推戴，及見宰相馮道等，道殊無意，太祖不得已，見道猶下拜，道受太祖拜如平時，徐勞之曰：「公行良苦！」 Entering the capital, Guo Wei expected Han ministers to acclaim him; Feng Dao showed no sign; forced, Guo Wei still bowed; Dao accepted the bow as usual and said slowly: “A hard road!”

太祖意色皆沮，以謂漢大臣未有推立己意，又難於自立，因白漢太后擇立漢嗣。 Guo Wei’s face fell; no Han minister meant to make him emperor; he asked the dowager to choose a Han heir.

於是周太祖與王峻入見太后，言：「開封尹承勳，高祖皇帝之子，宜立。」 Guo Wei and Wang Jun told the dowager: “Chengxun, Gaozu’s son, should reign.”

太祖與群臣請見承勳視起居，太后命以臥榻舁承勳出見群臣，群臣視之信然，乃共奏曰：「徐州節度使赟，高祖愛之，以為子，宜立為嗣。」 They asked to see Chengxun; he was borne out on a couch; seeing him truly ill, they memorialized: "Yun, whom Gaozu had adopted, should be enthroned as heir."

道揣周太祖意不在赟，謂太祖曰：「公此舉由衷乎？」 Dao sensed Guo Wei did not mean to enthrone Yun and asked: “Do you mean this sincerely?”

太祖指天為誓。 Guo Wei swore to Heaven.

赟行至宋州，太祖自澶州為兵士擁還京師，王峻慮赟左右生變，遣侍衛馬軍指揮使郭崇以兵七百騎衛赟。 As Yun traveled to Songzhou, Taizu from Chanzhou was forced back to the capital by soldiers; Wang Jun sent Guo Chong with seven hundred horse to guard Yun.

太祖以書召道先歸，留其副趙上交、王度奉赟入朝太后。 Guo Wei recalled Dao first and left Zhao Shangjiao and Wang Du to bring Yun to court.

太祖已監國，太后乃下誥曰：「此者樞密使郭威，誌安宗社，議立長君，以徐州節度使赟高祖近親，立為漢嗣，乃自藩鎮召赴京師。 As regent, the dowager issued an edict: "Guo Wei had meant to enthrone an elder lord; Yun, Gaozu's kin, was chosen and summoned from Xuzhou.

太祖拜王彥超徐州節度使，下詔諭庭美等許以刺史，並詔赟赦庭美等。 Guo Wei made Wang Yanchao military governor of Xuzhou, promised Tingmei and the others prefectural posts, and issued pardons for them in Yun’s name.

周太祖軍變於澶州，王峻遣前申州刺史馬鐸以兵巡檢許州，信乃自殺。 When Guo Wei's army mutinied at Chanzhou, Wang Jun sent the former prefect of Shenzhou, Ma Duo, to inspect Xu with troops; Xin then killed himself.

周太祖即位，追封蔡王。 When Guo Wei took the throne, Xin was posthumously made Prince of Cai.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 19Volume 19: Taizu of Later Zhou's Family · 19 passages

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太祖一后三妃。 Taizu had one empress and three imperial consorts.

聖穆皇后柴氏，邢州堯山人也，與太祖同里，遂以歸焉。 Empress Shengmu of the Chai clan came from Yaoshan in Xing Prefecture. She and Taizu were neighbors, and he married her.

太祖微時，喜飲博任俠，不拘細行，后常諫止之。 In his early days Taizu loved wine, dice, and swaggering heroics, caring little for small proprieties; his wife often urged him to stop.

太祖狀貌奇偉，后心知其貴人也，事之甚謹。 Taizu's stature was striking and grand; his wife sensed in her heart that he was destined for greatness and treated him with scrupulous respect.

及太祖即位，后已先卒，乃下詔：「故夫人柴氏，追冊為皇后，謚曰聖穆。」 By the time Taizu ascended the throne, she had already died. He then decreed: "The late Lady Chai is posthumously installed as empress, with the posthumous title Shengmu."

