Feng Dao (馮道) | 24 Histories

Overview

Feng Dao was a Five Dynasties statesman who served successive Later Tang, Later Jin, Liao, Later Han, and Later Zhou regimes.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Courtesy name	Kedao	可道	Kedao
Posthumous name	Wényì	文懿
Nickname	Old Man of Everlasting Joy	長樂老	Changle Lao

Life and dates

Death

AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日
At his residence 其第 · Died one night · Age Value: 73 · Reckoning: Sui
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 224
AD 954 显德元年四月乙丑
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 39

Age

73
AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日 · Reckoning Sui
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 224

Attested activity

AD 934 清泰元年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 124
AD 938 九月乙卯
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passages 113, 118
AD 934 應順元年正月庚辰
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 25
AD 933 長興四年十二月丁巳
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 16
AD 933 長興四年十二月庚戌
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 9
AD 933 長興四年十二月辛未
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 21

Show 146 more source-backed claims

AD 954 壬辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 154
AD 947 to AD 948 Chronology stated or entailed by s0017, s0063
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 17, 63
AD 933 source
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 192
AD 933 丁巳
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 124
AD 923 to AD 926 丁父憂
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 20, 22
AD 950 三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passages 13-14
AD 942 丙子，馮道為大行皇帝山陵使，門下侍郎竇貞
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 15
AD 950 乾祐三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 183
AD 950 乾祐三年冬十一月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 26-27
AD 950 乾祐三年十一月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 42, 46, 57
AD 948 to AD 950 乾祐中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 157-158
AD 949 乾祐二年春
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passages 48, 53
AD 948 乾祐元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 184
AD 948 to AD 951 乾祐至廣順初
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 30, 36
AD 942 to AD 947 事少帝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 926 to AD 933 事明宗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 936 to AD 942 事晉高祖皇帝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 934 to AD 936 事清泰帝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 923 to AD 926 事莊宗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 933 to AD 934 事閔帝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 947 to AD 948 事高祖皇帝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 927 二年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 6, passage 73
AD 946 二月庚申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 123
AD 948 to AD 950 今上
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 923 to AD 926 以父憂退歸鄉里
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 47
AD 925 以示盧質、馮道
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 57, passage 5
AD 907 to AD 923 先皇霸府日
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 50
AD 928 六月丙申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 39, passage 125
AD 928 六月壬辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 39, passage 124
AD 944 六月癸卯
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 197
AD 947 其年閏七月晦
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passages 143, 148
AD 925 冬十月丙子
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 100
AD 942 to AD 947 出道為同州節度使
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 110
AD 934 出鎮同州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 65
AD 930 十一月甲子翌日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 219, 223-224
AD 935 十二月己丑
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 217
AD 954 十月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 79, 86
AD 954 十月甲子
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 87
AD 954 及太祖崩
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 217-218, 222, 224
AD 951 及太祖平內難
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 205-210
AD 947 及自常山入覲
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 129
AD 923 同光元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 251
AD 932 唐明宗之世
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 33
AD 934 夏四月壬申
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 45
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 48-49
AD 926 天成
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 103
AD 927 天成二年十二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passages 264-266
AD 927 天成二年春正月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 17
AD 926 天成元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 101
AD 926 天成元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passages 22-23
AD 926 天成元年五月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 55
AD 926 天成初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 104; Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 183
AD 929 天成四年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 25
AD 929 天成四年八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 116
AD 904 to AD 907 天祐中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 4
AD 913 天祐中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 21
AD 942 天福七年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passages 54, 144
AD 942 天福七年六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 17
AD 938 天福三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 115
AD 938 天福三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 93
AD 938 天福中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passages 164, 167
AD 936 天福元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 47
AD 943 天福八年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 61
AD 939 天福四年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 39
AD 938 太宗會同元年
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 64
AD 951 太祖入立
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 5
AD 947 契丹入汴
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 112-114
AD 947 契丹入汴前後
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 109
AD 947 契丹據汴京
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 913 守光敗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 6
AD 951 崧與馮道等得還…宰相馮道
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 57, passages 30, 44
AD 947 常山之變後
Dated from the passage context · History of Song 484, passage 62
AD 934 庚戌
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 56
AD 953 廣順三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 79
AD 951 廣順元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 68
AD 951 廣順元年七月辛酉朔
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 124
AD 951 廣順元年五月丙戌
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 163
AD 951 廣順初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 216
AD 900 延徽少時
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 74, passage 44
AD 933 從榮之變與明宗崩
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 202
AD 934 拜司空
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 72
AD 926 明宗入洛
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 25
AD 926 明宗即位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 86
AD 933 明宗崩
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 65
AD 933 明宗崩後改居儉官
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 13
AD 933 明宗晏駕
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 185
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗朝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 66, passage 33
AD 934 明年春
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passages 118, 120, 123, 128
AD 947 明年春正月朔日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 146
AD 947 是歲三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 115
AD 947 是歲閏七月二十九日
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 123-125, 127
AD 954 显德元年二月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 19
AD 954 显德元年四月乙丑
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 39
AD 930 to AD 933 時以諸經舛繆
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 48, 64
AD 923 to AD 926 時契丹方盛
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 24
AD 942 to AD 947 晉少帝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 104, 106-109
AD 942 晉少帝即位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 103
AD 938 晉高祖使馮道、劉煦冊應天太后、太宗皇帝
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 72
AD 936 to AD 942 晉高祖在位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 11
AD 938 會同元年
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 118
AD 934 to AD 936 未幾，入為司空
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 70
AD 923 梁平
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 19
AD 943 to AD 947 歲餘，移鎮南陽
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 111
AD 934 to AD 936 清泰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 32
AD 934 to AD 935 清泰初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 78
AD 947 漢祖即位之初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 138, 143-144, 147, 151, 153
AD 948 to AD 949 漢遣白文珂、常思等出軍擊之
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passages 84, 86-87
AD 926 為相
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 122
AD 934 與昫同為相 / 罷相為司空
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 6, 18
AD 915 莊宗並有河北
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 10
AD 923 莊宗即位鄴宮
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 18
AD 920 to AD 923 莊宗從事
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 56, passage 183
AD 918 to AD 923 莊宗與梁軍夾河對壘
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 11, 13
AD 908 to AD 923 莊宗霸府
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 94
AD 950 請道詣徐州冊湘陰公為漢嗣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 219-220
AD 930 近以饗上元
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 98, 110
AD 951 to AD 954 逮至末年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 227
AD 947 道在常山
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 119-122
AD 907 to AD 950 道微時
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 211-212
AD 927 to AD 954 道歷任四朝，三入中書，在相位二十餘年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 226, 244
AD 930 鏻意頗希大用，嘗謂馮道、趙鳳曰：「唐家故事，宗室皆為宰相。
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 57, passages 64, 67
AD 932 長興三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 45, 64
AD 930 長興元年三月丙子後
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 41
AD 930 長興元年三月癸未
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 46
AD 930 長興元年四月二十五日戊午
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
AD 930 長興元年夏四月戊申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 65
AD 930 長興元年正月丙子
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 258
AD 933 長興四年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 76
AD 933 長興四年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 6, passage 225
AD 933 長興四年九月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 119
AD 933 長興四年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 69
AD 933 長興四年十一月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 175
AD 933 長興四年十二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 193
AD 950 隱帝遇害時
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 7
AD 918 to AD 923 頃在德勝寨
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 46
AD 954 顯德元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passages 42-43
AD 927 to AD 954 馮瀛王道之在中書也
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 232
AD 907 to AD 954 馮道之鎮同州也
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 229, 231
AD 930 馮道作相，與延故人，召拜左補闕。
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 57, passage 186
AD 950 高祖之入京師
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 217
AD 942 高祖崩
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 60; New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 108
AD 948 to AD 949 高祖征李守貞
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 207-208
AD 942 高祖晏駕
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 136
AD 946 高祖疾病托孤
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 187
AD 936 高祖登極
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 85
AD 942 高祖臥疾
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 167

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Feng Jiong (馮炯)
grandfather 祖 · paternal line · 2 generations · Through Feng Liangjian (馮良建)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 164
Descendant of Feng Cou (馮湊)
great-grandfather 曾祖 · paternal line · 3 generations · Through Feng Jiong (馮炯), Feng Liangjian (馮良建)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 163
Child of Father of Feng Dao (馮道父)
father 父 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 20
Child of Feng Liangjian (馮良建)
father 父 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 165
Child of Father of Feng Dao (父)
father 父 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 47
Parent of Feng Ji (馮吉)
his son 其子
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 227, 236
Child of Lady Zhang of Wei (張氏)
mother 母 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 165

Kinship Role parents · Count 0 · Negated true · early bereavement; birthday unknown
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 62
Kinship Role ancestors · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 2
Kinship Role parents · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 3

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Clan of Shiping and Changle; names and facts recorded in national histories and family registers.
At Shiping and Changle 始平、長樂二郡 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 159

Career and standing

chief minister 相位
AD 927 to AD 954 道歷任四朝，三入中書，在相位二十餘年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 226
assisting minister 輔弼
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 147
chancellor 宰臣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 41, 46, 258
Chancellor 宰臣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 110
chief minister 宰相
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 109
chief minister 宰臣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 154

