Shi Chonggui (石重貴)

Overview

Shi Chonggui was an emperor of Later Jin; Deposed/Young Emperor.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Prince of Zheng Chonggui	鄭王重貴
Posthumous name	Outgoing Emperor	出帝	Chūdì
Alternate name	Fleeing Emperor

Life and dates

Death

At Jianzhou 建州 · after eighteen years from capture
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 131

Age

grew old in barren land
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 147

Attested activity

AD 946 三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 159, 179
AD 946 三年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 182, 184-185
AD 947 三年十二月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 176, 206
AD 946 三年春二月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 159-160
AD 941 六年八月壬辰
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 148
AD 941 六年十二月丙戌朔
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 157

Show 35 more source-backed claims

AD 964 凡十八年而卒
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 131-132
AD 942 to AD 947 出帝立；開運年間
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 15, 17, 20
AD 954 周顯德初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 127
AD 923 to AD 937 唐莊宗時至天福二年前
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 1, 7-8
AD 947 天祿元年四月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 36
AD 942 天福七年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 96
AD 942 天福七年六月乙丑
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 12
AD 938 天福三年冬
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 9
AD 944 天福九年春
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 109
AD 937 天福二年九月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 8
AD 943 天福八年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 39, 41
AD 943 天福八年冬十月戊申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 57
AD 941 天福六年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 107
AD 941 天福六年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 10
AD 942 少帝即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 78
AD 947 明年正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 81, 94, 97
AD 942 to AD 946 晉少帝嗣位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 174
AD 944 晉開運元年七月一日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 127
AD 944 會同七年
Directly stated · History of Liao 76, passage 17
AD 947 會同元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 86, passage 157
AD 943 會同六年時
Directly stated · History of Liao 77, passage 101
AD 948 會同十一年正月朔
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 25
AD 949 漢乾祐二年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 118
AD 948 漢乾祐元年四月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 150
AD 946 to AD 947 破重貴
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 55, passage 3
AD 938 紀年語境（天福3年）
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 111
AD 946 討石重貴
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 115
AD 947 重貴叛
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 87, passage 141
AD 944 to AD 946 開運
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 98
AD 946 開運三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 17, 49
AD 946 開運三年十二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 82
AD 945 開運二年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 120, 124
AD 944 開運元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 33; New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 78, 85
AD 947 開運四年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 11
AD 947 開運末契丹入汴
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 215

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Lady Liu (劉氏)
grandmother 皇祖母 · paternal line · 2 generations · Through Jingru (敬儒)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 17
Child of Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
adoptive father 子 · Adoptive parentage
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 1; New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 111
Child of Lady An (安氏)
bore 生
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 47
Spouse of Empress Zhang (張氏)
consort 妃 · Primary marriage
consort 妃
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 49, 53
Parent of Yanxu (延煦)
imperial son 皇子
eldest son 長子 · Adoptive parentage
eldest son 長子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 24, 37; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 65; Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 68
Child of Empress Dowager (皇太后)
empress dowager / adoptive mother 皇太后 · Adoptive parentage
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 58
Child of Empress Dowager Li (李氏)
empress dowager 太后
son 子 · Uncertain parentage
mother 母 · Uncertain parentage
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 67, 97; Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 31, 33
Spouse of Lady Feng (馮氏)
empress 皇后
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 57, 60; Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 8, 67; New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 66
Child of Jingru (敬儒)
father 父
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 1, 184, 188, 191
Spouse of Lady Zhao (趙氏)
favored concubine 寵姬
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 125
Spouse of Lady Nie (聶氏)
favored concubine 寵姬
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 125
Child of Former Lord of Jin (先君)
former lord 先君
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 58
Kin of Lady An (安氏)
Grand Imperial Consort 皇太妃
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 1, 97
Sibling of Chongrui (重睿)
younger brother 皇弟 · Uncertain siblings
imperial younger brother 皇弟
younger brother 皇弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 34; Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 97
Kin of Lady Feng (馮氏)
paternal aunt by marriage 叔母
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 200
Kin of Shi Yun (石赟)
paternal uncle 堂叔 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 42; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 82
Parent of Yanbao (延寶)
son 子
second son 次子 · Adoptive parentage
second son 次子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 24, 35; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 69; Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 68
Child of Gaozu (高祖)
son 子 · Claimed parentage · Uncertain
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 186, 188
Kin of Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Young Emperor successor 少帝
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passages 110, 174
Parent of Young Princess of Emperor Shao (小公主)
young princess 小公主
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 154, 156
Kin of Yanbao (延寶)
younger cousin 從子 · paternal line
Textual variant · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 71
Kin of Yanxu (延煦)
younger cousin 從子 · paternal line
Textual variant · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 71