太祖柴夫人卒，聞妃有色而賢，遂娶之為繼室。 After Taizu's wife from the Chai clan died, he heard that this consort was both lovely and worthy and took her as his next wife.

太祖方事漢高祖於太原，天福中妃卒，遂葬太原之近郊。 Taizu was then in Gaozu of Later Han's service at Taiyuan. She died during the Tianfu reign period and was buried in the outskirts near the city.

太祖即位，廣順元年九月，追冊為淑妃。 After Taizu became emperor, in the ninth month of Guangshun 1 she was posthumously installed as Imperial Consort Shu.

太祖曰：「吾方思之，豈忘爾父邪！」 Taizu replied, "I was just thinking of that—how could I forget your father!"

太祖崩，葬嵩陵，一后三妃皆當陪葬，而太原未克，世宗詔有司營嵩陵之側為虛墓以俟。 When Taizu died he was interred at Song Mausoleum. The empress and three consorts were all to be buried with him, but Taiyuan had not yet fallen, so Shizong ordered officials to prepare vacant tombs beside the mausoleum until the time came.

久之，太祖事漢高祖於太原，楊夫人卒，而武氏子亦卒，乃納妃為繼室。 Years later, while Taizu was in Gaozu of Later Han's service at Taiyuan, Lady Yang died and Wu's son died as well; Taizu then took the consort as his next wife.

太祖貴，累封吳國夫人。 As Taizu rose in stature she was repeatedly promoted, eventually to Lady of Wu.

太祖以兵入京師，漢遣劉銖戮其家，妃與諸子皆死。 When Taizu marched into the capital with his army, Later Han sent Liu Zhu to massacre his household; the consort and all his sons were killed.

太祖即位，追冊為貴妃。 After Taizu became emperor he posthumously installed her as Imperial Consort Gui.

〈（太祖子侗信侄守願奉超遜）〉 (Taizu's sons Tong and Xin; nephews Shouyuan, Fengchao, and Xun)〉

漢高祖由太原入京師，太祖從，過洛陽，聞妃有賢行，聘之。 When Gaozu of Later Han entered the capital from Taiyuan, Taizu went with him. Passing through Luoyang he heard of her virtue and took her as his wife.

太祖建國，中宮虛位，遂冊為德妃。 When Taizu founded Later Zhou the empress's seat stood empty, and he installed her as Imperial Consort De.

初，帝舉兵於魏，漢以兵圍帝第，時張貴妃與諸子青哥、意哥，侄守筠、奉超、定哥，皆被誅。 Earlier, when the emperor raised his army in Wei, Later Han besieged his residence. Imperial Consort Zhang, the sons Qingge and Yige, and the nephews Shoujun, Fengchao, and Dingge were all executed.

太祖即位，詔故第二子青哥贈太尉，賜名侗； When Taizu became emperor he decreed that his late second son Qingge be posthumously made Grand Commandant and given the name Tong;

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 20Volume 20: Shizong of Later Zhou's Family · 12 passages

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周太祖聖穆皇后柴氏，無子，養後兄守禮之子以為子，是為世宗。 Empress Shengmu of the Chai clan, wife of Later Zhou's Taizu, bore no sons. She adopted her elder brother Shouli's son as her own; that child became Shizong.

世宗從太祖于魏，后留京師，太祖舉兵，漢誅其族。 Shizong followed Taizu to Wei while the empress stayed behind in the capital. When Taizu took up arms, Later Han put his entire clan to death.

太祖即位，追封彭城郡夫人。 After Taizu ascended the throne, he posthumously enfeoffed her as Lady of Pengcheng Commandery.

而漢遣周太祖討之，逾年，攻破其城。 Later Han sent Later Zhou's Taizu against him. More than a year later the city fell.

漢兵入其家，後儼然坐堂上，顧軍士曰：「郭公與吾王父有舊，汝輩無犯我！」 When Han soldiers entered the house she sat composed in the hall and told the troops: "Lord Guo and my grandfather were old friends—you must not touch me!"