Show 209 more source-backed claims

handler of memorials to the throne 主奏事
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 148
Later Jin envoy 晉使
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 64
minister 臣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 219
staff officer / aide 掾
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 4
Right Vice Director 右僕射
Added
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 65
Minister of Works 司空
AD 934 應順元年正月庚辰 · Advanced
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 25
Honorary Grand Preceptor 檢校太師
AD 944 六月癸卯 · Appointed · Authority Emperor Shao of Jin (晉少主)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 197
Military Commissioner of Tongzhou 同州節度使
AD 944 六月癸卯 · Appointed · Authority Emperor Shao of Jin (晉少主)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 197
imperial tomb commissioner 山陵使
AD 933 長興四年十二月丁巳 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 16
commissioner for the late emperor’s mausoleum 大行皇帝山陵使
AD 933 丁巳 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 124
commissioner for the late emperor's mausoleum 大行皇帝山陵使
AD 942 丙子 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 24
Minister of Works 司空
AD 935 十二月己丑 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 217
commissioner for the imperial tomb 山陵使
AD 954 及太祖崩 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 217, 222
acting Grand Preceptor 守太師
AD 947 及自常山入覲 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 129
Vice Minister of Revenue and Hanlin Academician 戶部侍郎充翰林學士
AD 923 同光元年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 161
Grand Academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies and the Hongwen Institute 集賢殿弘文館大學士
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 45
Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs 尚書左僕射
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 45
Minister of Personnel 吏部尚書
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 45
Minister of Revenue 戶部尚書
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 45
Vice Director of the Chancellery 門下侍郎
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 45
Grand Academician of Jixian Hall 集賢殿大學士
AD 927 天成二年春正月癸亥 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 17
Grand Councillor 平章事
AD 927 天成二年春正月癸亥 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 17
Vice Director of the Zhongshu 中書侍郎
AD 927 天成二年春正月癸亥 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 17
chief minister 丞相
AD 926 天成初 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 183
aide in Youzhou 幽州掾
AD 904 to AD 907 天祐中 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 4
inspector of Chengye's office 本院巡官
AD 913 天祐中 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 21
commissioner for the four ancestral temples' enfeoffment rites 四廟冊禮使
AD 951 廣順元年五月丙戌 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 163
Academician of the Hall of Illuminated Clarity 端明殿學士
AD 926 明宗入洛 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 28
Grand Councilor 平章事
AD 926 明宗入洛 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 29
Hanlin Academician 翰林學士
AD 926 明宗入洛 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 26
Minister of Justice 刑部尚書
AD 926 明宗入洛 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 29
Vice Director of the Secretariat 中書侍郎
AD 926 明宗入洛 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 29
commissioner for the imperial tomb 山陵使
AD 933 明宗崩 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 65
commissioner for the imperial tomb 山陵使
AD 933 明宗晏駕 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 185
Grand Tutor 太傅
AD 947 明年春正月朔日 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 146
acting Grand Commandant 守太尉
AD 942 晉少帝即位 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 103
Minister of Works 司空
AD 934 to AD 936 未幾，入為司空 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 70
Director of the Secretariat 中書令
AD 943 to AD 947 歲餘，移鎮南陽 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 111
Co-grand councilor 同中書門下平章事
AD 927 癸亥 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 6, passage 73
Secretariat secretary 省郎
AD 923 莊宗即位鄴宮 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 18
Minister of Works 司空
AD 934 馮道罷相為司空 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 18
commissioner for the imperial tomb 山陵使
AD 942 高祖晏駕 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 136
acting Grand Preceptor 守太師
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 184
acting minister of education and concurrent palace attendant 守司徒、兼侍中
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 121
chief secretary at Taiyuan 太原掌書記
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 10
commissioner for the late emperor’s mausoleum 大行皇帝山陵使
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 天福七年六月丙子 · Western Year: AD 942
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 15
commissioner to welcome ancestral tablets 奉迎神主使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 111
Director of the Secretariat 中書令
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 68
Duanming Hall academician 端明殿學士
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 55, 59
Grand Master of the Southern Suburbs Rites 南郊大禮使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 79
Grand Master of Works 司空
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 32
Hanlin Academician 翰林學士
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 18
headquarters inspector 本院巡官
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 6
southern suburban chief ritualist 南郊大禮使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 116
Vice Minister of War 兵部侍郎
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 101
minister of works 司空
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 72
vice director of the Chancellery and co-grand councilor 門下侍郎、同中書門下平章事
Concurrent appointment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 47
Duanming Hall academician 端明殿學士
Continued
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 101
Tong Prefecture military commissioner 同州節度使
AD 935 十二月己丑 · Former
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 217
acting Grand Preceptor 守太師
AD 954 壬辰 · Granted
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 154
Acting Grand Commander 守太尉
AD 942 甲子 · Granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 71
Grand Marshal 太尉
AD 944 六月癸卯 · Held · Authority Emperor Shao of Jin (晉少主)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 197
Palace Secretary 侍中
AD 944 六月癸卯 · Held · Authority Emperor Shao of Jin (晉少主)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 197
Minister of Works and concurrent Vice Director of the Chancellery and Grand Councilor 司空兼門下侍郎、平章事
AD 938 九月乙卯 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 113
Left Vice Director and Grand Counsellor 左僕射、平章事
AD 933 長興四年十二月丁巳 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 16
chief minister 宰臣
AD 933 長興四年十二月庚戌 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 9
Chief Minister 宰臣
AD 946 二月庚申 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 123
Director 郎中
AD 923 to AD 926 先帝時 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 25
Chancellor 宰臣
AD 928 六月壬辰 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 39, passage 124
chancellor 宰相
AD 932 唐明宗之世 · Held · Mode named-source-report Source Work Miscellany of the Airi Studio citing the Comprehensive Mirror 愛日齋叢鈔引通鑒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 33
Duanming Hall academician 端明殿學士
AD 927 天成二年春正月癸亥 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 17
Vice Director of the Ministry of War 尚書兵部侍郎
AD 927 天成二年春正月癸亥 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 17
Chief Minister 宰相
AD 926 天成元年 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passages 22-23
Chief Minister 宰相
AD 926 天成初 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 104
staff officer under Liu Shouguang 府掾
AD 913 天祐中 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 21
chief minister 宰相
AD 936 to AD 941 天福中 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 167
Director of the Secretariat 中書令
AD 951 廣順元年七月辛酉朔 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 124
Chief Minister 宰臣
AD 951 廣順元年五月丙戌 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 163
chief minister 宰相
AD 934 明年春 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 118
Grand Preceptor 太師
AD 948 to AD 950 漢隱帝朝 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 207
judge under the former emperor 先朝判官
AD 908 to AD 923 莊宗霸府 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 93
secretary in Zhuangzong's chief commandery 霸府書記
AD 908 to AD 923 莊宗霸府 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 94
Chancellor 宰臣
AD 930 近以饗上元 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 110
chancellor 宰臣
AD 932 長興三年三月癸卯 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 63-64
chancellor 宰臣
AD 930 長興元年正月丙子 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 258
Chief Minister 宰臣
AD 942 高祖晏駕 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 136
chief minister 宰臣
AD 936 高祖登極 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 85
chancellor 宰相
AD 942 高祖臥疾 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 167
inspector of the Hedong military commission 河東節度巡官
Held · Jurisdiction Hedong 河東 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Commissioner for Observation and Disposition within Tong Prefecture 同州管內觀察處置等使
Held · Jurisdiction Tongzhou 同州 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
military governor of the Dingguo Army 定國軍節度
Held · Jurisdiction Tongzhou 同州 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
inspector of the Youzhou military commission 幽州節度巡官
Held · Jurisdiction Youzhou 幽州 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Academician of the Hall of Illuminated Clarity 端明殿學士
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
acting aide in the You prefectural staff 攝幽府參軍
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
acting Director in the Ministry of Personnel with concurrent Vice Censor-in-Chief 檢校吏部郎中兼御史中丞
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
acting Director of the Bureau of Sacrifices in the Ministry of Rites with concurrent Attending Censor 檢校尚書祠部郎中兼侍御史
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
acting Grand Commandant 檢校太尉
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
acting Grand Preceptor with concurrent Director of the Secretariat 檢校太師、兼中書令
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
acting Grand Preceptor with concurrent Palace Attendant 檢校太師、兼侍中
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
acting Left Vice Director of the Secretariat with concurrent Gate Department Vice Director and grand councillor 守尚書左僕射兼門下侍郎、同中書門下平章事
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
chancellor 宰臣
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 65
Chancellor 宰臣
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 116; Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 115
chief councilor 宰相
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 36, 69
Chief minister 宰相
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 30
chief minister 宰臣
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 25
Chief Minister 宰臣
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 39
chief secretary 掌書記
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Commissioner for Observation and Disposition within Deng, Sui, Jun, Fang, and other prefectures 鄧隨均房等州管內觀察處置等使
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Commissioner for Salt and Iron Transport of all circuits 諸道鹽鐵轉運使
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Commissioner for the Southern Suburban Grand Rites 南郊大禮使
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Commissioner of the Everlasting Spring Palace 長春宮使
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
commissioner of the Supreme Palace of the Purple Subtlety 充太微宮使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
Commissioner of the Taiwei Palace 太微宮使
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Director of the Secretariat 中書令
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 79
Drafting Secretary of the Secretariat 行臺中書舍人
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Governor of Tongzhou 出鎮同州
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 78
Grand Academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies 集賢殿大學士
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Grand Academician of the Hongwen Hall 宏文館大學士
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
Grand Academician of the Hongwen Institute 宏文館大學士
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Grand Commandant with concurrent Palace Attendant 太尉、兼侍中
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Grand Councillor / chancellor 宰相
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passages 14, 42
Grand Councilor of the Secretariat-Chancellery 同中書門下平章事
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
Grand Preceptor 太師
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 40; New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 58; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 36
Han Grand Preceptor 漢太師
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Hanlin academician, Revenue vice minister, edict drafter 翰林學士、戶部侍郎、知制誥
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 55
Hanlin Academician 翰林學士
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Khitan Grand Tutor 戎太傅
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
military governor of the Wusheng Army 武勝軍節度
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Minister of Education (Situ) with concurrent Palace Attendant 司徒、兼侍中
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Minister of Justice 刑部尚書
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Minister of Personnel 吏部尚書
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Minister of Works 司空
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
minister of works 司空
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 47
probationary reviewer in the Court of Judicial Review 試大理評事
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 168
Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs 右僕射
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
tomb commissioner for Emperor Mingzong and the Founding Emperor of Jin 明宗皇帝晉高祖皇帝山陵使
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Vice Director of the Chancellery 門下侍郎
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Vice Director of the Secretariat 中書侍郎
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Vice Minister of Revenue 戶部侍郎
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Vice Minister of War 兵部侍郎
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Bright Hall academician and vice minister of war 端明殿學士兵部侍郎
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 6, passage 73
chancellor 相
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 6
Chief Councilor 宰臣
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passages 21, 54, 144
chief minister 宰相
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 57, passage 44
chief minister 宰臣
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 264
Hanlin Academician 翰林學士
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 100
Minister of Education and concurrent Palace Attendant 司徒、兼侍中
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 24
Vice Minister of Revenue 戶部侍郎
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 100
Director of the Palace Library assignment of Cui 改居儉秘書監
AD 933 明宗崩 · Ordered
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 13
military governor of Tongzhou 同州節度使
AD 942 to AD 947 出道為同州節度使 · Posted
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 110
military governor of Tong Prefecture 鎮同州
AD 934 出鎮同州 · Posted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 65
Director of the Department of State Affairs 尚書令
AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日 · Posthumously granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 225
Secretariat drafting secretary 中書舍人
AD 923 梁平 · Promoted
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 19
Vice Minister of Revenue 戶部侍郎
Promoted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 19
Director of the Secretariat 中書令
AD 951 廣順初 · Reappointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 216
Grand Preceptor 太師
AD 951 廣順初 · Reappointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 216
staff in the hegemon's headquarters 霸府從事
Recommended
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 10
Palace Secretary (concurrent) 兼侍中
AD 944 六月癸卯 · Retained · Authority Emperor Shao of Jin (晉少主)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passage 197
Secretariat 中書
AD 930 十一月甲子翌日 · Relation Served at
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 224
Duke of Shiping Commandery 始平郡公
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · At Shiping 始平 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 45
actual fief from 100 to 1,800 households 食實封自一百戶至一千八百戶
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 171
nominal fief from 300 to 11,000 households 食邑自三百戶至一萬一千戶
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 171
fief of 1500 households, substantive 100 食邑一千五百戶、食實封一百戶
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
Prince of Ying 瀛王
AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日 · Posthumously enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 225
posthumous title Wényì 謚曰文懿
AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日 · Bestowed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 225
promoted from green to purple robes 自綠衣賜紫
Bestowed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 18
first rank 官一品
AD 938 九月乙卯 · Granted
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 113
Gentleman for Merit 將仕郎
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 166
Grand Master Equal to the Three Ducal Ministers 開府儀同三司
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 166
Grand Master for Court Assembly 朝散大夫
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 166
Grand Master for Court Discussion 朝議郎
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 166
Grand Master of Splendid Brightness with Gold Seal 金紫光祿大夫
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 166
Grand Master of Splendid Brightness with Silver Seal 銀青光祿大夫
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 166
Merit Subject Who Honors Benevolence, Preserves Virtue, Pacifies the State, and Assists the Sage 崇仁保德寧邦翊聖功臣
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 173
Merit Subject Who Keeps the Times, Abides in Accord, Upholds Righteousness, and Honors Tranquility 安時處順守義崇靜功臣
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 173
Merit Subject Who Orders the State and Brings Order 經邦致理翊贊功臣
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 173
Merit Subject Who Upholds Rectitude, Honors Virtue, and Preserves the State and Brings Order 守正崇德保邦致理功臣
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 173
Pillar of the State 柱國
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 172
Special Advancement 特進
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 166
Supreme Pillar of the State 上柱國
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 172
Jinzi Glory Grand Master 金紫光祿大夫
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
Supreme Pillar of State 上柱國
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
posthumous title Wénzhēn 文貞
Not granted · Negated true · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 246
posthumous title Wénzhōng 文忠
Not granted · Negated true · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 246
court suspended three days 輟視朝三日
AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日 · Received
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 225
Duke of Yan 燕國公
AD 942 晉少帝即位 · Advanced
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 103
Duke of Shiping Commandery 始平郡公
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 45
Duke of Lu 魯國公
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 121
Prince of Ying 瀛王
AD 947 漢祖即位之初 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 138
Prince of Ying 瀛王
Held · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Ye (葉氏) Source Work Yan Talk 燕語
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 45
Duke of Liang 梁國公
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 170
Duke of Lu 魯國公
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 170
Duke of Qi 齊國公
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 170
Duke of Qin 秦國公
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 170
Duke of Yan 燕國公
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 170
Duke Who Establishes the State 開國公
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 170
Viscount Who Establishes the State 開國男
Held · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 170
Marquis of Shiping 始平郡開國侯
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 85
Duke of Qi 齊國公
Promoted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 184
Entered
AD 923 to AD 926 丁父憂 · Mourning · At Jingcheng 景城
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 20
Entered
AD 923 to AD 926 以父憂退歸鄉里 · Mourning
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 47
Entered
On leave
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 124
Held
Retired chancellor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 84
Left office
Dismissed · From Source Date: Text: 天福八年五月癸卯 · Western Year: AD 943
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 53
Long enjoyed salary and rank
Office holder · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 162
Requested leave
AD 948 to AD 950 漢隱帝朝 · On leave from court politics
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 207
commoner 布衣
Commoner origin
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 128
Imprisoned
Imprisonment · Authority Liu Shouguang (劉守光)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 5
Rescued and released
Release
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 5

Places and affiliations

AD 947 契丹據汴京
Polity Id liao · Polity Khitan 契丹 · Relation Constrained under · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 951 廣順初
Polity Later Zhou 後周 · Relation Served
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 216, 226
AD 948 to AD 950 漢隱帝朝
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 207
AD 936 高祖登極
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Served
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 85
Later Han 漢
Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 36
Later Jin 晉
Relation Served
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 187

Show 48 more source-backed claims

戎太傅
Polity Id liao · Polity Khitan 契丹 · Relation Held office under · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
漢太師
Polity Later Han 漢 · Relation Held office under · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Polities Later Jin, Later Han
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 17, 63
Polity Jin (Later Tang/Jin service line) 晉 · Relation Served · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 167
Polity Id liao · Polity Khitan 契丹 · Relation Envoy to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 167
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Associated with
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 183
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 184
Polity Later Han 漢 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 129, 157
Polity Later Han 漢朝 · Relation Served · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Associated with
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 108
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passages 123, 197
Polity Later Jin 晉 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 113; Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 167; Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 103, 109; History of Liao 55, passage 118; History of Liao 58, passage 64
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 100; Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passages 17, 264; Old History of the Five Dynasties 39, passage 124; Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 65, 219, 258; Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 9, 16, 25; Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 86; Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 23; Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 10, 18, 25, 29, 65; New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 6
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 110; Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 33, 45, 64; Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passages 69, 76, 119, 175, 193; Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 217
Polity Later Zhou 周 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passages 124, 163
Polity Later Zhou 後周 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 79, 154
Polity Yan of Liu Shouguang 劉守光幽州 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 4
Polity Yan 燕 · Relation Left after fall · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
Polity Id liao · Relation Detained under
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 112, 115, 123
Polity Id liao · Relation Targeted by
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 24
At Changle 長樂 · Relation Ancestral commandery · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 159
At Jingcheng in Yingzhou 瀛州景城
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 1
At Shiping 始平 · Relation Ancestral commandery · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 159
AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日
At his residence 其第 · Relation Died at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 224
AD 923 to AD 926 以父憂退歸鄉里
At home district 鄉里 · Relation Returned to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 47
AD 907 to AD 923 先皇霸府日
At Jingxing Pass 井陘 · Relation Traveled through
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 50
AD 907 to AD 923 先皇霸府日
At Zhongshan 中山 · Relation Sent to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 50
AD 942 to AD 947 出道為同州節度使
At Tongzhou 同州 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 110
AD 934 出鎮同州
At Tong Prefecture 同州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 65
AD 935 十二月己丑
At Tong Prefecture 同州 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 217
AD 947 契丹入汴
At Deng 鄧 · Relation Summoned from
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 112
AD 947 契丹入汴
At Xiang 襄 · Relation Summoned from
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 112
AD 947 契丹據汴京
At Bianjing 汴京 · Relation Present during occupation · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 926 明宗即位
At Secretariat 中書 · Relation Served at
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 86
AD 943 to AD 947 歲餘，移鎮南陽
At Nanyang 南陽 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 111
AD 948 to AD 949 漢遣白文珂、常思等出軍擊之
At Heyang 河陽 · Relation Resided at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 84
AD 947 道在常山
At Changshan 常山 · Relation Sojourned
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 115, 122-123
AD 918 to AD 923 頃在德勝寨
At Desheng Stockade 德勝寨 · Relation Resided at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 46
AD 907 to AD 954 馮道之鎮同州也
At Tongzhou 同州 · Relation Governed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 229
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Posted to · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
At Jingcheng 景城 · Relation Native of
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 1
At Jingcheng 景城 · Relation Resided in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 20, 23
At Shangyang Gate 上陽門 · Relation Waited at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 128
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Fled to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 6
At Tong Prefecture 同州 · Relation Posted to · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
At Youzhou 幽州 · Relation Posted to · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
At Zhenzhou 鎮州 · Relation Departed from · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161

Learning and skills

Skill recitation of the Rabbit Garden Primer 諷兔園冊 · Level able
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 33
Skill poetry 篇詠 · Level renowned
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 44

Works and attributed material

poem quoted from his humble days 終聞海嶽歸明主，未省乾坤陷吉人
AD 907 to AD 950 道微時 · Relation Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 211, 214-215
six stanzas of lament 哀詞六章
Relation Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 62
Autobiography of the Old Man of Everlasting Joy 長樂老自敘
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 158
Autobiography of the Old Man of Everlasting Joy 長樂老自敘
AD 948 to AD 950 乾祐中 · Relation Author
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 158
Five Classics 五經
Relation Sponsor · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Shen Cunzhong (沈存中)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 45
complete poem in Green Box Miscellany 青箱雜記所載馮道詩
Relation Author · Mode named-source-report Source Work Green Box Miscellany 青箱雜記
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 214-215

Show 45 more source-backed claims

Nine Classics 九經
Relation Sponsor · Mode named-source-report Source Work Miscellany of the Airi Studio citing the Comprehensive Mirror 愛日齋叢鈔引通鑒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 33
three chapters of honorific titles for Mingzong 明宗徽號三章
Relation Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 43
Rabbit Garden Stratagems 兔園策
Relation Cited
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 39
Asked to see the emperors face
AD 933 長興四年十二月庚戌 · Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 9
Led officials requesting an honorific title
Memorial · Author · With Mingzong (帝) · Paraphrased
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 41
Speech · Speaker · Addressed to Li Qi (李琪) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 41
Speech · Speaker · Addressed to Mingzong (明宗) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 49-53, 56-60
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Guo Wei (郭威) · Mode quotation Speaker Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passages 84, 86-87
Memorial · Author · Addressed to Emperor Shao (少帝) · Paraphrased
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 82, passages 123, 126
Speech · Speaker · Addressed to Ren Zan (任贊) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 33
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 64-65
Speech · Subject of · With Zhou Yuanbao (周元豹) · Addressed to Zhang Chengye (張承業) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 8
AD 930 十一月甲子翌日
Memorial · Author · With Mingzong (明宗) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 219-222
AD 927 天成二年十二月
Memorial · Author · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passages 264-266
AD 954 會河東劉崇入寇
Admonition · Speaker · With Shizong (世宗) · Direct quotation
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 218-219
AD 907 to AD 950 道微時
Poem · Author · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 211, 214-215
AD 927 to AD 954 馮瀛王道之在中書也
Jest · Speaker · With Li Dao (李導) · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Source Work Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties 五代史補
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 232
AD 927 to AD 954 馮瀛王道之在中書也
Speech · Speaker · With Li Dao (李導) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 234
Autobiography · Author · Direct quotation · Units s0159, s0160, s0161, s0162, s0163, s0164, s0165, s0166, s0167, s0168, s0169, s0170, s0171, s0172, s0173 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 159-173
Honorific petition · Author · With Mingzong · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 98-110
Investiture document · Author · Direct quotation · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 85-97
Memorial · Author · With Emperor Taizu (帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 87
Memorial · Author · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 39, passage 124
Memorial · Author · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 73
request to restore Commissioner of Military Affairs
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passages 54-57
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 25
Official prose · Author · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 43
A Tang academician come from the north to draft edicts, a Han general going west bearing his commander's banner. 視草北來唐學士，擁旄西去漢將軍。
Poem · Author · With Lu Zhi (盧質) · Direct quotation · Units s0023
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 23
Recommendation · Speaker · Paraphrased · With Du Chongwei (杜重威) · Mode named-source-report Source Work Zizhi Tongjian 通鑒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 11
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Li Jun (李筠) · Mode named-source-report Source Work Eastern Capital Affairs Outline · Biography of Li Jun 東都事略·李筠傳
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 148
Speech · Speaker · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 69
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Lu Dao (盧導)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 123
Speech · Speaker · With Khitan ruler (戎王) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 113
Speech · Speaker · With Guo Wei (郭威)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 37, 40; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 30, 37
Speech · Subject of · With Lu Zhi (盧質) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 9
陛下恭行儉德，憂及蒸民，上合天心，必有春澤。
Speech · Speaker · With Mingzong (帝) · Direct quotation · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 258
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Feng Ji (馮吉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 239-240
Speech · Speaker · With Emperor Mingzong (明宗) · Mode named-source-report Source Work Miscellaneous Notes from Northern Dreams 北夢瑣言
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 105
Speech · Speaker · With Zhou Taizu (周太祖) · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Source Work Omitted Texts of the History of the Five Dynasties 五代史闕文
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 208, 210-213, 217, 219-220
Speech · Speaker · With Gaozu of Later Han (漢祖) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 144-147, 149, 151, 153
Speech · Speaker · With Li Yun (李筠)
Directly stated · History of Song 484, passage 62
Speech · Speaker · With Zhuangzong (莊宗) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 14-16
Speech · Speaker · Mode self-report
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 39
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 79; Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passages 53-61; Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 68, 104, 106-107, 120; Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 36
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passages 185-188; Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 42