Kinship Role sons · Count 2
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 68, 127

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Guangjin metropolitan magistrate 廣晉尹
AD 941 六年十二月丙戌朔 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 157
acting prefect of Taiyuan 行太原尹
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 7
Associate Grand Councilor 同中書門下平章事
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 9
commissioner of the Hedong command 知河東節度事
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 7
Grand Commandant 太尉
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 9
Grand Master with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon 金紫光祿大夫
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 7

Show 27 more source-backed claims

Guangjin metropolitan magistrate 廣晉尹
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 11
guardian of the Eastern Capital 留守東京
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 天福六年 · Western Year: AD 941
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 10
Inspector-General Grand Marshal 檢校太尉
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 30
Kaifeng metropolitan magistrate 開封尹
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 天福三年冬 · Western Year: AD 938
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 9
regent of the Northern Capital 北京留守
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 7
senior general of the Left Golden Guards 左金吾衛上將軍
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 天福二年九月 · Western Year: AD 937
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 8
Grand Master of Splendid Happiness 光祿大夫
Demoted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 30
Kaifeng metropolitan magistrate 開封尹
AD 941 六年八月壬辰 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 148
Prefect of Kaifeng 開封尹
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 107
Prince of Zheng 鄭王
Enfeoffed · Authority Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 111
Prince of Zheng 鄭王
AD 946 封子重貴為鄭王 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 182
Prince of Zheng 鄭王
Enfeoffed · From Source Date: Text: 天福三年冬 · Western Year: AD 938
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 9
Marquis of Unrighteousness 負義侯
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 30
Marquis Who Bears Guilt 負義侯
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 94
Prince of Zheng 鄭王
AD 941 六年八月壬辰 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 148
Prince of Zheng 鄭王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 107
Prince of Qi 齊王
AD 941 六年十二月丙戌朔 · Re enfeoffed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 157
Prince of Qi 齊王
Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 11
Captured
Captivity
Directly stated · History of Liao 86, passage 157
Survived
AD 947 契丹滅晉 · Alive after dynasty fall
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 181, 206
general amnesty for drought and locusts 以旱、蝗大赦
Proclaimed · From Source Date: Text: 天福八年五月甲辰 · Western Year: AD 943
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 54
general amnesty 大赦
Proclaimed · From Source Date: Text: 天福七年七月庚子 · Western Year: AD 942
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 19
Enthroned
Illegitimate true · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 185, 188, 191
AD 942 少帝即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 78
Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 14
AD 942 天福七年六月乙丑
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 12
Demoted
To Marquis Who Bears Guilt 負義侯
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 94

Places and affiliations

Later Jin 後晉
Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 96
Later Jin 晉
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 181, 206
Polity Later Jin · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 49, 144
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · History of Liao 77, passage 101
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 127; New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 12
Polity Later Jin 晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passages 110, 174

Show 5 more source-backed claims

Polity Later Jin 晉 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 33; History of Liao 55, passage 3
At Huanglong prefecture 黃龍府 · Relation Exiled to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 94, 114
At Jianzhou 建州 · Relation Resided at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 121, 127
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 7
At Yellow Dragon Prefecture / Helong City 黃龍府／和龍城 · Relation Exiled to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 30

Learning and skills

Subject Book of Rites 禮記 · Teacher Person Id Wang Zhen (王震)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 4
Skill mounted archery 騎射 · Level capable
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 3

Works and attributed material

Memorial · Author · With Khitan lord (契丹主)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 49-68
封子重貴為鄭王
Quotation · Subject of record · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 182
Speech · Speaker · Quote 此非我家事也。
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 4
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 61-63

Events and relationships

Chosen by khitan envoy
Political · Subject · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 5-6
Cold Food sacrifice to Xianling
Ritual · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 44
Dispatched troops
Military · Commander authority · With An Congjin (安從進)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 109
Fought Khitan at Weicheng
Military · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 96
Hunted near suburbs
Personal · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 67
Hunted rabbits
AD 947 三年十二月庚午 · Ritual · Actor · At Shatai 沙臺
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 179