太祖聞之，以謂一女子能使亂兵不敢犯，奇之，為加慰勉，以歸彥卿。 Taizu marveled that one woman could hold disorderly troops at bay. He comforted her and sent her back to Yanqing.

後感太祖不殺，拜太祖為父。 Grateful that Taizu had spared her life, she acknowledged him as her adoptive father.

太祖於後有恩，而世宗性特英銳，聞後如此，益奇之。 Taizu had shown her kindness, and Shizong, whose nature was keen and bold, admired her all the more when he heard how she had acted.

太祖即位，詔賜皇孫名誼，贈左驍衞大將軍； When Taizu took the throne, an edict bestowed names on the imperial grandsons: Yi was posthumously made Grand General of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard;

明年夏四月癸未，先封太祖諸子。 On guiwei day in the fourth month of the following summer he first enfeoffed Taizu's sons.

當周太祖舉兵於魏，漢遣劉銖誅其家族於京師，酷毒備至； When Later Zhou's Taizu raised his army in Wei, Later Han sent Liu Zhu to slaughter his entire household in the capital with every cruelty imaginable;

後太祖入立，遣人責銖，銖辭不屈，太祖雖深恨之，然以銖辭直，終不及其家也。 after Taizu took the throne he sent men to reproach Zhu. Zhu answered without yielding. Taizu hated him deeply, yet because Zhu's words were upright he never harmed his family.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 30Volume 30 Later Han Biographies 10: Su Fengji, Shi Hongzhao, Yang Bin, Wang Zhang, Liu Zhu, Li Ye, Nie Wenjin, Hou Zan, Guo Yunming · 20 passages

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周太祖平李守貞，推功群臣，弘肇拜中書令。 When Zhou Taizu crushed Li Shouzhen he shared credit among the ministers; Hongzhao was made Grand Secretary.

周太祖出鎮魏州，弘肇議帶樞密行，蘇逢吉、楊邠以為不可，弘肇恨之。 Zhou Taizu went out to govern Weizhou. Hongzhao wanted to keep the Privy Council and go; Su Fengji and Yang Bin refused—and Hongzhao hated them for it.

明日，會飲竇貞固第，弘肇厲聲舉爵屬太祖曰：「昨日廷論，何為異同？ Next day they drank at Dou Zhengu’s house. Hongzhao lifted his cup toward Taizu and said in a hard voice: “Yesterday in court we split—why?

周太祖即位，追封弘肇鄭王，以禮歸葬。 When Zhou Taizu took the throne, he posthumously made Hongzhao Prince of Zheng and buried him with full honors.

逢吉諷李濤上疏罷邠與周太祖樞密使，邠泣訴李太后前，太后怒，罷濤相，加邠中書侍郎兼吏部尚書、同平章事。 Fengji urged Li Tao to petition for Bin’s and Guo Wei’s removal from the Privy Council. Bin wept before Dowager Li; she raged, ousted Tao, and made Bin Vice Director, Minister of Personnel, and Associate Grand Councilor.

周太祖即位，追封弘農王。 Zhou Taizu posthumously made him Prince of Hongnong.

是時，漢方新造，承契丹之後，京師空乏，而關西三叛作，周太祖用兵西方，章供饋軍旅，未嘗乏絕。 Han was newborn, the capital drained after the Khitan, and the west in revolt. Guo Wei marched west; Zhang fed the armies without fail.

權知開封府，周太祖兵犯京師，銖悉誅太祖與王峻等家屬。 As acting governor of Kaifeng, when Guo Wei’s army closed on the capital Zhu slaughtered Guo Wei’s and Wang Jun’s households.

太祖入京師，銖妻裸露以席自蔽，與銖俱見執。 Guo Wei entered the capital. Zhu’s wife stripped and hid behind a mat; both were taken.

太祖使人責銖曰：「與公共事先帝，獨無故人之情乎？ Guo Wei sent word: “We served the late emperor together—where is old friendship?