Events and relationships

Accepted neither grain nor cloth sent by local magistrates
Refusal of gifts · Subject
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 23
Accompanied Liu Yun from Xuzhou toward Bian
AD 951 及太祖平內難 · Travel · Escort · With Liu Yun (劉赟) · At Songzhou 宋州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 206
Advanced poor scholars of talent he had long known
Personnel · Patron
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 30
Advised gambling analogy for the Pu campaign
AD 948 to AD 949 高祖征李守貞 · Consultation · Host · With Zhou Taizu (周太祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 208, 210, 213
Again requested the honorific title, which was approved
AD 930 長興元年三月癸未 · Political · Petitioner · With Mingzong (帝)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 46
Again requested honorific
AD 928 六月丙申 · Ritual · Petitioner · With Mingzong (明宗) · Outcome Declined
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 39, passage 125

Show 128 more source-backed claims

Annotated and reported allusions
AD 930 十一月甲子翌日 · Scholarly · Explainer · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 224
Answered Mingzong on prolonged spring rain and asked for broad pardon
AD 932 長興三年三月癸卯 · Political · Advisor · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 64-65
Appointed
AD 935 十二月己丑 · Appointment · Appointee
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 47, passage 217
Appointed
AD 951 廣順元年五月丙戌 · Ritual · Commissioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 163
Appointed
Diplomatic · Khitan investiture envoy
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 93
Asked by An Chonghui what penalty applies for a commander who lost his post
Political · Addressee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 72
Asked Lu Dao to draft an accession memorial
Political · Requester · With Lu Dao (盧導)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passages 120, 128
Assembled officials at Tiangong Temple to welcome the Prince of Lu
Political · Convener · With Prince of Lu (潞王) · At Tiangong Temple 天宮寺
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 118
Avoided captivity
Personal · Narrow escape · With Mada (麻答)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 127
Called Hu Rao in, served wine and food until evening without anger
Personal · Host · With Hu Rao (胡饒)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 69
Carried temple rites
AD 951 廣順元年七月辛酉朔 · Ritual · Commissioner · At Western Capital 西京
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 124
Completed tomb rites and escorted spirit tablet to old palace
AD 954 顯德元年四月十七日 · Ritual · Commissioner
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 224
Confirmed in former posts
AD 925 冬十月丙子 · Appointment · Appointee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 100
Congratulated emperor
Court · Addressee · With Shi Chonggui (石重貴)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 61
Congratulated then addressed
AD 942 高祖崩 · Court · Addressee · With Deposed Emperor (出帝)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 107-108
Constrained by northern ruler
AD 947 契丹據汴京 · Political · Detainee · At Bianjing 汴京 · With Northern Ruler (北主) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
Corrected Li Qi that Dingzhou, not Zhending, had been recovered
Court · Critic · With Li Qi (李琪)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 41
Dissuaded Zhuangzong from circulating angry words and later smoothed Guo Chongtao's apology
Counsel · Intercessor · With Guo Chongtao (郭崇韜)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 14-17
Earlier poem proved true
AD 951 及太祖平內難 · Personal · Principal
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 212
Entered sickroom
AD 942 高祖臥疾 · Court · Visitor · With Gaozu (高祖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 167
Entertained Lu Zhi with wine and urged moderation
Social · Host · With Lu Zhi (盧質) · Mode named-source-report Source Work Miscellaneous Notes from Northern Dreams 北夢瑣言
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 105
Enthroned
Political · Kingmaker · With Shi Chonggui (石重貴)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 60
Entrusted with all official correspondence after Hebei was taken
AD 915 莊宗並有河北 · Administrative · Secretary
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 10
Farmed and cut wood among peasants without former rank
AD 923 to AD 926 以父憂退歸鄉里 · Mourning · Son · With Father of Feng Dao (父)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 47
Fled to Taiyuan after Liu Shouguang's defeat
AD 913 守光敗 · Flight · Subject · At Taiyuan 太原
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 6
Fled Yan's fall and returned to Jin
Political · Subject · At Yan 燕 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
Gave remaining salary to the neighborhood in a famine year
Charity · Donor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 23
Indirectly warned emperor about diet
Admonition · Advisor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 44, passages 69-70
Invested empress dowager and emperor
Diplomatic · Envoy · With Shulu (舒嚕氏)
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 72
Invested titles
AD 938 天福三年 · Diplomatic · Envoy · With Liu Gou (劉句)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 115
Jested about shared name and showed no anger
AD 927 to AD 954 馮瀛王道之在中書也 · Personal · Principal · With Li Dao (李導)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 232, 235
Joined succession deliberation
Political · Advisor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 103, passage 183
Khitan sought to carry him off but border defenses prevented it
AD 923 to AD 926 時契丹方盛 · Attempted seizure · Target
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 24
Kowtowed twice
Ritual · Minister
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 148
Led officials asking emperor to hold court in main hall
AD 942 丁酉 · Political · Petitioner · With Emperor Shao (少帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 44
Led officials petitioning emperor to begin governing
AD 942 戊辰 · Political · Petitioner · With Emperor Shao (少帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 21
Led the hundred officials in requesting an honorific title, which was refused
AD 930 長興元年三月丙子後 · Political · Petitioner · With Mingzong (帝)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 41
Led colleagues to reassure people
Political · Pacifier · At Changshan 常山
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 119
Led hundred officials in audience
Political · Leading official
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 202
Left behind to oversee Taizu tomb rites
AD 954 及太祖崩 · Ritual · Commissioner
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 222
Lived in a thatched hut, ate from the same bowl as followers, slept on straw
AD 918 to AD 923 頃在德勝寨 · Military camp · Resident
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 46
Lived at ease aside from court attendance
AD 948 to AD 950 乾祐中 · Personal · Subject
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 157
Made acting grand preceptor
AD 954 壬辰 · Appointment · Honorand
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 154
Memorialized that the court code should apply to the Hedong commander
Legal · Adviser
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 73
Memorialized to summon Shi Gui to office
AD 936 高祖登極 · Political · Recommender · With Shi Gui (史圭)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 85
Merged three selection boards
AD 926 天成 · Administrative · Proposer
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 103
Nearly killed as supposed betrayer
AD 951 及太祖平內難 · Legal · Target
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 209
Offered honorific title three times
AD 954 十月甲子 · Political · Leader of officials · With Emperor Taizu (帝)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 87
Offered wine
AD 933 長興四年十二月辛未 · Ritual · Officiant · With Emperor Min (閔帝) · At Hall of Central Revival 中興殿
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 21
On leave during mingzong enshrinement
Ritual · Unavailable
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 124
Ordered to draft an edict on the spot
AD 918 to AD 923 莊宗與梁軍夾河對壘 · Counsel · Drafter · With Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 13
Oversaw Mingzong's burial rites then was posted to Tongzhou by custom
AD 933 明宗崩 · Ritual · Tomb commissioner · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 65
Posted out after criticism
AD 942 to AD 947 出道為同州節度使 · Political · Subject · With Young Emperor of Later Jin (晉少帝)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 109-110
Prepared chariots and regalia for empress dowager enthronement
AD 938 會同元年 · Diplomatic · Envoy · With Empress Dowager (皇太后)
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 64
Presented regalia
AD 938 會同元年 · Diplomatic · Envoy · With Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 118
Private audience
Political · Advisor · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 59
Promoted through Hanlin, Duanmingdian, and grand councilor offices
AD 926 明宗入洛 · Political · Appointee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 26, 28-29
Reassigned Cui Jujian
Administrative · Chancellor · With Cui Jujian (崔居儉)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 192
Rebuilt Confucius temple from salary after judge satire
AD 907 to AD 954 馮道之鎮同州也 · Ritual · Administrator · At Tongzhou 同州 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties 五代史補
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 229-231
Rebuked and publicly humiliated son for pipa playing
Personal · Father · With Feng Ji (馮吉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 237-238
Received entrusted heir
Political · Trustee · With Chongrui (重睿)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 187
Redeemed captives and returned them
Humanitarian · Ransomer · At Changshan 常山
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 122
Refused birthday gifts citing unknown birthday after early loss of parents
Political · Recipient
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 62
Refused military commission recommended meritorious officer
Political · Declining appointee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 148
Remained calm and was spared
AD 951 及太祖平內難 · Personal · Principal
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 210
Remonstrated against mountain tour
AD 930 十一月甲子翌日 · Court · Adviser · With Mingzong (明宗) · At Li Mountain 曆山
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 219
Replied to Mingzong about the lack of snow
AD 930 長興元年正月丙子 · Political · Speaker · With Mingzong (帝)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 258
Requested honorific
AD 928 六月壬辰 · Ritual · Petitioner · With Mingzong (明宗) · Outcome Declined
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 39, passage 124
Restrained late Tang officials of frivolous conduct
Personnel · Disciplinarian
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 31
Returned south after Mada withdrew
Event returned south after Mada withdrew · Historical event
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 63
had just returned from an embassy to the Khitan 使於契丹才回
AD 938 天福三年前後 · Diplomatic · Envoy · Returned from Khitan
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 167
Returned from Khitan
Diplomatic · Envoy
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 39
Returned from Zhenzhou to Han with officials and troops
AD 947 to AD 948 自鎮州與文武臣僚、馬步將士歸漢朝 · Political · Returnee · At Zhenzhou 鎮州 · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
Ruled Tongzhou mildly so that prisons and markets were undisturbed
AD 934 出鎮同州 · Administration · Governor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 66
Secretly protected gentry
AD 947 契丹入汴 · Political · Protector · With Zhao Yanshou (趙延壽)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 114
Sent on mission to Zhongshan through Jingxing Pass and was thrown by his horse on level ground
AD 907 to AD 923 先皇霸府日 · Diplomatic · Envoy
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 50-51
Sent to escort Yun
Diplomatic · Envoy · With Liu Yun (劉赟)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 40, 69
Sent to welcome Liu Yun
AD 951 及太祖平內難 · Diplomatic · Envoy · With Liu Yun (劉赟)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 205
Sent to Western Capital to escort ancestral tablets
Ritual · Envoy · At Western Capital 西京
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 86
Sent to Xuzhou
AD 950 950 · Diplomatic · Envoy · With Liu Yun (劉贇)
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 7
Served as tomb commissioner
Ritual · Tomb commissioner · With Mingzong (明宗), Gaozu of Later Jin (晉高祖) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 167
Set out on foot by starlight on hearing of his father's death; family overtook him with clothes
Travel · Subject · Mode named-source-report Source Work Conversational Garden 談苑
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 22
Summoned Ren Zan and defended the Rabbit Garden Primer
Court · Rebuker · With Ren Zan (任贊)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 33
Summoned to Deguang’s burial
Event summoned to Deguang’s burial · Historical event
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 57
Tablet fell during patent
Ritual · Participant
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 27
Traveled north with khitan
AD 947 是歲三月 · Travel · Deportee · At Changshan 常山
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 115
Unscheduled audience to stop edict
Political · Intercessor · With Gaozu of Later Han (漢祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 143, 148
Urged Shizong not to campaign in person
AD 954 會河東劉崇入寇 · Political · Adviser · With Shizong (世宗)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 218, 221
Used a chief minister ruling to overturn Selection Bureau appointments
Political · Chief minister · With Shi Gui (史圭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 86
Warned Mingzong not to relax because of peace and good harvests
AD 926 to AD 933 天成、長興中 · Remonstrance · Adviser · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 49, 53
Warned of risks
Counsel · Adviser · With Liu Shouguang (劉守光) · At Zhongshan campaign 伐中山
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 5
Welcome heir
Diplomatic · Envoy · With Liu Yun (劉赟) · At Xuzhou 徐州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 14
Welcomed Yun
Political · Envoy · With Liu Yun (劉赟)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 36
With Li Yu entrusted Tian Min and others to print Zheng Tan's stone classics
AD 930 to AD 933 時以諸經舛繆 · Scholarly · Sponsor · With Li Yu (李愚)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 64
With Li Yu requested Tian Min collate the Nine Classics, carve blocks and print for sale
AD 932 唐明宗之世 · Scholarly · Petitioner · With Tian Min (田敏) · Mode named-source-report Source Work Miscellany of the Airi Studio citing the Comprehensive Mirror 愛日齋叢鈔引通鑒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 33
Wrote three honorific title drafts for Mingzong that the whole court admired
Court · Author · With Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 43
AD 951 及太祖平內難
Political · Lodged inside headquarters · At Songzhou headquarters 衙內
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 207
AD 950 請道詣徐州冊湘陰公為漢嗣
Political · Asked to invest heir · With Duke of Xiangyin (湘陰公) · At Xuzhou 徐州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 219
AD 950 高祖之入京師
Court · Received bow without acclaiming · With Zhou Taizu (周太祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 217-218
AD 947 to AD 948 事高祖皇帝
Relation Served · Person Gaozu of Later Han (高祖皇帝) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 948 to AD 950 今上
Relation Served · Person Present Emperor (今上) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 942 to AD 947 少帝
Relation Served · Person Young Emperor of Later Jin (少帝) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 951 廣順初
Relation Honored by · Person Taizu (太祖)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 216
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗
Relation Served · Person Mingzong (明宗) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 936 to AD 942 晉高祖皇帝
Relation Served · Person Gaozu of Later Jin (晉高祖) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 934 to AD 936 清泰帝
Relation Served · Person Emperor Qingtai (清泰帝) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 947 為北主所制
Relation Held in power of · Person Northern Ruler (北主) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 161
AD 923 to AD 926 莊宗
Relation Served · Person Zhuangzong (莊宗) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 933 to AD 934 閔帝
Relation Served · Person Emperor Min (閔帝) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 160
AD 948 to AD 949 高祖征李守貞
Relation Advisor of · Person Zhou Taizu (周太祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passages 208, 210, 213
Relation Father in law of child of · Person Liu Xu (劉昫) · Kinship Term father-in-law 親家翁
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 7
Relation Recommender of · Person Du Chongwei (杜重威)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 109, passage 11
Relation Ally of · Person Jing Yanguang (景延廣)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 60
Relation Colleague of · Person Li Yu (李愚)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 33
Relation Colleague of · Person Liu Xu (劉煦)
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 72
Relation Appointer of · Person Bai Zairong (白再榮)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 121
Relation Collaborated with · Person Zhao Yanshou (趙延壽)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 114
Relation Guardian of · Person Chongrui (重睿)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 187
Relation Trustee of · Person Chongrui (重睿)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 167
Relation Served under · Person Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 94
Relation Minister of · Person Mingzong (帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 41, 258
Relation On poor terms with · Person Zhou Yuanbao (周元豹)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 8
Relation Trustee of · Person Gaozu (高祖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 187
Relation Former colleague of · Person Han Yun (韓惲)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 183
Relation Patron of · Person Han Yun (韓惲)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 183
Relation Subordinate of · Person Liu Shenjiao (劉審交)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 53
Relation Recommended by · Person Zhang Chengye (張承業)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 10
Relation Recruited by · Person Zhang Chengye (張承業)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 6