Show 17 more source-backed claims

Moved north
Travel · Captive
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 97, 118
Northern expedition
Political · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 85, 124
Practiced archery at Nanzhuang
Personal · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 59
Proclaimed amnesty and changed reign title
Ritual · Sovereign · At Mingde Gate 明德門
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 127
Remained to guard Eastern Capital
AD 941 六年八月壬辰 · Political · Regent guardian · At Eastern Capital 東京
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 148
Removed northward
Political · Subject
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passages 50, 62
Resisted Khitans
Military · Sovereign · At north of Yan Prefecture 鄆州北
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 109
Returned from Chanzou
Personal · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 100
Rewarded army at Qicheng
Personal · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 137
Severed natural parentage
Political · Subject · With Jingru (敬儒) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 185, 188
Shot ducks
AD 946 三年二月壬午 · Ritual · Actor · At Banqiao 板橋
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 160
Submitted memorial
Political · Subject · With Khitan lord (契丹主)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 49-50
Surrender and relocation
Diplomatic · Participant
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 11, 25, 35
Traveled to Eastern Capital
Political · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 41
Visited Danian Estate and Jing Yanguang
Personal · Principal
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 65
Visited
AD 946 三年二月壬午 · Travel · Actor · At Nanzhuang 南莊
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 160
left to guard capital while emperor traveled to Ye 留守東京
Relation Associated with · Person Gaozu (高祖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 148

Assessments and attributes

Assessment illegitimate-accession-and-severed-natural-ties · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 185, 191
Assessment middling ability; luxury and excess; entrusted wrong men · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passages 144-146
Assessment son able to bury father — first such among Five Dynasties rulers noted here · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 198
wide-eyed / big eyes
Physical description
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 6
Item Returning Home Bridge 還鄉橋 · Relation Named
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 85, passage 110

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 33; History of Liao 55, passage 3

References in the histories

Search passages

History

120 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 85Volume 85 Book of Later Jin 11: Emperor Shao 4 · 46 passages

Open chapter

戊申，日南至，禦崇元殿受朝賀。 On wushen, the winter solstice, the emperor received New Year court congratulations at the Chongyuan Hall.

前曹州節度使石赟死，帝之堂叔也。 Former military governor of Caozhou Shi Yun died; he was the emperor's paternal uncle.

時自中渡寨隔絕之後，帝與大臣端坐憂危，國之衛兵，悉在北面，計無所出。 Since the Zhongdu camp had been cut off the emperor and his ministers sat helpless in dread; the imperial guards were all in the north and no plan availed.

宮中相次火起，帝自攜劍驅擁后妃已下十數人，將同赴火，為親校薛超所持。 Fires broke out across the palace; the emperor drew his sword and drove the empress, consorts, and a dozen attendants toward the flames to die with them, but his personal guard Xue Chao seized him.

俄自寬仁門遞入契丹主與皇太后書，帝乃止，旋令撲滅煙火。 Soon a letter from the Khitan lord and the empress dowager was brought in at Kuanren Gate; the emperor desisted and ordered the fires put out.

癸酉，帝奉表於戎主曰： On guiyou the emperor submitted a memorial to the Khitan lord, saying:

甲戌，張彥澤遷帝與太后及諸宮屬於開封府，遣控鶴指揮使李榮將兵監守。 On jiaxu Zhang Yanzhe moved the emperor, empress dowager, and palace household to the Kaifeng prefectural offices and set Li Rong, commander of the Crane-Control Guard, to watch them with troops.

帝以契丹主將至，欲與太后出迎，彥澤先表之，稟契丹主之旨報云：「比欲許爾朝覲上國，臣僚奏言，豈有兩個天子道路相見！ When the Khitan lord was expected the emperor wished to go out with the empress dowager to welcome him; Yanzhe reported the Khitan reply: "We meant to let you come to court in the superior state, but your ministers said, How can two Sons of Heaven meet on the road!

己卯，皇子延煦、延寶自帳中回，得敵詔慰撫，帝表謝之。 On jimao Princes Yanxu and Yanbao returned from the Khitan camp with a comforting edict, and the emperor sent a memorial of thanks.

帝進狀曰：「頃以偽主王從珂於洛京大內自焚之後，其真傳國寶不知所在，必是當時焚之。 The emperor replied: "After the usurper Wang Congke burned himself in the Luoyang palace the true imperial seal was lost and must have perished in that fire.

時移內庫至府，帝使人取帛數段，主者不與，謂使者曰：「此非我所有也。」 When the inner treasury was moved to the prefectural offices the emperor sent for several bolts of silk; the keeper refused, telling the envoy, "These are no longer mine."

百官列班，遙辭帝於寺，詣北郊以迎契丹主。 The officials formed ranks, bade the emperor farewell at the temple from afar, and went to the northern suburb to welcome the Khitan lord.

帝舉族出封丘門，肩轝至野，契丹主不與之見，遣泊封禪寺。 The emperor and his clan went out Fengqiu Gate in litters to the open field; the Khitan lord refused to see them and had them lodged at Fengchan Temple.