是時，太祖方欲歸人心，乃與群臣議曰：「劉侍中墜馬傷甚，而軍士逼辱，迨有微生，吾欲奏太后，貸其家屬，何如？」 Guo Wei meant to win hearts and asked his ministers: “Palace Attendant Liu fell hard from his horse; soldiers humiliated him, yet he lives. I would ask the dowager to spare his family—what say you?”

太祖即位，賜陜州莊宅各一區。 At enthronement Guo Wei granted each a Shaanzhou estate.

又遣供奉官孟業以詔書殺郭威於魏州。 He sent Palace Attendant Meng Ye with an edict to kill Guo Wei at Weizhou.

威舉兵反，隱帝遣左神武統軍袁泬、侍衛馬軍都指揮使閻晉卿等率兵拒威於澶淵。 Guo Wei rebelled. The emperor sent Yuan Xue and Yan Jinqing against him at Chanyuan.

兵未出，威已至滑州，帝大懼，謂大臣曰：「昨太草草耳。」 Before the army moved, Guo Wei was already at Huazhou. The emperor was terrified and told his ministers: “Yesterday we moved too rashly.”

乃詔賜京師兵及魏兵從威南者錢人十千，督其子弟作書，以告北兵之來者。 An edict paid ten thousand cash per man to capital troops and every soldier who had followed Guo Wei south, and pressed their kin to write north and summon more men.

周太祖為樞密使，頗親信之，文進稍橫恣。 Zhou Taizu, as chief of the Privy Council, trusted him deeply, and Wenjin grew arrogant.

周太祖鎮鄴，文進等用事居中，及謀殺楊邠等，文進夜作詔書，制置中外。 When Zhou Taizu held Ye, Wenjin and his circle ruled the court. When they plotted to kill Yang Bin and the rest, Wenjin drafted edicts by night and disposed affairs at home and abroad.

周太祖在鄴聞邠等遇害，初以為文進不與，及發詔書，皆文進手跡，乃大詬之。 At Ye, Zhou Taizu heard Bin and the rest had been killed. At first he thought Wenjin was innocent, but when the edicts appeared, every line was Wenjin’s hand—and he cursed him bitterly.

周兵至京師，隱帝敗於北郊，太后懼，使謂文進善衛帝，對曰：「臣在此，百郭威何害！」 Zhou troops reached the capital; the Hidden Emperor fell at the Northern Suburb. The empress dowager was terrified and asked Wenjin to guard the emperor. He replied: “While I stand here, what harm are a hundred Guo Weis?”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 31Volume 31 Later Zhou Biographies 11: Wang Pu, Zheng Renhui, Hu Zai · 6 passages

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漢高祖為河東節度使，周太祖居帳下，時時往過仁誨，與語甚歡。 When Han Gaozu governed Hedong, Zhou Taizu served in his camp and often called on Renhui—they talked as old friends.

每事有疑，即從仁誨質問，仁誨所對不阿，周太祖益奇之。 When Taizu was uncertain, he went to Renhui for plain answers. Renhui never flattered—and Taizu prized him the more.

漢興，周太祖為樞密使，乃召仁誨用之，累官至內客省使。 When Han was established, Taizu became Privy Council Commissioner and brought Renhui in; he rose step by step to Commissioner of the Inner Clients Bureau.

太祖破李守貞於河中，軍中機畫，仁誨多所參決。 When Taizu broke Li Shouzhen at Hezhong, Renhui helped decide much of the army’s strategy.

太祖入立，以仁誨為大內都點檢、恩州團練使、樞密副使，累遷宣徽北院使，出為鎮寧軍節度使。 When Taizu took the throne he made Renhui Grand Inspector of the Inner Palace, Military Training Commissioner of Enzhou, and Deputy Privy Council Commissioner; he rose to Commissioner of the Northern Hall of the Palace Secretariat, then went out to govern the Zhenning Army.