Assessments and attributes

Assessment accepted Guo Wei bow as ordinary and showed no support for usurpation · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 36-37
Assessment advice deeply accepted · With Mingzong (明宗) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 224
Assessment appearance closely resembles a portrait of Du Huangshang; bound for high office; Zhou Yuanbao's words untrustworthy · Mode speech Speaker Lu Zhi (盧質)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 9
Assessment blamed himself that spring was executing autumn commands · Mode self-report Speaker Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 64
Assessment called a steady elder who never quarrels · Mode speech Speaker Emperor Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 93
Assessment conduct and bearing had the air of the ancients; breadth of spirit of a great minister; loyalty questioned because he served four dynasties and six emperors · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 242-246

Show 28 more source-backed claims

Assessment from farming family; plain and rustic · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 122
Assessment has no great career ahead; should not be promoted too far · Mode speech Speaker Zhou Yuanbao (周元豹)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 8
Assessment his verse was elegant, steeped in the ancient Way, and widely copied; the court ranks grew grave · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 44
Assessment household grew luxurious in last years; fine reputation did not endure · Mode named-source-report Witness 識者
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 227
Assessment long enjoyed salary and rank and passed through every hardship, honoring ancestors and kin · Assessor Person Id Feng Dao (馮道) · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 162
Assessment magnanimity far surpassed Shi Gui's; first recommended Gui despite earlier quarrel · With Shi Gui (史圭) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 86
Assessment never changed what he held to from first to last · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 108
Assessment no future; should not be overemployed · Mode named-person-judgment Speaker Zhou Yuanbao (周元豹)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 23
Assessment no troublemaker · Mode named-person-speech Speaker Khitan ruler (契丹主)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 111
AD 942 to AD 947 晉少帝
Assessment peacetime minister who cannot meet crisis, like a Chan monk who cannot hunt with hawks · Mode hearsay
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 109
Assessment people began to respect his courage · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 17
Assessment praised Mingzong's pure rule and full harvests; urged vigilance in security · Mode quotation Speaker Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 38, passages 265-266
Assessment reclined at ease without fear while companions panicked · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 210
Assessment resembles Du Huangshang; fit for high office · Mode named-person-judgment Speaker Lu Zhi (盧質)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 24
Assessment showed no annoyance when abused by Hu Rao · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 69
Assessment spoke plainly and to the point and excelled at offering benefit beyond ordinary men · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 63
Assessment supreme conduct and great standing; hidden rewards and manifest responses · Mode commentator-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 128
Assessment took steadying custom through weighty conduct as his charge · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 226
Assessment unashamed of coarse food and clothes; devoted to study; serene amid snow and dust · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 3
Assessment virtue weighty; men took him as their model · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 121
Assessment writing and conduct prized; treated with marked favor · Mode named-person-judgment Source Person Id Zhang Chengye (張承業)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 7
already ill while serving as tomb commissioner
AD 954 及太祖崩 · Illness
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 223
AD 938 九月乙卯
Item sixteen gate halberds 門戟十六枝 · Relation Bestowed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 113
AD 907 to AD 954 馮道之鎮同州也
Item salary used to rebuild the Confucius temple 俸 · Relation Expended
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 231
Item baggage funds 橐裝 · Relation Spent
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 122
Item bundle of silk 束帛 · Relation Bestowed on son · With Feng Ji (馮吉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 237
Item sixteen halberds for the private gate 私門十六戟 · Relation Bestowed · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
Item thatched hut 蓬茨 · Relation Dwelt in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 23

Source notes

Historicity historical · Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 159
Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 79; Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 1, 103-104, 205; History of Liao 55, passage 118; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 169; New History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 84
Value historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 258; Old History of the Five Dynasties 92, passage 167
matters concerning Dao were properly omitted from the Veritable Records of Zhou Taizu compiled by edict in Shizong's reign
AD 954 to AD 959 周世宗朝 · Mode commentator-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 113, passage 221
served four dynasties, entered the Secretariat three times, chief minister more than twenty years
AD 927 to AD 954 道歷任四朝，三入中書，在相位二十餘年 · Field career-span
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passages 226, 244
never troubled the regional lords with a note; lived very frugally
Field conduct · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 226

Show 2 more source-backed claims

Thrice Minister of Works (三為司空), twice in the Secretariat, once keeping original office.
Mode self-report Source Person Id Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 169
The title of Academician of the Hall of Illuminated Clarity began with Feng Dao.
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 28

References in the histories

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History

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Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 29Volume 29 Book of Later Tang 5: Zhuangzong Annals 3 · 1 passage

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以河東掌書記馮道為戶部侍郎，充翰林學士； Hedong secretary Feng Dao became vice minister of revenue and Hanlin academician;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 33Volume 33 Book of Later Tang 9: Zhuangzong Annals 7 · 1 passage

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丙子，以前翰林學士、戶部侍郎馮道依前本官充職。 On bingzi Feng Dao kept his former Hanlin and Revenue posts.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 36Volume 36 Book of Later Tang 12: Mingzong Annals 2 · 2 passages

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乙亥，翰林學士、戶部侍郎、知制誥馮道，翰林學士、中書舍人趙鳳，俱以本官充端明殿學士。 On yihai Feng Dao and Zhao Feng, Hanlin academicians, became Duanming Hall academicians at rank.

於是孔循獻議，因唐室侍讀之號，即創端明學士之名，命馮道等為之。）〉 Kong Xun then proposed reviving Tang's lecture-reader title as Duanming academician and named Feng Dao and others.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 37Volume 37 Book of Later Tang 13: Mingzong Annals 3 · 1 passage

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以兵部侍郎劉嶽為吏部侍郎，以戶部侍郎、充端明殿學士馮道為兵部侍郎，以中書舍人、充端明殿學士趙鳳為戶部侍郎，並依前充職。 Liu Yue moved from War to Personnel; Feng Dao from Revenue to War while keeping Duanming Hall; Zhao Feng from drafting to Revenue while keeping Duanming—all at rank.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 38Volume 38 Book of Later Tang 14: Mingzong Annals 4 · 2 passages

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以端明殿學士、尚書兵部侍郎馮道為中書侍郎、平章事、集賢殿大學士； Feng Dao became Zhongshu vice director, grand councillor, and Jixian grand academician;

居數日，帝延宰臣於元德殿，言及民事，馮道奏曰：「莊宗末年，不撫軍民，惑於聲樂，遂致人怨國亂。 Days later at Yuande Hall Mingzong spoke of the people; Feng Dao said: "Late Zhuangzong neglected soldiers and people for music, and the realm rebelled.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 39Volume 39 Book of Later Tang 15: Mingzong Annals 5 · 2 passages

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壬辰，宰臣馮道率百僚上表，請上尊號曰聖明神武文德恭孝皇帝，詔報不允。 On renchen Feng Dao led officials asking the title Sagely Bright Divine Martial Cultured Virtuous Reverent Filial Emperor; Mingzong declined.

丙申，馮道等再上尊號，不允。 On bingshen Feng Dao and others again offered the honorific; again declined.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 40Volume 40 Book of Later Tang 16: Mingzong Annals 6 · 2 passages

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三月甲戌，馮道進表乞命相。 On jiaxu in the third month Feng Dao asked to be made chief minister.

甲辰，以宰臣馮道為南郊大禮使，兵部尚書盧質為禮儀使，御史中丞許光義為儀仗使，兵部侍郎姚顗為鹵簿使，河南尹從榮為橋道頓遞使，客省使、衛尉卿張遵誨為修裝法物使。 On jiachen Feng Dao became southern suburban chief ritualist; Lu Zhi of War, ritualist; Xu Guangyi, censor-in-chief, equipage master; Yao Yi of War, halberd master; Congrong of Henan, bridge and relay master; Zhang Zunhui, guest commissioner and Court of the Imperial Clan director, repair and regalia master.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Book of Later Tang 17: Mingzong Annals 7 · 10 passages

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馮道曰：「陛下恭行儉德，憂及蒸民，上合天心，必有春澤。」 Feng Dao said: "Your Majesty practices frugal virtue and cares for the people—that accords with Heaven, and spring rains will surely come."

宰臣馮道率百僚拜表，請上尊號曰聖明神武文德恭孝皇帝，詔報不允。 Feng Dao and the officials asked for the title Sagely Illumined, Divinely Martial, Cultured, and Reverently Filial; Mingzong refused.

宰臣馮道等再請上尊號，詔允之。 Feng Dao and others asked again for the honorific title and Mingzong approved.

戊申，宰臣馮道加右僕射，趙鳳加吏部尚書。 On wushen Feng Dao became right vice director and Zhao Feng personnel minister.

重誨謂馮道等曰：「蒲帥失守，責帥之義，法當如何？」 Chonghui asked Feng Dao and others: "The Hedong commander lost his post—what penalty applies for punishing a commander?"

翌日，道等奏：「合行朝典。」 The next day they memorialized: "The court code should apply."

戊午，帝御文明殿受冊徽號，冊曰：「維長興元年，歲次庚寅，四月甲午朔，二十五日戊午，金紫光祿大夫、守尚書左僕射兼門下侍郎、同中書門下平章事、充太微宮使、宏文館大學士、上柱國、始平郡開國侯、食邑一千五百戶、食實封一百戶臣馮道，銀青光祿大夫、門下侍郎兼吏部尚書、同中書門下平章事、監修國史、判集賢院事、上柱國、天水郡開國伯、食邑七百戶臣趙鳳，及文武百官特進、太子少傅、上柱國、酒泉郡開國侯、食邑一千戶臣李琪等五千八百九十七人言： On wuwu Mingzong at the Civilized Illumination Hall received the honorific investiture opening: "Changxing 1, year gengyin, fourth month jiawu new moon, day wuwu—Feng Dao, Zhao Feng, Li Qi, and five thousand eight hundred ninety-seven civil and military officials state:

宰臣馮道之辭也。 This was Chancellor Feng Dao's wording.

翌日，馮道奏曰：「陛下宮中無事，遊幸近郊則可矣，若涉曆山險，萬一馬足蹉跌，則貽臣下之憂。 Next day Feng Dao said: "When the palace is quiet, touring nearby suburbs suffices; if you cross Li Mountain's peril and a horse stumbles, you will trouble your ministers.

退令小黃門至中書問道垂堂、倚衡之義，道因注解以聞，帝深納之。 He retired and sent a junior yellow gate to the Secretariat to ask the meaning of not sitting under eaves and not leaning on a railing; Dao explained and reported; Mingzong deeply accepted it.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Book of Later Tang 19: Mingzong Annals 9 · 3 passages

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又曰：「唐明宗之世，宰相馮道、李愚請令判國子監田敏校定《九經》，刻板印賣，從之。 It also says: "In Mingzong's era, chancellors Feng Dao and Li Yu had Tian Min of the Directorate of Education collate and print the 《Nine Classics》, which was approved.

葉氏《燕語》正以此證刻書不始於馮道，而沈存中又謂板印書籍，唐人尚未盛行為之，自馮瀛王始印《五經》，自後典籍皆為板本。 Ye's 《Yan Talk》 and Shen Cunzhong disagree whether Feng Dao or earlier Tang printing began the 《Five Classics》 block tradition.

馮道對曰：「水旱作沴，雖是天之常道，然季春行秋令，臣之罪也。 Feng Dao said: "floods and drought were Heaven's way but spring acting like autumn was his fault.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Book of Later Tang 20: Mingzong Annals 10 · 7 passages

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〈（《北夢瑣言》云：上聖體乖和，馮道對寢膳之間，動思調衛，因指御前果實曰：「如食桃不康，翌日見李而思戒可也。」 (The Northern Dreams Anecdotes records: When the Emperor was unwell Feng Dao, attending him at meals, thought constantly of his regimen. He pointed to fruit on the table and said, "If peaches disagree with you, seeing plums the next day should remind you to be cautious."

初，上因禦李，暴得風虛之疾，馮道不敢斥言，因奏事諷悟上意。）〉 Earlier the Emperor had eaten plums and been stricken with chills and weakness; Feng Dao dared not speak plainly and used this indirect admonition while reporting on state affairs.)〉

六月丙午朔，文武百僚、宰臣馮道等拜章，請於尊號內加「廣運法天」四字，凡拜三章，詔允之。 On the bingwu new moon of the sixth month civil and military officials led by Grand Counsellor Feng Dao thrice petitioned to add "Broad Fortune Aligning with Heaven" to the honorific title, and the Emperor approved.

丙戌，宰臣馮道加左僕射，李愚加吏部尚書，劉煦加刑部尚書。 On bingxu Grand Counsellor Feng Dao was made Left Vice Director, Li Yu Minister of Personnel, and Liu Xu Minister of Justice.

癸巳，馮道率百僚見帝於雍和殿，帝雨泣哽噎，曰：「吾家事若此，慚見卿等！」 On guisi Feng Dao led the officials to the Hall of Harmonious Peace. The Emperor wept and said through his tears, "My family has come to this—I am ashamed to face you!"

時宰相、樞密使共議任讚等已下罪，馮道等曰：「任讚前在班行，比與從榮無舊，除官未及月餘，便逢此禍。 The Grand Counsellors and Military Affairs Commissioners then debated the guilt of Ren Zan and the others. Feng Dao said, "Ren Zan had long served at court and had no prior tie to Congrong; he had held office less than a month when this calamity struck him.

明年四月，太常卿盧文紀上諡議曰聖智仁德欽孝皇帝，廟號明宗，宰臣馮道議請改「聖智仁德」四字，為聖德和武欽孝皇帝。 In the fourth month of the following year Lu Wenji, Grand Minister of Rites, proposed the posthumous title Sagely, Wise, Benevolent, Cultured, Reverent and Filial Emperor and the temple name Mingzong; Feng Dao proposed changing the four characters "Sagely, Wise, Benevolent, Cultured" to Sagely, Cultured, Harmonious, Martial, Reverent and Filial.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Book of Later Tang 21: Emperor Min Annals 1 · 4 passages

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庚戌，帝縗服見群臣於廣壽門之東廡下，宰臣馮道進曰：「陛下久居哀毀，臣等鹹願一睹聖顏。」 On gengxu the Emperor, still in hemp mourning, met the ministers under the eastern portico of the Gate of Broad Longevity. Chief minister Feng Dao stepped forward and said, "Your Majesty has long kept to grief and fasting; we all long to see your face again."

丁巳，以左僕射、平章事馮道為山陵使，戶部尚書韓彥惲為副，中書舍人王延為判官，禮部尚書王權為禮儀使，兵部尚書李鈴為鹵簿使，御史中丞龍敏為儀仗使，右僕射、權知河南府盧質為橋道頓遞使。 On dingsi Feng Dao, Left Vice Director and Grand Counsellor, was made imperial tomb commissioner, with Han Yanyun, Minister of Revenue, as deputy. Wang Yan, Secretariat drafter, was made administrative officer; Wang Quan, Minister of Rites, rites commissioner; Li Ling, Minister of War, guard-of-honor commissioner; Long Min, Vice Censor-in-Chief, ceremony commissioner; and Lu Zhi, Right Vice Director and acting mayor of Henan, bridge-route relay commissioner.