〈（《遼史》云：以張彥澤擅徙重貴開封，殺桑維翰，縱兵大掠，不道，斬於市。）〉 (The History of Liao says Zhang Yanzhe was beheaded in the market for moving Chonggui to Kaifeng on his own authority, killing Sang Weihan, and letting his troops loot the city.)〉

辛卯，契丹制，降帝為光祿大夫、檢校太尉，封負義侯，黃龍府安置。 On xinmao the Khitans demoted the emperor to Grand Master for Splendid Happiness and Acting Grand Marshal, enfeoffed him as Marquis Who Bears Guilt, and sent him to Huanglong prefecture.

癸巳，遷帝於封禪寺，遣蕃大將崔廷勛將兵守之。 On guisi the emperor was moved to Fengchan Temple under guard of the Khitan general Cui Tingxun and his troops.

癸卯，帝與皇太后李氏、皇太妃安氏、皇后馮氏、皇弟重睿、皇子延煦延寶俱北行，以宮嬪五十人、內官三十人、東西班五十人、醫官一人、控鶴官四人、禦廚七人、茶酒三人、儀鸞司三人、軍健二十人從行。 On guimao the emperor went north with Empress Dowager Li, Grand Imperial Consort An, Empress Feng, his brother Chongrui, and Princes Yanxu and Yanbao, attended by fifty palace women, thirty eunuchs, fifty court attendants, a physician, four Crane-Control officers, seven imperial cooks, three tea and wine servants, three from the Ceremonial Parasol bureau, and twenty guards.

宰臣趙瑩、樞密使馮玉、侍衛馬軍都指揮使李彥韜隨帝入蕃，契丹主遣三百騎援送而去。 Grand Counsellor Zhao Ying, Commissioner Feng Yu, and Li Yantao, commander of the Imperial Guard cavalry, accompanied the emperor into Khitan territory while the Khitan lord sent three hundred horsemen as escort.

〈（《宋史·李穀傳》：少帝蒙塵而北，舊臣無敢候謁者，穀獨拜迎於路，君臣相對泣下。 (Biography of Li Gu in the History of Song: when the Young Emperor was driven north in disgrace, former ministers dared not greet him; Gu alone bowed to him on the road, and ruler and subject wept together.

嘗一日，帝與太后不能得食，乃殺畜而啖之。 One day the emperor and empress dowager could get no food and killed livestock to eat.

帝過中渡橋，閱前杜威營寨之跡，慨然憤嘆，謂左右曰：「我家何負，為此賊所破，天乎！ Crossing Zhongdu Bridge the emperor looked over Du Wei's old camp, sighed in rage, and said to his attendants, "What had my house done to be ruined by this traitor—O Heaven!

至幽州，傾城士庶迎看於路，見帝慘沮，無不嗟嘆。 At Youzhou the whole city turned out along the road; seeing the emperor's misery, everyone sighed.

〈（《宣政雜錄》：徽宗北狩，經薊縣梁魚務，有還鄉橋，石少帝所命名也，里人至今呼之。）〉 (Miscellaneous Records of Xuanzheng's Reign: when Huizong was taken north he passed Liangyu post in Jixian, where a Returning Home Bridge named by the Shi Young Emperor is still known by that name.)〉

駐留旬餘，州將承契丹命，犒帝於府署，趙延壽母以食饌來獻。 After more than ten days' halt the prefect, on Khitan orders, entertained the emperor at the prefectural offices, and Zhao Yanshou's mother brought food.

又行七八日至錦州，契丹迫帝與妃後往拜安巴堅遺像，帝不勝屈辱，泣曰：「薛超誤我，不令我死，以至今日也。」 Seven or eight days later at Jinzhou the Khitans forced the emperor and his consorts to bow before Ambaqan's portrait; overcome with shame he wept, "Xue Chao was wrong to keep me from death and bring me to this day."

行至遼陽，皇后馮氏以帝陷蕃，過受艱苦，令內官潛求毒藥，將自飲之，並以進帝，不果而止。 At Liaoyang Empress Feng, seeing how the emperor suffered in captivity, secretly asked eunuchs for poison to take herself and offer him; the attempt failed and she desisted.

又行二百里，會國母為永康王所執，永康王請帝卻往遼陽城駐泊，帝遣使奉表於永康，且賀克捷，自是帝一行稍得供給。 Two hundred li farther on the Khitan empress dowager was seized by the Prince of Yongkang, who asked the emperor to return to Liaoyang; the emperor sent a memorial congratulating his victory, and thereafter the party received some supplies.

漢乾祐元年四月，永康王至遼陽，帝與太后並詣帳中，帝御白衣紗帽，永康止之，以常服謁見。 In the fourth month of Qianyou 1 of Han the Prince of Yongkang reached Liaoyang; the emperor and empress dowager went together to his tent; the emperor came in white robes and a gauze cap, but Yongkang stopped him and received him in ordinary dress.