仁誨自其微時，常為太祖謀畫，及居大位，未嘗有所聞，而太祖、世宗皆親重之，然亦能謙謹好禮，不自矜伐，為士大夫所稱。 From humble days Renhui had advised Taizu; in high office he never traded on it—yet Taizu and Shizong both cherished him. He remained modest, courteous, and ritual-minded, never vaunting himself, and the literati spoke well of him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 49Volume 49 Miscellaneous Biographies 29: Di Guangye, Feng Hui, Huang Fuhui, Tang Jingsi, Wang Jin, Chang Si, Sun Fangjian · 6 passages

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周太祖入立，拜宣徽使、樞密副使，出知永興軍，卒於官。 Zhou Taizu took the throne and named him Palace Commissioner and Vice Privy Commissioner, then sent him to govern Yongxing; he died in post.

從周太祖起魏，遷虎捷右廂都指揮使。 He followed Zhou Taizu in the Wei rising and became commander of the right wing of the Tiger Swift Army.

初，思微時，周太祖方少孤無依，食于思家，以思為叔，後思與周太祖俱遭漢以取富貴。 When Si was still obscure, young Zhou Taizu was orphaned and ate at his home, calling him uncle. Later both rode Han’s rise to wealth and rank.

周太祖已即位，每呼思為常叔，拜其妻，如家人禮。 Once Zhou Taizu reigned, he always called Si Uncle Chang and bowed to his wife as kin.

太祖頷之，即焚其券，詔宋州悉蠲除之。 Taizu nodded, burned the bonds, and ordered Song prefecture to forgive the debts entirely.

周太祖時，徙鎮鎮國，以其弟行友為定州留後。 Under Zhou Taizu he was moved to Zhenguo; his younger brother Xingyou was left as acting governor of Ding.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 50Volume 50 Miscellaneous Biographies 30: Wang Jun, Wang Yin, Liu Ci, Wang Huan, Zhe Congruan · 38 passages

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周太祖鎮天雄軍，峻為監軍。 While Zhou Taizu held Tianxiong, Jun served as supervising commissioner.

漢隱帝已殺大臣史弘肇等，又遣人殺周太祖及峻等，峻等遂與太祖舉兵犯京師。 The Hidden Emperor had killed Shi Hongzhao and other great ministers, then sent men to kill Taizu and Jun. Jun and the rest joined Taizu and marched on the capital.

太祖監國，以漢太后命拜峻樞密使。 Taizu governed as regent and, by the Empress Dowager’s order, made Jun Privy Commissioner.

太祖將兵北出，至澶州，返軍向京師。 Taizu marched north to Chan, then wheeled the army back on the capital.

是時，太祖已遣馮道迎湘陰公赟於徐州，而漢宗室蔡王信在許州。 Taizu had already sent Feng Dao to meet the Prince of Xiangyin Yun at Xuzhou, while Prince of Cai Xin of the Han house held Xu.

太祖入立，拜峻右僕射、門下侍郎、同中書門下平章事，監修國史。 Taizu took the throne and made Jun Right Vice Director, Gate Attendant-in-Chief, Associate Grand Councilor, and supervisor of the national history.

太祖遣使者翟守素馳至陜州，諭峻欲親征。 Taizu sent Zhai Shousu racing to Shan to say he meant to take the field himself.

是時，太祖已下詔西幸，聞峻語，遽自提其耳曰：「幾敗吾事！」 Taizu had already ordered a western tour. Hearing Jun, he clutched his ear and cried: "I nearly wrecked everything!"

峻與太祖俱起於魏，自謂佐命之功，以天下為己任。 Jun and Taizu had risen together from Wei. He counted his founding merit as his due and shouldered the realm.

凡所論請，事無大小，期於必得，或小不如誌，言色輒不遜，太祖每優容之。 Every petition, large or small, had to succeed; the slightest miss turned his tone rude, yet Taizu indulged him.

峻年長於太祖二歲，往往呼峻為兄，或稱其字，峻由是益橫。 Jun was two years Taizu’s senior. Taizu often called him elder brother or used his style, and Jun grew bolder still.