辛未，帝御中興殿，群臣列位，馮道升階進酒。 On xinwei the Emperor held court in the Hall of Central Revival with the ministers in their places. Feng Dao mounted the steps and offered wine.

庚辰，宰臣馮道加司空，李愚加右僕射，劉煦加吏部尚書，餘並如故。 On gengchen chief minister Feng Dao was made Minister of Works; Li Yu became Right Vice Director; Liu Xu, Minister of Personnel; the rest kept their former posts.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 47Volume 47 Book of Later Tang 23: Later Emperors Annals 2 · 1 passage

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己丑，以前同州節度使馮道為司空，以尚書右僕射劉煦為左僕射，以太子少師盧質為右僕射，以兵部侍郎馬縞兼國子祭酒。 On jichou Feng Dao, former Tong Prefecture commander, was made Minister of Works; Liu Xu, Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, was made Left Vice Director; Lu Zhi, Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, was made Right Vice Director; Ma Gao, Vice Minister of War, was made concurrent Rector of the Directorate of Education.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 58Volume 58 Book of Later Tang 34: Biographies 10: Zhao Guangfeng, Zheng Jue, Cui Xie, Li Qi, Xiao Qing · 3 passages

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肅苟未可，則馮書記是先朝判官，稱為長者，與物無競，可以相矣。」 If Su will not do, then Secretary Feng was a judge under the former emperor, is called a steady elder, and never quarrels with anyone—he could serve as chief minister."

道嘗為莊宗霸府書記，故明宗呼之。 Feng Dao had once been secretary in Zhuangzong's chief commandery, which is why Emperor Mingzong addressed him as "Secretary."

〈（《北夢瑣言》：明宗問宰相馮道：「盧質近日吃酒否？」 (According to the 《Miscellaneous Notes from Northern Dreams》: Emperor Mingzong asked Chief Minister Feng Dao, "Has Lu Zhi been drinking lately?"

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 66Volume 66 Book of Later Tang 42: Biographies 8: an Zhonghui, Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu Hongshi, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou, Song Lingxun · 2 passages

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馮道言曰：「諸人苟惜安令公，解樞務為便。」 Feng Dao said, "If you mean to spare Lord An, let him leave the Privy Council."

道等因附漢瓊奏曰：「此斷自宸旨，然重臣不可輕議移改。」 They told Hanqiong to report, "The decision is yours, Majesty, but do not lightly move a great minister."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 72Volume 72 Book of Later Tang 48: Biographies 24: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan, Ma Shaohong, Meng Hangqiong · 4 passages

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天祐中，幽州劉守光敗，其府掾馮道歸太原，承業辟為本院巡官。 During the Tianyou era, after Liu Shouguang of Youzhou was defeated, his staff officer Feng Dao returned to Taiyuan and Chengye recruited him as inspector of his office.

承業重其文章履行，甚見待遇。 Chengye valued Feng's literary talent and character and treated him with great favor.

時有周元豹者，善人倫鑒，與道不合，謂承業曰：「馮生無前程，公不可過用。」 At the time there was a Zhou Yuanbao, skilled at reading men, who disliked Feng and told Chengye, "Feng has no future — you must not promote him too far."

管書記盧質聞之曰：「我曾見杜黃裳司空寫真圖，道之狀貌酷類焉，將來必副大用，元豹之言，不足信也。」 Chief secretary Lu Zhi heard this and said, "I once saw the portrait of Minister Du Huangshang. Feng looks remarkably like him and will surely prove fit for high office — Yuanbao's words are not to be trusted."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 77Volume 77 Book of Later Jin 3: Gaozu Annals 3 · 1 passage

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乙卯，詔司空兼門下侍郎、平章事馮道官一品，給門戟十六枝，中書侍郎平章事桑維翰、李崧給門戟十二枝。 On yimao an edict raised Feng Dao, minister of works and grand councilor, to first rank with sixteen gate halberds; Sang Weihan and Li Song, vice directors and grand councilors, received twelve each.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 78Volume 78 Book of Later Jin 4: Gaozu Annals 4 · 3 passages

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丁酉，宰臣馮道、左散騎常侍韋勛、禮部員外郎楊昭儉自契丹使回。 On the dingyou day, Chief Minister Feng Dao, left regular attendant Wei Xun, and vice director of the Ministry of Rites Yang Zhaojian returned from their embassy to the Khitan.

三月癸卯朔，左僕射劉句、給事中盧重自契丹使回，頒賜器幣如馮道等。 On the first day of the third month, left vice director Liu Ju and supervising secretary Lu Chong returned from their embassy to the Khitan and received the same distribution of vessels and silks as Feng Dao and his party.

辛丑，以守司空兼門下侍郎、平章事、宏文館大學士馮道為守司徒、兼侍中，封魯國公。 On the xinchou day, Feng Dao, acting minister of works, grand councilor, and grand academician of the Hongwen Hall, was appointed acting minister of education, concurrent palace attendant, and enfeoffed as Duke of Lu.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 81Volume 81 Book of Later Jin 7: Emperor Shao 1 · 8 passages

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戊辰，宰臣馮道等率百僚請聽政，凡三上表，允之。 On wuchen, Chief Councilor Feng Dao and the other officials petitioned three times that he begin governing, and permission was granted.

丙子，以司徒、兼侍中馮道為大行皇帝山陵使，門下侍郎竇貞固副之，太常卿崔棁為禮儀使，戶部侍郎呂琦為鹵簿使，御史中丞王易簡為儀仗使。 On bingzi, Minister of Education and concurrent Palace Attendant Feng Dao was appointed commissioner for the late emperor's mausoleum, with Vice Director of the Chancellery Dou Zhengu as deputy; Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Cui Zhuo was made ritual commissioner; Vice Minister of Revenue Lü Qi was made procession commissioner; and Vice Censor-in-Chief Wang Yijian was made ceremonial guard commissioner.

丁酉，宰臣馮道等率文武百僚詣崇德殿門拜表，請禦正殿，凡三上表，允之。 On dingyou, Chief Councilor Feng Dao and the civil and military officials submitted memorials three times at the Gate of the Hall of Honored Virtue requesting that the Emperor hold court in the main hall, and permission was granted.

宰臣馮道等上表，請依舊置樞密使，略曰：「竊以樞密使創自前朝，置諸近侍，其來已久，所便尤多。 Chief Councilor Feng Dao and others submitted a memorial asking that the office of Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs be restored as before, stating in summary: "The Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs was created in the previous dynasty and placed among the close attendants; the office has long existed and has been especially useful.

至是馮道等厭其事繁，故復請置之，庶分其權。 At this time Feng Dao and the others wearied of the burden of affairs and therefore again asked that the office be established, hoping thereby to divide the authority.

遣中使就中書賜宰臣馮道生辰器幣，道以幼屬亂離，早喪父母，不記生日，堅辭不受。 An imperial envoy was sent to the Secretariat to grant Chief Councilor Feng Dao birthday gifts and ceremonial objects. Dao, having from youth lived through turmoil and separation and having lost his parents early, did not remember his birthday and firmly declined to accept.

甲子，宰臣馮道加守太尉，趙瑩加中書令，李崧加左僕射兼門下侍郎，和凝加右僕射。 On jiazi, Chief Councilor Feng Dao was granted Acting Grand Commander; Zhao Ying was made Grand Councilor; Li Song was made Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs and concurrent Vice Director of the Chancellery; and He Ning was made Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs.

丙寅，宰臣馮道、滑州節度使兼侍衛馬軍都指揮使李守貞、河陽節度使皇甫遇、西京留守安彥威、廣晉尹李德充，並加爵邑，以山陵充奉之勞也。 On bingyin, Chief Councilor Feng Dao; Li Shouzhen, military governor of Hua Prefecture and concurrent commander of the palace guard cavalry; Huangfu Yu, military governor of Heyang; An Yanwei, regent of the Western Capital; and Li Dechong, governor of Guangjin, were all granted increased noble rank and fief for their labor in serving the mausoleum.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 82Volume 82 Book of Later Jin 8: Emperor Shao 2 · 3 passages

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庚申，宰臣馮道等再上表請聽樂，皆不允。 On gengshen Chief Minister Feng Dao and others again petitioned to restore court music; the emperor refused.

故馮道等奏請舉樂，詔旨未允而止。 So when Feng Dao and others asked to restore proper court music, the emperor's reply was refusal.

癸卯，以太尉、兼侍中馮道為檢校太師、兼侍中，充同州節度使。 On guimao Grand Marshal Feng Dao was made honorary Grand Preceptor and Tong commissioner, retaining his Palace Secretary title.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 86Volume 86 Book of Later Jin 12: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 1 passage

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群臣皆賀，帝謂馮道等曰：「皇太后之命，與卿等不任大慶。」 All the officials congratulated him; the emperor said to Feng Dao and the others: "By the empress dowager's command, you cannot bear the burden of grand celebration either."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 87Volume 87 Book of Later Jin 13: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 2 passages

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〈（案《契丹國志》：高祖憂悒成疾，一旦馮道獨對，高祖命幼子重睿出拜之，又令宦者抱置道懷中，蓋欲馮道輔立之。 (Note: According to the Khitan State Chronicles, Gaozu, weighed down by worry, fell ill. One day Feng Dao had a private audience; Gaozu ordered his young son Chongrui to come forth and bow to him, and had a eunuch place the child in Dao's arms—apparently intending Feng Dao to assist in installing him as heir.

高祖崩，道與侍衛馬步都虞候景延廣議，以國家多難，宜立長君，乃奉齊王重貴為嗣。 When Gaozu died, Dao discussed with Jing Yanguang, chief of the palace guards infantry and cavalry, that the state faced many difficulties and a mature ruler should be installed; they thereupon enthroned Prince Chonggui of Qi as successor.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 92Volume 92 Book of Later Jin 18: Biographies 7: Yao Yi, Lu Qi, Liang Wenju, Shi Gui, Pei Hao, Wu Chengfan, Lu Dao, Zheng Taoguang, Wang Quan, Han Yun, Li Yi · 10 passages

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高祖登極，征為刑部侍郎，判鹽鐵副使，皆宰臣馮道之奏請也。 When Gaozu took the throne Gui was summoned as vice minister of justice and deputy commissioner of the Salt and Iron Monopoly, all on Chief Minister Feng Dao's recommendation.

始圭在明宗時為右丞，權判銓事，道在中書，嘗以堂判衡銓司所註官，圭怒，力爭之，道亦微有不足之色，至是圭首為道所舉，方愧其度量遠不及也。 Earlier, when Gui was Right Vice Director under Mingzong with charge of selection affairs, Dao in the Secretariat had once used a chief minister's ruling to overturn the Selection Bureau's appointments. Gui had been furious and fought him hard; Dao too had shown displeasure. Now Gui was the first person Dao recommended, and he was ashamed to find how far Dao's magnanimity surpassed his own.

明年春，潞王自鳳翔擁大軍赴闕，唐閔帝奔於衛州，宰相馮道、李愚集百官於天宮寺，將出迎潞王。 The following spring the Prince of Lu led a great army from Fengxiang toward the capital. Emperor Min of Tang fled to Weizhou. Chief ministers Feng Dao and Li Yu assembled the officials at Tiangong Temple, preparing to go out and welcome the prince.

導與舍人張昭遠先至，馮道請導草勸進箋，導曰：「潞王入朝，郊迎可也； Dao and Drafter Zhang Zhaoyuan arrived first. Feng Dao asked Dao to draft a memorial urging the prince to take the throne. Dao said, "When the Prince of Lu comes to court, a suburban welcome is enough;

馮道曰：「凡事要務實，勸進其可已乎？」 Feng Dao said, "In all affairs one must be practical. Can we stop short of urging accession?"

道未及對，會京城巡檢安從進報曰：「潞王至矣，安得百僚無班。」 Before Dao could reply, capital inspector An Congjin reported, "The Prince of Lu has arrived. How can the officials stand without order."

是日，潞王未至，馮道等止於上陽門外，又令導草勸進箋，導執之如初。 That day the prince had not yet arrived. Feng Dao and the others waited outside the Shangyang Gate and again ordered Dao to draft the accession memorial. Dao held firm as before.

先是，宰相馮道使於契丹才回，權亦自鳳翔冊禮使回，故責詞略曰：「若以道路迢遙，即鸞閣之臺臣亦往； Chief Minister Feng Dao had just returned from an embassy to the Khitan, and Quan had just returned from Fengxiang as investiture envoy. The reprimand therefore read in part, "If the road is long and distant, ministers of the Phoenix Pavilion also travel;

俄而馮道為丞相，與惲有同幕之舊，以惲性謹厚，尤左右之，尋遷禮部尚書。 Soon Feng Dao became chief minister. He and Yun had served on the same staff long before. Feng especially favored Yun for his careful and honest nature, and soon Yun was made minister of rites.

明宗晏駕，馮道為山陵使，引惲為副使。 When Mingzong died Feng Dao was commissioner for the imperial tomb and appointed Yun his deputy.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 93Volume 93 Book of Later Jin 19: Biographies 8: Lu Zhi, Li Zhuanmei, Lu Zhan, Cui Zhuo, Xue Rong, Cao Guozhen, Zhang Renyuan, Zhao Xi, Li Xia, Yin Yuyu, Zheng Yunsou · 2 passages

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時宰相馮道以詩餞別，其警句云：「視草北來唐學士，擁旄西去漢將軍。」 Chief Minister Feng Dao wrote a farewell poem whose memorable lines ran: "A Tang academician come from the north to draft edicts, a Han general going west bearing his commander's banner."

高祖晏駕，朝廷以宰臣馮道為山陵使，及靈盾既發，國珍上疏言：「馮道既為山陵使，不得復入都城，請除外佐，以桑維翰入輔。 When Gaozu passed away, the court appointed Chief Minister Feng Dao commissioner for the imperial tomb. After the spirit shield had been dispatched, Guozhen submitted a memorial stating, "Since Feng Dao has been made commissioner for the imperial tomb, he should not again enter the capital. I request that outside auxiliary officials be appointed and that Sang Weihan enter to assist in governance.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 96Volume 96 Book of Later Jin 22: Biographies 11: Kong Chongbi, Chen Baoji, Wang Yu, Zhang Jizuo, Zhen Ruan, Hu Rao, Liu Suiqing, Fang Gao, Meng Chenghui, Liu Jixun, Zheng Shouyi, Cheng Xun, Li Yu, Zheng Xuansu, Ma Zhongji, Chen Xuan · 4 passages

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清泰初，馮道出鎮同州，饒時為副使，道以重臣，稀於接洽，饒忿之，每乘酒於牙門詬道，道必延入，待以酒肴，致敬而退。 Early in the Qingtai era Feng Dao was posted to govern Tongzhou with Rao as his deputy. As a senior minister Feng Dao rarely received callers, and Rao resented it. Drunk, he would abuse Feng Dao at headquarters, but Feng Dao always invited him in, served wine and food, paid his respects, and let him go.

道謂左右曰：「此人為不善，自當有報，吾何怒焉。」 Feng Dao told his attendants, "This man does wrong; retribution will come to him in its own time—why should I grow angry?"

時馮道在側，繼勛事急，指道曰：「少帝在鄴，道為首相，與景延廣謀議，遂致南北失歡。 Feng Dao stood nearby. In his panic Jixun pointed at him and said, "When the young emperor was at Ye, Dao was chief minister and plotted with Jing Yanguang, which is what ruined relations between north and south.