帝伏地雨泣，自陳過咎，永康使左右扶帝上殿，慰勞久之，因命設樂行酒，從容而罷。 The emperor prostrated himself weeping and confessed his faults; Yongkang had attendants help him into the hall, consoled him at length, ordered music and wine, and dismissed him at ease.

永康帳下從官及教坊內人望見故主，不勝悲咽，內人皆以衣帛藥餌獻遺於帝。 Yongkang's attendants and palace women of the music bureau saw their former lord and wept; the inner women all presented robes, silks, and medicines to the emperor.

有禪奴舍利者，即永康之妻兄也，知帝有小公主在室，詣帝求之，帝辭以年幼不可。 One Channu Sheli, Yongkang's wife's elder brother, learning the emperor had a young princess at home asked for her; the emperor refused on grounds of her youth.

又有東西班數輩善於歌唱，禪奴又請之，帝乃與之。 Several eastern and western shift attendants skilled at singing were also requested by Channu, and the emperor gave them up.

後數日，永康王馳取帝幼女而去，以賜綽諾錫裏。 Several days later the Prince of Yongkang rode off with the emperor's young daughter and gave her to Chuonuo Xili.

漢乾祐二年二月，帝自遼陽城發赴建州。 In the second month of Qianyou 2 of Han the emperor left Liaoyang for Jianzhou.

帝自遼陽行十數日，過儀州、灞州，遂至建州。 From Liaoyang the emperor traveled more than ten days through Yizhou and Bazhou to Jianzhou.

節度使趙延暉盡禮奉迎，館帝於衙署中。 Military governor Zhao Yanhui received him with full ceremony and lodged the emperor in the prefectural offices.

帝乃令一行人員於寨地內築室分耕，給食於帝。 The emperor had his party build houses on the land, divide fields for farming, and supply his food.

是歲，述律王子遣契丹數騎詣帝，取內人趙氏、聶氏疾馳而去。 That year the prince of Shulü sent Khitan horsemen who seized the palace women Lady Zhao and Lady Nie and rode off with them.

趙、聶者，帝之寵姬也，及其被奪，不勝悲憤。 Zhao and Nie were his favorite concubines; when they were taken he was overcome with grief and anger.

周顯德初，有漢人自塞北而至者，言帝與後及諸子俱無恙，猶在建州，其隨從職官役使人輩，自蕃中亡歸，物故者大半矣。 Early in Xiande of Zhou, Han travelers from the northern frontier reported that the emperor, empress, and sons were still alive at Jianzhou; of the officials and servants who escaped from captivity, more than half had perished.

質，石晉末在翰林，為出帝草降表，知其事為詳。 Zhi served in the Hanlin at the end of Later Jin and drafted the Outgoing Emperor's surrender memorial, so he knew these events in detail.

記少帝初遷於黃龍府，後居於建州，凡十八年而卒。 It records that the Young Emperor was first sent to Huanglong, later lived at Jianzhou, and died after eighteen years.

《五代史補》：少主之嗣位也，契丹以不俟命而擅立； Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties: when the Young Lord took the throne, the Khitans enthroned him without their leave;

而少主方在後苑調鷹，至暮竟不召。 But the Young Lord was in the rear park training hawks and never summoned him, even by evening.

未幾，杜重威之徒降於契丹，少主遂北遷。）〉 Soon Chongwei and his men surrendered to the Khitans, and the Young Lord was driven north.)〉

史臣曰：少帝以中人之才，嗣將墜之業，屬上天不祐，仍歲大饑，尚或絕強敵之歡盟，鄙輔臣之謀略。 The historian writes: the Young Emperor, a man of middling ability, inherited a dynasty in collapse. Heaven withheld its favor and famine stalked the land year after year; yet he still broke the alliance with a powerful enemy and scorned his ministers' counsel.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 86Volume 86 Book of Later Jin 12: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 18 passages

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開運四年三月，與少帝同遷於契丹之黃龍府。 In the third month of Kaiyun 4 she was relocated with the Young Emperor to the Khitan seat at Yellow Dragon Prefecture.

帝崩，出帝即位，乃尊為皇太后。 Only after the emperor's death, when the Deposed Emperor took the throne, was she honored as empress dowager.

《契丹國志》載晉出帝降表云：「晉室皇太后媳婦李氏妾言：張彥澤、傅住兒等至，伏蒙皇帝阿翁降書安撫者。 The Khitan State Annals preserves the Deposed Emperor of Jin's surrender memorial, which reads: "The daughter-in-law of the Jin imperial house, Empress Dowager Lady Li, your handmaid, says: When Zhang Yanze, Fu Zhu'er, and the others arrived, I prostrated myself and received Your Majesty the Emperor and Grandfather's gracious letter of reassurance.

又，《帝紀》云：會同十一年正月朔，出帝、太后迎遼帝於封丘門外，帝辭不見，館於封禪寺，遣其將崔廷勛以兵守之。 The Imperial Annals also records that on the new moon of the first month in the eleventh year of Tonghui, the Deposed Emperor and the empress dowager welcomed the Liao emperor outside the Fengqiu Gate; the emperor declined to see them, lodged them at the Fengchan Temple, and dispatched his general Cui Tingxun with troops to guard them.

少帝陰祈守者，乃稍得食。 The Young Emperor secretly appealed to the guards, and so they were gradually able to get food.

遼降少帝為光祿大夫，檢校太尉，封負義侯，遷於黃龍府，即慕容氏和龍城也。 The Liao demoted the Young Emperor to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Inspector-General Grand Marshal, enfeoffed him as Marquis of Unrighteousness, and relocated him to Yellow Dragon Prefecture — the Murong clan's Helong City.

帝使人謂太后曰：「吾聞爾子重貴，不從母教而至於此，可求自便，勿與俱行。」 The emperor sent someone to tell the empress dowager: "I hear your son Chonggui did not heed his mother's teaching and came to this — you may seek your own convenience; do not travel with him."

太后答曰：「重貴事妾謹慎，所失者違先君之志，絕兩國之歡。 The empress dowager replied: "Chonggui has served me with care; what was lost was going against the late sovereign's will and severing friendship between our two states.

然重貴此去，幸蒙大惠，全身保家，母不隨子，欲何所歸？」 Yet if Chonggui goes hence, fortunately receiving great kindness and preserving body and house — if a mother does not follow her son, whither would she go?"

子延煦延寶，舉族從晉侯而北。 together with the sons Yanxu and Yanbao, the whole clan followed the Marquis of Jin northward.

天祿元年四月，帝至遼陽，晉侯白衣紗帽與太后、皇后上謁於帳中。 In the fourth month of the first year of Tianlu the emperor reached Liaoyang; the Marquis of Jin, in white robes and gauze cap, together with the empress dowager and empress, paid homage inside the tent.

五月，帝上陘，取晉侯所從宦者十五人、東西班十五人及皇子延煦而去。 In the fifth month, as the emperor ascended the pass, he took fifteen of the Marquis of Jin's attendants, fifteen men from the eastern and western shifts, and the imperial son Yanxu.

二年，徙晉侯、太后於建州。 In the second year, the Marquis of Jin and the empress dowager were relocated to Jianzhou.

病亟，謂晉侯曰：「吾死，焚其骨送范陽佛寺，無使吾為邊地鬼也。」）〉 As her illness became critical, she told the Marquis of Jin: "When I die, burn my bones and send them to a Buddhist monastery in Fanyang — do not let me become a ghost of the borderlands." )〉

生出帝，帝立，尊為皇太妃。 She bore the Deposed Emperor; when he took the throne, she was honored as Grand Imperial Consort.

《契丹國志》云：天祿二年春二月，徙晉侯、太后於建州，中途安太妃卒，遺命晉侯曰：「焚骨為灰，南向揚之，庶幾遺魂得返中國也。」）〉 The Khitan State Annals records that in the second month of spring of the second year of Tianlu, when the Marquis of Jin and the empress dowager were relocated to Jianzhou, Grand Consort An died en route; her dying charge to the Marquis of Jin was: "Burn my bones to ash and scatter them southward — perhaps my lingering soul may return to China.")〉

考薛史《少帝紀》云：追冊故妃張氏為皇后。 According to Xue's History, Annals of the Young Emperor, the late consort Lady Zhang was posthumously invested as empress.

《張從訓傳》亦云，高祖鎮太原，為少帝娶從訓長女為妃。）〉 The Biography of Zhang Congxun also records that when Gaozu was posted at Taiyuan, he took Congxun's eldest daughter as consort for the Young Emperor.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 87Volume 87 Book of Later Jin 13: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 9 passages

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少帝即位，加同平章事。 When Emperor Shaodi took the throne, he was made concurrent grand councilor.

《少帝紀》：開運三年十二月，前曹州節度使石赟死，帝之堂叔也。 The Annals of the Young Emperor: in the twelfth month of Kaiyun 3, former Cao military commissioner Shi Yun died; he was the emperor's paternal uncle.