臣位至卑，未嘗措言，今請問道，道細知之。」 My rank was too low for me to speak then. Question Dao—he knows every detail."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 100Volume 100 Book of Later Jin 2: Gaozu Annals 2 · 1 passage

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以前鄧州節度使、燕國公馮道為守太師，進封齊國公。 Feng Dao, former Deng governor and Duke of Yan, was made acting grand preceptor and elevated to Duke of Qi.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 103Volume 103 Book of Later Han 5: Emperor Yin Annals, Part 2 · 1 passage

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是日，遣前太師馮道等往徐奉迎。 That day former grand preceptor Feng Dao was sent to Xu to escort him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 105Volume 105 Book of Later Jin 7: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 17 passages

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傳誥之際，馮道笏墜於地，左右惡之。 As the patent was read out, Feng Dao's tablet slipped to the floor—those around him took it as a bad sign.

馮道至，赟出郊迎，常所乘馬比甚馴服，至是馬蹄嚙奔逸，人不可制，乃以他馬代之，時以為不祥。 When Feng Dao arrived, Yun rode out to meet him; the horse he always used had been thoroughly tame, but now it champed the bit and bolted beyond control, so they switched mounts—people read it as an ill omen.

郭威既敗慕容彥超於北郊，隱帝遇弒，威入京師，謂諸大臣密相推戴，及見宰相馮道等，道殊無意。 After Guo Wei routed Murong Yanchao north of the capital and Emperor Yin was murdered, Wei entered the city and asked the chief ministers to back him in secret; when he met Feng Dao and the rest, Dao showed no inclination whatsoever.

威不得已，見道下拜，而道猶受拜如平時，徐勞之曰：「公行良苦。」 Wei had no choice but to bow to Dao; Dao accepted the bow as usual and said slowly, "You have had a hard road of it."

乃遣太師馮道率百官往迎，道揣威意不在赟，直前問曰：「公此舉由衷乎？」 Grand Preceptor Feng Dao was sent at the head of the bureaucracy to escort him; sensing that Wei did not mean Yun, Dao stepped forward and asked, "Does this come from your heart?"

道既行，語左右曰：「吾生平不能謬語人，今謬語矣。」 Once on the road, Dao told his attendants, "I have never lied to anyone in my life—today I have lied."

道見，傳太后意召之。 When Dao met Yun, he relayed the dowager's summons.

馮道出與崇威語，崇威乃登樓見赟。 Feng Dao went out to speak with him, and only then did Chongwei mount the tower to see Yun.

郭威以書召道先歸，留其副趙上交、王度奉赟入朝太后，道乃辭赟先還。 Guo Wei summoned Dao back by letter, leaving deputies Zhao Shangjiao and Wang Du to escort Yun to the dowager; Dao took leave of Yun and went ahead.

赟謂道曰：「寡人此來，所恃者以公三十年舊相，是以不疑。」 Yun told Dao, "I came trusting you as my minister of thirty years—that is why I never doubted."

道默然。 Dao said nothing.

赟客將賈貞等數目道，欲圖之，赟曰：「勿草草，事豈出於公耶！」 Yun's staff officers Jia Zhen and others eyed Dao, ready to strike; Yun said, "Do not be hasty—surely this is not his doing!"

道已去，崇威乃幽赟於外館，殺賈貞、董裔及牙內都虞候劉福、孔目官夏昭度等。 Once Dao was gone, Chongwei locked Yun in an outer lodge and killed Jia Zhen, Dong Yi, inner headquarters deputy Liu Fu, clerical officer Xia Zhaodu, and the rest.

周祖之入京師也，少主崩於北岡，周主命宰相馮道迎湘陰公，將立之。 When the Zhou founder entered the capital, the young emperor died on the northern ridge; the Zhou ruler ordered Feng Dao to escort the Duke of Xiangyin and install him.

忠恕知事變，乃正色責道曰：「令公累朝大臣，誠信著於天下，四方談士，無賢不肖皆以為長者，今一旦返作脫空漢，前功業並棄，令公之心安乎？」 Zhongshu saw how matters stood and rebuked Dao to his face: "You are a minister of many reigns, trusted throughout the realm; scholars everywhere, worthy or not, call you an elder—yet in a morning you become a hollow fraud and throw away a lifetime's standing—can your conscience be at ease?"

道無言對。 Dao had no answer.

忠恕因勸湘陰公殺道以奔河東，公猶豫未決，遂及於禍。 Zhongshu then urged the duke to kill Dao and flee to Hedong; the duke wavered, and disaster followed.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 106Volume 106 Book of Later Jin 8: Biographies 3: Wang Zhou, Liu Shenjiao, Wu Hanqiu, Zhang Guan, Li Yin, Liu Zaiming, Ma Wan, Li Yancong, Guo Jin, Huang Fuli, Bai Zairong, Zhang Peng · 3 passages

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故相國、太師、秦國公馮道聞之曰：「予嘗為劉汝州僚佐，知其為人廉平慈善，無害之良吏也。 When Feng Dao, former chief minister, Grand Preceptor, and Duke of Qin, heard this he said, "I once served under Liu of Ruzhou and know him to have been an honest, fair, and kindly official who harmed no one—a true good magistrate.

道仍為著哀詞六章，鐫於墓碑之陰焉。 Feng Dao also composed six stanzas of lament and had them engraved on the back of the tomb stele.

〈（《東都事略·李筠傳》：筠請馮道領節度，道曰：「予主奏事而已，留後事當議功臣為之。」 (《Eastern Capital Affairs Outline · Biography of Li Jun》: Jun asked Feng Dao to take the military commission. Dao said, "I am here only to handle memorials to the throne. The regency should go to a man of merit."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 109Volume 109 Book of Later Jin 11: Biographies 6: Du Zhongwei, Li Shouzhen, Zhao Siwan · 1 passage

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〈（《通鑒》：馮道、李崧屢薦重威之能，以為都指揮使，充隨駕御營使。）〉 (Zizhi Tongjian: Feng Dao and Li Song repeatedly praised Chongwei's abilities; he was appointed commander and also served as commissioner of the imperial escort camp.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 111Volume 111 Book of Later Zhou 13: Taizu Annals 2 · 2 passages

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丙戌，宰臣馮道為四廟冊禮使。 On bingxu day, Chief Minister Feng Dao was appointed commissioner for the four ancestral temples' enfeoffment rites.

秋七月辛酉朔，帝被袞冕，禦崇元殿，授太廟四室寶冊於中書令馮道等，赴西京行禮。 In autumn, the seventh month, on the new moon of xinyou day, the emperor wore full ceremonial dress, took the throne in the Hall of Lofty Origins, and entrusted the ancestral temple registers of all four chambers to Director of the Secretariat Feng Dao and others to carry the rites at the Western Capital.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 113Volume 113 Book of Later Zhou 15: Taizu Annals 4 · 11 passages

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以中書令馮道為南郊大禮使，以開封尹、晉王榮為頓遞使，權兵部尚書王易為鹵簿使，御史中丞張煦為儀仗使，權判太常卿田敏為禮儀使，以前潁州防禦使郭瓊為權宗正卿。 Feng Dao (director of the Secretariat) headed the southern suburbs rites; Prince of Jin and Kaifeng mayor Rong managed the procession; acting Minister of War Wang Yi oversaw the imperial insignia cortege; censor-in-chief Zhang Xu oversaw ceremonial arms; acting sacrifices director Tian Min handled ritual; and former Yingzhou defense commissioner Guo Qiong served as acting imperial clan director.

詔中書令馮道赴西京迎奉太廟神主。 An edict sent Secretariat director Feng Dao to Luoyang to escort the ancestral temple spirit tablets.

甲子，中書令馮道率百官上尊號曰聖明文武仁德皇帝，答詔不允，凡三上章，允之，仍俟郊禮畢施行。 On jiazi Feng Dao led the officials in offering the title Sagely, Illumined, Civil and Martial, Benevolent and Virtuous Emperor; the emperor refused twice before accepting on the third petition, to take effect after the suburban rites.

壬辰，宰臣馮道加守太師，範質加尚書左僕射，監修國史李穀加右僕射、集賢殿大學士。 On renchen chief minister Feng Dao received acting grand preceptor; Fan Zhi became left vice director of the Department of State Affairs; and national history supervisor Li Gu became right vice director of the Department of State Affairs and assembled worthies academician.

《五代史闕文》：周太祖在漢隱帝朝為樞密使，將兵伐河中李守貞，時馮道守太師，不與朝政，以請告，周祖謁道於私第，問伐蒲策，道辭以不在其位，不敢議國事。 The 《Omitted Texts of the History of the Five Dynasties》 records: as military affairs commissioner under Han Emperor Yin, Zhou Taizu led troops against Li Shouzhen of Hezhong; Feng Dao held grand preceptor rank and stayed out of politics on leave; Taizu called at his home to ask strategy for attacking Pu; Dao declined, saying he was out of office and dared not discuss state affairs.

周祖固問之，道不得已，謂周祖曰：「相公頗知博乎？」 Taizu pressed him; Dao had no choice and said: "Do you know much about gambling, Lord Chancellor?"

道曰：「是行亦猶博也。 Dao said: "This campaign is also like gambling.

周祖入京師，百官謁，周祖見道猶設拜，意道便行推戴，道受拜如平時，徐曰：「侍中此行不易。」 When Taizu entered the capital the officials paid court; seeing Feng Dao he bowed, expecting acclamation; Dao received the bow as usual and said slowly: "This journey of yours, Palace Attendant, is not easy."

及請道詣徐州冊湘陰公為漢嗣，道曰：「侍中由衷乎？」 When he asked Dao to go to Xuzhou to invest the Duke of Xiangyin as Han heir, Dao said: "Are you sincere, Palace Attendant?"

周祖設誓，道曰：「莫教老夫為謬語，令為謬語人。」 Taizu swore an oath; Dao said: "Do not make me speak falsehood and become a liar."

臣謹案，周世宗朝，詔御史臣修《周祖實錄》，故道之事，所宜諱矣。）〉 This compiler notes that in the reign of Shizong of Zhou an edict ordered this censor to compile the 《Veritable Records of Zhou Taizu》; matters concerning Dao were therefore properly omitted.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 126Volume 126 Book of Later Zhou 28: Biographies 6: Feng Dao · 81 passages

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馮道，字可道，瀛州景城人。 Feng Dao, styled Kedao, came from Jingcheng in Yingzhou.

道少純厚，好學能文，不恥惡衣食，負米奉親之外，惟以披誦吟諷為事，雖大雪擁戶，凝塵滿席，湛如也。 As a young man Feng Dao was guileless and steady, loved learning and wrote well, and was unashamed of coarse food and clothes. Beyond carrying grain home for his parents, he did nothing but read and chant; even when snow piled against his door and dust caked his mat, he remained wholly at ease.

守光引兵伐中山，訪於僚屬，道常以利害箴之，守光怒，置於獄中，尋為人所救免。 When Shouguang marched on Zhongshan and asked his staff for counsel, Dao repeatedly warned him of the risks. Shouguang flew into a rage and threw him in prison, but others soon secured his release.

守光敗，遁歸太原，監軍使張承業辟為本院巡官。 After Shouguang's defeat Dao fled to Taiyuan, where the army supervisory commissioner Zhang Chengye took him on as a headquarters inspector.

時有周元豹者，善人倫鑒，與道不洽，謂承業曰：「馮生無前程，公不可過用。」 There was a Zhou Yuanbao at the time, skilled at reading men, who disliked Dao. He told Chengye, "Feng has no great career ahead—do not promote him too far."

時河東記室盧質聞之曰：「我曾見杜黃裳司空寫真圖，道之狀貌酷類焉，將來必副大用，元豹之言不足信也。」 Lu Zhi, recorder of the Hedong commandery, heard this and said, "I once saw the portrait of Du Huangshang, Minister of Works—Feng Dao looks remarkably like him. He is bound for high office; Yuanbao's judgment cannot be trusted."

承業尋薦為霸府從事，俄署太原掌書記，時莊宗並有河北，文翰甚繁，一以委之。 Chengye soon recommended him as staff in the hegemon's headquarters and shortly named him chief secretary at Taiyuan. Zhuangzong had just taken Hebei, and the flood of documents was left entirely to Dao.

遽命道對面草詞，將示其眾。 He at once ordered Dao to draft an edict on the spot to read before the army.

道執筆久之，莊宗正色促焉，道徐起對曰：「道所掌筆硯，敢不供職。 Dao held his brush a long time while Zhuangzong glared and urged him on. Dao rose slowly and said, "The brush is mine to serve you with—how could I refuse my duty?

俄而崇韜入謝，因道為之解焉，人始重其膽量。 Soon Chongtao came in to apologize, and Dao smoothed things over for him; from then on men respected his nerve.

莊宗即位鄴宮，除省郎，充翰林學士，自綠衣賜紫。 When Zhuangzong was enthroned at Ye, Dao was made a Secretariat secretary and Hanlin academician, promoted from green to purple robes.

〈（《談苑》：道聞父喪，即徒步見星以行，家人從後持衣囊追及之。）〉 (Conversational Garden: When he heard of his father's death, Dao set out on foot by starlight while his family hurried after with a bag of clothes and overtook him.)

遇歲儉，所得俸余悉賑於鄉里，道之所居惟蓬茨而已，凡牧宰饋遺，鬥粟匹帛無所受焉。 In a famine year he gave away every spare coin of his salary to the neighborhood. He lived in nothing but a thatched hut, and refused every gift from magistrates, whether grain by the peck or cloth by the bolt.

時契丹方盛，素聞道名，欲掠而取之，會邊人有備，獲免。 The Khitan were then at their height and had long heard of Dao; they meant to carry him off by force, but the border people were ready, and he was spared.

明宗入洛，遽謂近臣安重誨曰：「先帝時馮道郎中何在？」 When Mingzong entered Luoyang he suddenly asked his confidant An Chonghui, "Where is Feng Dao, who served as director under the late emperor?"

俄拜端明殿學士，端明之號，自道始也。 He was soon made academician of the Hall of Illuminated Clarity—the title itself began with Dao.

有工部侍郎任贊，因班退，與同列戲道於後曰：「若急行，必遺下《兔園冊》。」 Ren Zan, Vice Minister of Works, jested behind Dao as the court filed out: "Walk fast and he'll drop his Rabbit Garden Primer."

道知之，召贊謂曰：「《兔園冊》皆名儒所集，道能諷之，中朝士子止看文場秀句，便為舉業，皆竊取公聊，何淺狹之甚耶！」 Dao heard of it and summoned Zan. "The Rabbit Garden Primer was compiled by eminent scholars, and I can recite it. Yet today's court literati skim flashy examination couplets and call that a career—they merely crib from grand ministers. How petty!"

惲，太宗子，故用梁王兔園名其書，馮道《兔園策》謂此也。）〉 Yun was a son of Taizong, so the book took the Rabbit Garden of the Prince of Liang as its title—this is the work Feng Dao meant by the Rabbit Garden Stratagems.)〉

道讓琪曰：「昨來收復定州，非真定也。」 Dao corrected him: "What was recovered was Dingzhou, not Zhending."

其後百僚上明宗徽號凡三章，道自為之，其文渾然，非流俗之體，舉朝服焉。 Later, when the bureaucracy submitted three drafts of honorific titles for Mingzong, Dao wrote them himself in a rounded, elevated style far from common hackwork, and the whole court admired them.

道尤長於篇詠，秉筆則成，典麗之外，義含古道，必為遠近傳寫，故漸畏其高深，由是班行肅然，無澆漓之態。 Dao excelled above all at poetry: he took up the brush and the piece was finished—elegant yet steeped in the old Way, and always copied far and wide. Men gradually stood in awe of his depth, and the court ranks grew grave, without frivolity.

繼改門下侍郎、戶部吏部尚書、集賢殿弘文館大學士，加尚書左僕射，封始平郡公。 He was then made Vice Director of the Chancellery, Minister of Revenue and Personnel, grand academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies and Hongwen Institute, Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, and Duke of Shiping.