《通鑒·齊王紀》：高帝少弟重胤早卒。）〉 The Comprehensive Mirror, Annals of the Prince of Qi: Gaozu's youngest brother Chongyin died young.)〉

天福七年，追封沂王，少帝嗣位，改封楚王。 In Tianfu 7 he was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Yi; when Emperor Shaodi succeeded, his title was changed to Prince of Chu.

重信有子二人，皆幼，長於公宮，及少帝北遷，不知其所終。 Chongxin had two sons, both still young and raised in the palace. When Emperor Shaodi was removed northward, their ultimate fate was unknown.

高祖崩，道與侍衛馬步都虞候景延廣議，以國家多難，宜立長君，乃奉齊王重貴為嗣。 When Gaozu died, Dao discussed with Jing Yanguang, chief of the palace guards infantry and cavalry, that the state faced many difficulties and a mature ruler should be installed; they thereupon enthroned Prince Chonggui of Qi as successor.

《歐陽史》云：從出帝北遷，不知其所終。）〉 The Ouyang History says that when he followed the deposed emperor northward, his ultimate fate was unknown.)〉

〈（《五代會要》云：延煦，少帝長子，遙領陜西節度使。 (The Institutions of the Five Dynasties says Yanxu was Emperor Shaodi's eldest son and held in absentia the post of military commissioner of Shaanxi.

〈（《五代會要》：延寶，少帝次子，遙領魯州節度使。 (The Institutions of the Five Dynasties: Yanbao was Emperor Shaodi's second son and held in absentia the post of military commissioner of Lu.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 96Volume 96 Book of Later Jin 22: Biographies 11: Kong Chongbi, Chen Baoji, Wang Yu, Zhang Jizuo, Zhen Ruan, Hu Rao, Liu Suiqing, Fang Gao, Meng Chenghui, Liu Jixun, Zheng Shouyi, Cheng Xun, Li Yu, Zheng Xuansu, Ma Zhongji, Chen Xuan · 6 passages

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七年，少帝嗣位，加右領軍衛上將軍，仍賜竭誠翊戴保節功臣。 In the seventh year, when the young emperor succeeded, he was made general of the right army guard and granted the title of meritorious minister for devoted loyalty in supporting the throne and preserving integrity.

及少帝嗣位，以植性纖巧，善於希旨，復與權臣宦官密相表裏，凡朝廷恩澤美使，必承誨為之，一歲之中，數四不已。 When the young emperor succeeded, because of his subtle, crafty nature and skill at reading intentions, he again worked in secret concert with powerful officials and eunuchs; every grace mission or favor-bearing embassy from the court went through Chenghui, several times within a single year without cease.

及契丹入汴，張彥澤引兵逼宮城，少帝召承誨計之，承誨匿身不赴。 When the Khitans entered Bian, Zhang Yanzhe led troops to press the palace walls. The young emperor summoned Chenghui to counsel him, but Chenghui hid himself and did not come.

少帝既出宮，寓於開封府舍，具以承誨背恩之事告彥澤，令捕而殺之，其妻女並配部族。 After the young emperor left the palace and lodged at the Kaifeng prefectural offices, he fully told Yanzhe of Chenghui's betrayal of favor and ordered him captured and killed; his wife and daughters were both assigned to tribal peoples.

始少帝與契丹絕好，繼勛亦預其謀，及契丹主至闕，繼勛自鎮來朝，契丹責之。 When the young emperor broke with the Khitans, Jixun had helped plan it. When the Khitan ruler reached the capital, Jixun came from his post to court, and the Khitans rebuked him.

時馮道在側，繼勛事急，指道曰：「少帝在鄴，道為首相，與景延廣謀議，遂致南北失歡。 Feng Dao stood nearby. In his panic Jixun pointed at him and said, "When the young emperor was at Ye, Dao was chief minister and plotted with Jing Yanguang, which is what ruined relations between north and south.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 127Volume 127 Book of Later Zhou 29: Biographies 7: Lu Wenji, Ma Yisun, He Ning, Su Yugui, Jing Fan · 4 passages

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少帝嗣位，改太子太傅。 When the Young Emperor succeeded, he was made grand tutor of the heir.

欲預出宣敕十數道，密付開封尹鄭王，令有緩急即旋填將校姓名，令領兵擊之。」 Prepare a dozen blank edicts in secret for the Prince of Zheng as Kaifeng prefect: in crisis he can fill in commanders' names and send troops at once."

及聞唐、鄧奏報，鄭王如所敕，遣騎將李建崇、監軍焦繼勛等領兵討焉，相遇於湖陽，從進出於不意，甚訝其神速，以至於敗，由凝之力也。 When Tang and Deng reported, the Prince of Zheng did as ordered, sending Li Jianchong, Jiao Jixun, and others. They met Congjin at Huyang; caught off guard by their speed, he was defeated—Ning's doing.