一日，道因上謁既退，明宗顧謂侍臣曰：「馮道性純儉，頃在德勝寨居一茅庵，與從人同器食，臥則芻槁一束，其心晏如也。 One day, after Dao had paid his respects and left, Mingzong told his attendants, "Feng Dao is plain and frugal by nature. At Desheng Stockade he lived in a hut, ate from the same bowl as his men, and slept on a bundle of straw—yet his mind was wholly at peace.

明宗每禦延英，留道訪以外事，道曰：「陛下以至德承天，天以有年表瑞，更在日慎一日，以答天心。 Whenever Mingzong held court at Yanying he kept Dao to discuss affairs of state. Dao said, "Your Majesty rules by supreme virtue; Heaven answers with good harvests. You must be more careful with each passing day to answer Heaven.

他日又問道曰：「天下雖熟，百姓得濟否？」 On another day he asked Dao, "The harvest is good—but are the people actually better off?"

道曰：「穀貴餓農，穀賤傷農，此常理也。 Dao said, "When grain is dear farmers go hungry; when grain is cheap farmers are ruined—that is the constant rule.

道之發言簡正，善於裨益，非常人所能及也。 Dao spoke plainly and to the point and knew how to help—beyond what most men could do.

明宗崩，唐末帝嗣位，以道為山陵使，禮畢，出鎮同州，循故事也。 When Mingzong died and the Last Emperor of Tang succeeded, Dao was made tomb commissioner; when the rites ended he was posted to Tongzhou as military governor, by established custom.

道為政閑淡，獄市無撓。 His rule was relaxed and mild; prisons and markets were left in peace.

一日，有上介胡饒，本出軍吏，性粗獷，因事詬道於牙門，左右數報不應。 One day his senior aide Hu Rao, a former army clerk, coarse by nature, abused Dao at the gate over some affair. Attendants reported it again and again, but Dao did not respond.

道曰：「此必醉耳！」 Dao said, "He must be drunk."

晉少帝即位，加守太尉，進封燕國公。 When the Young Emperor of Later Jin succeeded, Dao was made acting Grand Commandant and Duke of Yan.

道嘗問朝中熟客曰：「道之在政事堂，人有何說？」 Dao once asked a court acquaintance, "What do people say about me in the Hall of Administration?"

道曰：「凡人同者為是，不同為非，而非道者，十恐有九。 Dao said, "Men call agreement right and disagreement wrong—and I daresay nine in ten call me wrong.

然道之所持，始終不易。 Yet Dao never changed what he held to from first to last.

後有人間道於少帝曰：「道好平時宰相，無以濟其艱難，如禪僧不可呼鷹耳！」 Later someone told the Young Emperor, "Dao is a peacetime minister who cannot meet crisis—like a Chan monk who cannot hunt with hawks!"

由是出道為同州節度使。 For this Dao was posted out as military governor of Tongzhou.

契丹入汴，道自襄、鄧召入，戎王因從容問曰：「天下百姓，如何可救？」 When the Khitan took Bian, Dao was summoned from Xiang and Deng. The Khitan ruler asked him casually, "How can the people of the realm be saved?"

道曰：「此時百姓，佛再出救不得，惟皇帝救得。」 Dao said, "At this hour not even the Buddha reborn could save them—only the emperor can."

其後衣冠不至傷夷，皆道與趙延壽陰護之所至也。 Afterward the gentry were spared harm—thanks to the secret protection of Dao and Zhao Yanshou.

道率同列四出按撫，因事從宜，各安其所。 Dao led his colleagues out in all directions to pacify the people, adapting to circumstances until each was settled.

人或推其功，道曰：「儒臣何能為，皆諸將之力也。」 When men praised his achievement, Dao said, "What could a scholar-official do? It was all the generals' work."

道以德重，人所取則，乃為眾擇諸將之勤宿者，以騎校白再榮權為其帥，軍民由是帖然，道首有力焉。 Because men looked to his moral weight, he chose the most seasoned generals and made the cavalry officer Bai Zairong acting commander. Army and people settled down, and Dao was chiefly responsible.

又，契丹先留道與李崧、和凝及文武官等在常山，是歲閏七月二十九日，契丹有詔追崧，令選朝士十人赴木葉山行事。 The Khitan had left Dao with Li Song, He Ning, and the rest at Changshan. On the twenty-ninth of the intercalary seventh month the Khitan summoned Song and ordered ten court scholars chosen for service at Mount Muye.

契丹麻答將以明日與朝士齊遣之，崧乃不俟道，與凝先出，既而相遇於帳門之外，因與分手俱歸。 Maduo meant to send them off with the court scholars the next day. Song left without waiting for Dao, together with He Ning; they met outside the tent, parted, and went home together.

時論者以道布衣有至行，立公朝有重望，其陰報昭感，多此類也。 Commentators held that Dao, a commoner of supreme conduct who commanded great respect at court, received many such hidden rewards and manifest responses.

時三司使方用事，執政之地，除馮瀛王外皆惡之，曰：「豈有州郡使敢非朝廷詔敕！」 The Three Departments were in power; everyone in government except the Prince of Ying hated him and said, "How dare a prefectural commissioner oppose an imperial edict!"

敕未下，獨瀛王非時請見。 Before the edict issued, the Prince of Ying alone sought an unscheduled audience.

漢祖出，瀛王曰：「陛下在河東時，斷牛皮可也，今既有天下，牛皮不合禁。 When Gaozu came out, the Prince of Ying said, "In Hedong a hide ban was fitting; now that you rule the realm, hides should not be banned.

馮瀛王曰：「敕未下。」 The Prince of Ying said, "The edict has not gone out."

馮曰：「勒停可乎？」 Feng said, "Would halting it suffice?"

乾祐中，道奉朝請外，平居自適。 During Qianyou Dao attended court when required but otherwise lived at ease.

一日，著《長樂老自敘》云： One day he wrote his "Autobiography of the Old Man of Everlasting Joy," which reads:

及太祖平內難，議立徐州節度使劉赟為漢嗣，遣道與秘書監趙上交、樞密直學士王度等往迎之。 When Taizu pacified the internal crisis, the court resolved to make Liu Yun of Xuzhou heir to Han and sent Dao with Zhao Shangjiao, Wang Du, and others to welcome him.

道尋與赟自徐赴汴，行至宋州，會澶州軍變。 Dao soon accompanied Yun from Xuzhou toward Bian; at Songzhou the Danzhou army mutinied.

樞密使王峻遣郭崇領兵至，屯於衙門外，時道與上交等宿於衙內。 Wang Jun sent Guo Chong with troops, who camped outside the gate while Dao and Shangjiao lodged inside.

左右知其事變，以為道所賣，皆欲殺道等以自快。 His attendants, learning what had happened, thought Dao had betrayed them and all wanted to kill Dao and the others.

趙上交與王度聞之，皆惶怖不知所為，惟道偃仰自適，略無懼色，尋亦獲免焉。 Zhao Shangjiao and Wang Du were terrified; only Dao reclined at ease without a trace of fear, and soon all were spared.

道微時嘗賦詩云：「終聞海嶽歸明主，未省乾坤陷吉人。」 In his humble days Dao wrote: "Seas and mountains will return to the enlightened lord; Heaven and Earth do not trap the fortunate."

〈（《青箱雜記》載馮道詩全篇云：莫為危時便愴神，前程往往有期因，終聞海嶽歸明主，未省乾坤陷吉人。 (Green Box Miscellany gives the full poem: Do not grieve in perilous times; the future has its cause. Seas and mountains return to the enlightened lord; Heaven and Earth do not trap the fortunate.)

及太祖崩，世宗以道為山陵使。 When Taizu died, Shizong made Dao tomb commissioner.

會河東劉崇入寇，世宗召大臣議欲親征，道諫止之，世宗因言：「唐初，天下草寇蜂起，並是太宗親平之。」 When Liu Chong of Hedong invaded, Shizong summoned ministers to discuss campaigning in person. Dao urged him not to. Shizong said, "Early in Tang bandits rose everywhere, and Taizong pacified them himself."

道奏曰：「陛下得如太宗否？」 Dao said, "Can Your Majesty equal Taizong?"

世宗怒曰：「馮道何相少也！」 Shizong snapped, "How Feng Dao underestimates me!"

及世宗親征，不及扈從，留道奉太祖山陵。 When Shizong campaigned in person, Dao could not accompany him and was left to oversee Taizu's tomb.

時道已抱疾。 By then Dao was already ill.

世宗聞之，輟視朝三日，冊贈尚書令，追封瀛王，謚曰文懿。 Shizong suspended court for three days, posthumously made him Director of the Department of State Affairs, Prince of Ying, and gave him the posthumous title Wényì.

道歷任四朝，三入中書，在相位二十餘年，以持重鎮俗為己任，未嘗以片簡擾於諸侯，平生甚廉儉。 Dao served four dynasties, entered the Secretariat three times, and was chief minister for more than twenty years. He steadied custom through weighty conduct, never troubled the regional lords with a note, and lived very frugally.

逮至末年，閨庭之內，稍徇奢靡，其子吉，尤恣狂蕩，道不能制，識者以其不終令譽，鹹嘆惜之。 In his last years his household grew somewhat luxurious; his son Ji was especially dissolute, and Dao could not control him. Knowing men regretted that his fine reputation did not endure.

〈（《五代史補》：馮道之鎮同州也，有酒務吏乞以家財修夫子廟，道以狀付判官參詳其事。 (Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties: When Feng Dao governed Tongzhou, a wine-monopoly clerk asked to repair the Confucius temple with his family wealth. Dao referred the petition to his judge.)

道覽之有愧色，因出俸重創之。 Dao read it with shame and paid from his salary to rebuild the temple properly.

馮瀛王道之在中書也，有舉子李導投贄所業，馮相見之，戲謂曰：「老夫名道，其來久矣，加以累居相府，秀才不可謂不知，然亦名導，於禮可乎？」 When Feng Dao was in the Secretariat, a candidate named Li Dao presented his work. Feng jested, "My name is Dao and has been for a long time; you cannot fail to know it, having come to the chief minister's office—yet you are also named Dao. Is that proper?"

李抗聲對曰：「相公是無寸底道字，小子有寸底導字，何謂不可也！」 Li answered boldly, "Your Excellency's Dao has no 'inch' at the bottom; mine has an 'inch' at the bottom—how can it be improper!"

公笑曰：「老夫不惟名無寸，諸事亦無寸，吾子可謂知人矣。」 Feng laughed and said, "I have no inch not only in my name but in anything. You truly know men."

馮吉，瀛王道之子，能彈琵琶，以皮為弦，世宗嘗令彈於御前，深欣善之，因號其琵琶曰「繞殿雷」也。 Feng Ji, Dao's son, could play the pipa with leather strings. Shizong had him play before the throne and greatly admired it, naming his pipa "Thunder Rolling Round the Hall."

道以其惰業，每加譴責，而吉攻之愈精，道益怒，凡與客飲，必使庭立而彈之，曲罷或賜以束帛，命背負之，然後致謝。 Dao often rebuked him for this idle craft, but Ji practiced all the harder, which angered Dao more. Whenever he entertained guests he made Ji play in the courtyard; when the piece ended he might give silk and make Ji carry it on his back before thanking him.

道自以為戒勖極矣，吉未能悛改，既而益自若。 Dao thought he had disciplined him to the limit, but Ji did not reform and grew even more at ease.

道度無可奈何，嘆曰：「百工之司藝而身賤，理使然也。 Dao saw there was nothing to be done and sighed, "Among the hundred crafts, mastery of an art still means low station—that is how things are.

史臣曰：道之履行，郁有古人之風； The historiographer says: In conduct and bearing, Dao had the air of the ancients;

道之宇量，深得大臣之禮。 in breadth of spirit he deeply understood a great minister's rites.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 127Volume 127 Book of Later Zhou 29: Biographies 7: Lu Wenji, Ma Yisun, He Ning, Su Yugui, Jing Fan · 3 passages

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初，馮道罷同州入朝，拜司空。 Earlier Feng Dao had left Tongzhou for court and been appointed Grand Master of Works.

盧文紀又欲祭祀時便令掃除，馮道聞之曰：「司空掃除，職也，吾無所憚。」 Lu Wenji also wanted Feng Dao to sweep the halls during sacrifices. Feng Dao heard and said, "Sweeping is the Grand Master of Works' duty; I do not shrink from it."

裔孫以群情不悅劉句、馮道，欲微抑之，乃責臺司，須檢則例，而臺吏言：「舊不見例，據南北班位，即常侍在前。」 Because the court disliked Liu Gou and Feng Dao, Yisun wished to humble them slightly. He rebuked the Censorate to find precedent; clerks replied, "No old case exists; by north-south court order the regular attendant precedes."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 130Volume 130 Book of Later Zhou 32: Biographies 10: Wang Jun, Murong Yanchao, Yan Honglu, Cui Zhoudu · 1 passage

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太祖見馮道已下，泣曰：「峻淩朕頗甚，無禮太過，擬欲盡去左右臣僚，翦朕羽翼。 Taizu met Feng Dao and the others and wept: "Jun bullies me cruelly and shows outrageous disrespect. He means to drive away every minister at my side and cut off my wings.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 137Volume 137: Foreign States Biographies 1: Khitan · 2 passages

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天福三年，又遣宰臣馮道、左僕射劉句等持節冊德光及其母氏徽號，賫鹵簿、儀伏、法服、車輅於本國行禮。 In Tianfu 3 he sent Chancellor Feng Dao and Left Vice Director Liu Gou with credentials to invest Deguang and his mother with honorific titles, bearing full imperial regalia to conduct the ceremony in the Khitan homeland.

偽命以李崧為西廳樞密使，以馮道為太傅，以左僕射和凝及北來翰林學士承旨張礪為宰相。 He appointed Li Song Grand Councilor of the Western Hall, Feng Dao Grand Tutor, and He Ning and the northern Hanlin academician Zhang Li as chancellors.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 143Volume 143: Treatises 5 Rites 2 · 1 passage

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緣馮道在假； Because Feng Dao is on leave;

History of Liao, Chapter 54Volume 54 Treatises 24: Music · 1 passage

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晉高祖使馮道、劉煦冊應天太后、太宗皇帝，其聲器、工官與法駕，同歸於遼。 When Jin Gaozu sent Feng Dao and Liu Xu to invest Empress Dowager Yingtian and Emperor Taizong, the musical instruments, musicians, and imperial regalia all passed into Liao hands together.

History of Liao, Chapter 55Volume 55 Treatises 25: Ceremonial Guards 1 · 1 passage

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太宗皇帝會同元年，晉使馮道、劉煦等備車輅法物，上皇帝、皇太后尊號冊禮。 In the first year of Emperor Taizong's Huitong reign, Later Jin envoys Feng Dao, Liu Xu, and others furnished chariots, ritual regalia, and court insignia for the enthronement ceremony conferring honorific titles on the emperor and empress dowager.

History of Liao, Chapter 58Volume 58 Treatises 28: Ceremonial Guards 4 · 1 passage

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太宗會同元年，晉使馮道備車輅法物，上皇太后冊禮； In the first year of Emperor Taizong's Huitong reign, Later Jin envoy Feng Dao furnished chariots, ritual regalia, and court insignia for the empress dowager's enthronement ceremony;

History of Liao, Chapter 74Volume 74 Biographies 4: Yelu Dila, Xiao Hendu, Kang Moji, Han Yanhui, Han Zhigu · 1 passage

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延徽少英，燕帥劉仁恭奇之，召為幽都府文學、平州錄事參軍，同馮道祗候院，授幽州觀察度支使。 A gifted youth, Yanhui caught the eye of the Yan commander Liu Rengong, who made him literary instructor at the Youdu prefectural office and recorder-assistant of Pingzhou, assigned with Feng Dao to the reception bureau, then Youzhou observation revenue commissioner.

History of Song, Chapter 482Volume 482 Biographies 241, Hereditary Houses 5: Liu Jiyuan of the Northern Han Liu Family (Father: Liu Jun; Elder Brother: Liu Ji'en; Appended: Wei Rong, Zhao Wendu, Li Yun, Ma Feng, Guo Wuwei) · 1 passage

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及聞隱帝遇害，崇欲率兵南向，會漢太后下令遣馮道詣徐州迎崇子贇為漢嗣，崇信之，謂賓佐曰：“吾兒為帝矣，復何慮哉？” On hearing that Emperor Yinyou had been murdered, Chong prepared to march south with his army. Just then the Han empress dowager sent Feng Dao to Xuzhou to bring back Chong's son Yun as heir to the throne. Chong took this at face value and told his advisers, "My son is going to be emperor—what is left to fear?"

History of Song, Chapter 484Volume 484 Biographies 243: Three Zhou Officials Han Tong, Li Yun, Li Zhongjin · 2 passages

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諸將互伐其功，筠詣故相馮道請權領節度事，道曰：“子主奏事而已，留後事當議功臣為之。” The generals quarreled over credit. Yun went to the former chief councilor Feng Dao and asked to take provisional charge of the circuit. Dao replied, "You need only memorialize the throne on current affairs; the acting governorship should go to whichever officer the court deems most deserving."

道恐諸將爭功復亂，乃以再榮前職貴加諸將，權推為留後，人心遂定。 Fearing fresh turmoil from the merit dispute, Dao cited Zairong's senior former rank and had him provisionally named acting governor; order was restored.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 6Volume 6 Later Tang Annals 3: Mingzong · 2 passages

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癸亥，端明殿學士兵部侍郎馮道、太常卿崔協為中書侍郎：同中書門下平章事。 On guihai Feng Dao, Bright Hall academician and vice minister of war, and Cui Xie, chamberlain for ceremonials, became vice directors of the Department of State Affairs and co-grand councilors.

數問宰相馮道等民間疾苦，聞道等言谷帛賤，民無疾疫，則欣然曰：「吾何以堪之，當與公等作好事，以報上天。」 Again and again he asked Feng Dao and the other chief councillors how the people fared. When they reported cheap grain and cloth and no pestilence, he brightened and said, “Such blessing is more than I deserve—we must do good together and repay Heaven.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 7Volume 7 Later Tang Annals 4: Deposed Emperors · 4 passages

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丁巳，馮道為大行皇帝山陵使，戶部尚書韓彥惲為副，中書舍人王延為判官，禮部尚書王權為禮儀使，兵部尚書李鏻為鹵簿使，御史中丞龍敏為儀仗使，左僕射權判河南府盧質為橋道頓遞使。 On dingsi, Feng Dao was appointed commissioner for the late emperor’s mausoleum, with Minister of Revenue Han Yanyun as deputy. Wang Yan served as administrative judge, Wang Quan oversaw the rites, Li Lin the procession, Long Min the honor guard, and Lu Zhi the bridges, roads, lodging, and relays.

夏四月壬申，入京師，馮道率百官迎王於蔣橋，王辭不見。 On renshen of the fourth month, in summer, he entered Luoyang. Feng Dao brought the bureaucracy to Jiang Bridge to welcome the prince, who refused to show himself.

入哭於西宮，遂見群臣，道拜，王答拜。 He went in to weep at the Western Palace, then received the ministers. Feng Dao bowed; the prince bowed in return.

庚戌，馮道罷。 On gengxu Feng Dao left office.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 8Volume 8 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu · 2 passages

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丁亥，司空馮道兼門下侍郎、同中書門下平章事。 On dinghai Feng Dao, minister of works, became vice director of the Chancellery and co-grand councilor.

八月戊寅，馮道及左僕射劉昫為契丹冊禮使。 On wuyin of the eighth month, Feng Dao and Left Vice Director Liu Xu were appointed envoys for the Khitan investiture rites.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 9Volume 9 Later Jin Annals 2: the Emperor That Fled · 3 passages

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丙子，馮道為大行皇帝山陵使，門下侍郎竇貞固為副，太常卿崔梲為禮儀使，戶部侍郎呂琦為鹵簿使，御史中丞王易簡為儀仗使。 On bingzi, Feng Dao was appointed commissioner for the late emperor’s mausoleum, with Menxia vice director Dou Zhengu as deputy; Cui Yuan oversaw the rites, Lü Qi the procession, and censor-in-chief Wang Yijian the honor guard.

癸卯，馮道罷。 On guimao Feng Dao was dismissed.

方高祖疾病，抱其子重睿置於馮道懷中而托之，出帝豈得立邪？ On Gaozu’s sickbed he laid his son Chongrui in Feng Dao’s arms and entrusted the boy to him—how then could the Fleeing Emperor have been raised to the throne?

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 11Volume 11 Later Zhou Annals 2: Taizu · 3 passages

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遣太師馮道迎赟於徐州。 Grand Preceptor Feng Dao was sent to fetch Yun from Xuzhou.

己卯，馮道為中書令。 On jimao Feng Dao was made Director of the Secretariat.

冬十月庚申，馮道為奉迎神主使。 In the tenth month of winter, on gengshen day, Feng Dao was appointed commissioner to welcome the ancestral tablets.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Later Zhou Annals 3: Shizong, Emperor Gong · 2 passages

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丁卯，冯道为大行皇帝山陵使，太常卿田敏为礼仪使，兵部尚书张昭为卤簿使，御史中丞张煦为仪仗使，开封少尹权判府事王敏为桥道顿递使。 On dingmao Feng Dao was named mausoleum commissioner for the late emperor; Tian Min, Minister of Rites, oversaw ritual; Zhang Zhao, Minister of War, insignia; Zhang Xu, Vice Censor-in-Chief, ceremonial guards; and Wang Min, junior mayor of Kaifeng acting as mayor, bridges, roads, and relays.

乙丑，冯道薨。 On yichou Feng Dao died.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15: Mingzong of Later Tang's Family · 1 passage

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馮道率百寮入見，明宗曰：「吾家事若此，慚見群臣！」 Feng Dao led the hundred officials in; Mingzong said: “My house has come to this—I am ashamed to face you!”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 17Volume 17: The Later Jin Imperial Family · 2 passages

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帝顧謂馮道等曰：「皇太后之命，與卿等不任大慶。」 The emperor turned to Feng Dao and the rest and said: “The empress dowager’s command forbids me to share this great rejoicing with you.”

高祖臥疾，宰相馮道入見臥內，重睿尚幼，高祖呼出使拜道於前，因以宦者抱持寘道懷中，高祖雖不言，左右皆知其以重睿托道也。 Gaozu lay ill when Chancellor Feng Dao came to his bedside; Chongrui was still small. Gaozu had the boy brought forward to bow to Dao, then a eunuch lifted him into Dao’s arms. Gaozu never spoke, but everyone present knew he was entrusting Chongrui to Dao.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 18Volume 18: The Later Han Imperial Family · 9 passages

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太祖入京師，以謂漢大臣必相推戴，及見宰相馮道等，道殊無意，太祖不得已，見道猶下拜，道受太祖拜如平時，徐勞之曰：「公行良苦！」 Entering the capital, Guo Wei expected Han ministers to acclaim him; Feng Dao showed no sign; forced, Guo Wei still bowed; Dao accepted the bow as usual and said slowly: “A hard road!”

乃遣太師馮道率群臣迎赟。 Feng Dao led the ministers to welcome Yun.

道揣周太祖意不在赟，謂太祖曰：「公此舉由衷乎？」 Dao sensed Guo Wei did not mean to enthrone Yun and asked: “Do you mean this sincerely?”

赟召崇，崇不敢進，馮道出與崇語，崇乃登樓見赟，已而奪赟部下兵。 Yun called him up; Chong hesitated until Feng Dao spoke with him; then he entered—and disarmed Yun’s men.

太祖以書召道先歸，留其副趙上交、王度奉赟入朝太后。 Guo Wei recalled Dao first and left Zhao Shangjiao and Wang Du to bring Yun to court.

道乃先還，赟謂道曰：「寡人此來，所恃者以公三十年舊相，是以不疑。」 Dao left; Yun said: “I trusted you as minister of thirty years—that is why I came.”

道默然。 Dao said nothing.

赟客將賈正等數目道，欲圖之。 Jia Zheng and others watched Dao, plotting.

道已去，郭崇幽赟於外館，殺賈正及判官董裔、牙內都虞候劉福、孔目官夏昭度等。 Dao gone, Chong imprisoned Yun and killed Jia Zheng, Dong Yi, Liu Fu, Xia Zhaodu, and others.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 50Volume 50 Miscellaneous Biographies 30: Wang Jun, Wang Yin, Liu Ci, Wang Huan, Zhe Congruan · 2 passages

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是時，太祖已遣馮道迎湘陰公赟於徐州，而漢宗室蔡王信在許州。 Taizu had already sent Feng Dao to meet the Prince of Xiangyin Yun at Xuzhou, while Prince of Cai Xin of the Han house held Xu.

太祖見馮道，泣曰：「峻淩朕，不能忍！」 Taizu saw Feng Dao in tears: "Jun rides over me—I cannot endure it!"

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 52Volume 52 Miscellaneous Biographies 32: Du Zhongwei, Li Zhouzhen, Zhang Yanze · 3 passages

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是時，馮道罷相居河陽，威初出兵，過道家問策，道曰：「君知博乎？」 At that time Feng Dao had retired from the chancellorship and lived at Heyang. When Wei first set out he passed Feng's house to ask advice. Feng said, "Do you know gambling?"

威少無賴，好蒲博，以為道譏之，艴然而怒。 In youth Wei had been a wastrel who loved gambling and thought Feng was mocking him. He flushed with anger.

道曰：「凡博者錢多則多勝，錢少則多敗，非其不善博，所以敗者，勢也。 Feng said, "In gambling, whoever has more money wins more often and whoever has less loses more often. It is not that one gambles poorly—the loser is overcome by circumstances.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 55Volume 55 Miscellaneous Biographies 35: Liu Xu, Lu Wenji, Ma Yinxun, Yao Yi, Liu Yue, Ma Gao, Cui Jujian, Cui Zhuo, Li Yi · 12 passages

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先是，馮道與昫為姻家而同為相，道罷，李愚代之。 Earlier Feng Dao and Liu Xu had been in-laws and served together as chancellors. When Feng left office, Li Yu took his place.

愚素惡道為人，凡事有稽失者，必指以誚昫曰：「此公親家翁所為也！」 Yu had long despised Feng Dao's character. Whenever something was delayed or mishandled, he would point to it and taunt Liu Xu: "This is the doing of your father-in-law!"

馮道改居儉秘書監，居儉怏怏失職。 Feng Dao reassigned Jujian to director of the Palace Library, and Jujian took the demotion bitterly.

是時，馮道罷相為司空。 By then Feng Dao had left the chancellorship and been made minister of works.

自隋、唐以來，三公無職事，不特置，及道為司空，問有司班次，亦皆不能知，由是不入朝堂，俟臺官、兩省入而後入，宰相出則隨而出。 Since Sui and Tang times the Three Dukes had held no active duties and were not specially appointed. When Feng Dao became Sikong, Minister of Works, and asked the proper offices about the order of court ranking, they also could not tell him. He therefore did not enter the audience hall, but waited until the censorate officials and the two departments had entered and then went in; when the chancellors came out, he followed them out.

至句為僕射，自以由宰相罷，與道同，乃隨道出入，有司不能彈正，而議者多竊笑之。 When Liu Xu became vice director, he too had just left the chancellorship and thought himself in the same position as Feng, so he followed Feng in and out of court. The proper offices could not correct the practice, and many observers quietly ridiculed them.

是時，馮道罷匡國軍節度使，拜司空。 At that time Feng Dao left the Kuangguo army command and was appointed minister of works.

天成中，馮道為相，建言：「天下未一，選人歲才數百，而吏部三銓分註，雖曰故事，其實徒繁而無益。」 During the Tiancheng era, when Feng Dao was chancellor, he proposed: "The realm is not yet unified, and those selected each year number only a few hundred. The Ministry of Personnel's three selection boards make separate annotations; although this is called precedent, in fact it is only cumbersome and has no benefit."

宰相馮道世本田家，狀貌質野，朝士多笑其陋。 Chancellor Feng Dao came from a farming family and looked plain and rustic; many courtiers mocked his uncouth appearance.

道旦入朝，兵部侍郎任贊與嶽在其後，道行數反顧，贊問嶽：「道反顧何為？」 One morning Dao entered court, with Vice Minister of War Ren Zan and Yue behind him. Dao repeatedly looked back as he walked. Zan asked Yue: "Why is Dao looking back?"

道聞之大怒，徙嶽秘書監。 Dao heard of it and, furious, transferred Yue to director of the Palace Library.

明宗崩，居儉以故事為禮儀使，居儉以祖諱蠡，辭不受，宰相馮道即徙居儉為秘書監。 When Mingzong died, Jujian should by precedent have become commissioner of rites, but he declined because his grandfather's taboo name was Li. Chancellor Feng Dao immediately reassigned him to director of the Palace Library.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 56Volume 56 Miscellaneous Biographies 36: He Ning, Zhao Ying, Feng Yu, Lu Zhi, Lü Qi, Xue Rong, He Ze, Wang Quan, Shi Gui, Long Min · 3 passages

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敏素善馮道，道為唐莊宗從事，乃潛往依之。 Min had long been on good terms with Feng Dao. When Dao became an aide to Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang, Min secretly went to join him.

監軍張承業謂道曰：「聞子有客，可與俱來。」 Army Supervisor Zhang Chengye said to Dao, "I hear you have a guest. Bring him with you."

道以敏見承業，承業辟敏監軍巡官，使掌奏記。 Dao introduced Min to Chengye, who recruited Min as touring officer on the army supervisor's staff and put him in charge of memorials and correspondence.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 57Volume 57 Miscellaneous Biographies 37: Li Song, Li Lin, Jia Wei, Duan Xiyao, Zhang Yun, Wang Song, Pei Hao, Wang Renyu, Pei Yu, Wang Yan, Ma Zhongji, Zhao Yanyi · 6 passages

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柔私使崧代為之，以示盧質、馮道，道等皆以為善。 Rou secretly had Song draft the documents in his place and showed them to Lu Zhi and Feng Dao, who all approved.

其後麻荅棄鎮州，崧與馮道等得還。 Later, when the Khitan general Mada abandoned Zhenzhou, Song returned with Feng Dao and the others.

崧素與翰林學士徐臺符相善，後周太祖入立，臺符告宰相馮道，請誅葛延遇，道以延遇數經赦宥，難之。 Song had long been friendly with the Hanlin academician Xu Taifu; when Later Zhou Taizu took the throne, Taifu told the chief minister Feng Dao and asked that Ge Yanyu be executed; Dao hesitated because Yanyu had been pardoned several times.

鏻意頗希大用，嘗謂馮道、趙鳳曰：「唐家故事，宗室皆為宰相。 Lin eagerly sought high office and once told Feng Dao and Zhao Feng, "By Tang precedent, imperial clansmen all became chief ministers.

道等惡其言。 Dao and the others resented his speech.

馮道作相，與延故人，召拜左補闕。 When Feng Dao became chief minister, as an old acquaintance of Yan he summoned him and appointed him left supplementation official.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70: Hereditary House of Eastern Han · 2 passages

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周太祖之自魏入也，反狀已白，而漢大臣不即推尊之，故未敢即立，乃白漢太后，立旻子赟為漢嗣，遣宰相馮道迎赟於徐州。 When Guo marched out of Wei toward Luoyang, his treason was plain, but the Han court still would not proclaim him emperor, so he hesitated to take the throne outright. He had the empress dowager name Yun, Min's son, as heir and sent Feng Dao to fetch him from Xuzhou.

自宰相馮道等多言不可，世宗意甚銳。 Feng Dao and others urged against it, but Shizong's mind was set.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 73Volume 73: Appendix on the Four Barbarians 2: Khitan 2 · 3 passages