少帝嗣位，加右僕射。 When the Young Emperor succeeded he was made right vice director.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 139Volume 139: Treatises 1 Astronomy · 2 passages

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少帝開運元年，九月庚午朔，日有蝕之。 In the first year of Kaiyun under the Young Emperor, on the new moon of the ninth month (gengwu), the sun was eclipsed.

少帝開運元年，三月戊子，月蝕。 In the first year of Kaiyun under the Young Emperor, on wuzi of the third month there was a lunar eclipse.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 141Volume 141: Treatises 3 Five Elements · 2 passages

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九年春，左龍武統軍皇甫遇從少帝御契丹於鄆州北，將戰之夕，有火光熒熒然，生於牙竿之上。 In the spring of the ninth year, as Left Commander of the Dragon Martial Guard Huangfu Yu accompanied the Young Emperor to face the Khitans north of Yan Prefecture, flickering firelight appeared on the eve of battle atop the command pennant staff.

晉開運元年七月一日，少帝御明德門，宣赦改元。 On the first day of the seventh month of the first year of Kaiyun of Later Jin, the Young Emperor appeared at Mingde Gate, proclaimed an amnesty, and changed the reign title.

History of Liao, Chapter 55Volume 55 Treatises 25: Ceremonial Guards 1 · 1 passage

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於是舉渤海，立敬瑭，破重貴，盡致周、秦、兩漢、隋、唐文物之遺餘而居有之。 He then subjugated Bohai, installed Shi Jingtang, defeated Shi Chonggui, and gathered into his possession the surviving regalia and artifacts of Zhou, Qin, both Han dynasties, Sui, and Tang.

History of Liao, Chapter 75Volume 75 Biographies 5: Yelu Dilie, Yelu Duozhen, Wang Yu, Yelu Tulujiong · 1 passage

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從討石重貴，杜重威擁十萬餘眾拒滹沱橋，力戰數日，不得進。 In the campaign against Shi Chonggui, Du Chongwei held more than a hundred thousand men at the Hutuo bridge; after days of fierce fighting the army could not break through.

History of Liao, Chapter 76Volume 76 Biographies 6: Yelu Jieli, Yelu Balide, Yelu Shuogu, Yelu Lubugu, Zhao Yanshou, Gao Mohan, Zhao Siwen, Yelu Oulisi, Zhang Li · 4 passages

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既入汴，解裏等遷晉主重貴於開封府。 Once they had entered Bian, Jieli and his party relocated the Jin emperor Chonggui to Kaifeng prefecture.

會同七年，討石重貴，拔裏得進圍德州，下之，擒刺史師居璠等二十七人。 In the seventh year of Huitong, during the campaign against Shi Chonggui, Balide advanced to besiege Dezhou, captured the city, and took the prefect Shi Jufan and twenty-seven others prisoner.

時晉主石重貴渝盟，帝親征，晉將杜重威擁眾拒滹沱。 When the Jin emperor Shi Chonggui broke the alliance, the emperor marched in person; the Jin general Du Chongwei massed his troops to block the army at the Hutuo.

八年，再伐晉，晉主遣延壽族人趙行實以書來招。 In the eighth year the army marched against Jin again; the Jin ruler sent Yanshou's kinsman Zhao Xingshi with a letter inviting him to defect.

History of Liao, Chapter 77Volume 77 Biographies 7: Yelu Wuzhi, Yelu Hou, Yelu Antuan, Yelu Wa, Yelu Tuiyu, Yelu Talie · 1 passage

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時晉主石重貴表不稱臣，辭多踞慢，吼言晉罪不可不伐。 At that time the Jin ruler Shi Chonggui sent a memorial in which he refused to style himself a subject; his language was openly arrogant. Hou argued that Jin's offense could not go unanswered by war.

History of Liao, Chapter 86Volume 86 Biographies 16: Yelu Hezhu, Liu Jing, Liu Liufu, Ye Luniaolu, Niu Wenshu, Du Fang, Xiao Heshang, Yelu Helizhi, Yelu Pode · 1 passage

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我嗣聖皇帝俘石重貴，至今興中有石家寨。 Our Emperor Shizong took Shi Chonggui prisoner, and to this day Xingzhong has a Shijia Stockade to prove it.

History of Liao, Chapter 87Volume 87 Biographies 17: · 1 passage

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嗣聖皇帝仆唐立晉，後以重貴叛，長驅入汴，鑾馭始旋，反來侵軼。 The Succeeding Sage Emperor overthrew Tang and established Jin; later, when Chonggui rebelled, he marched deep into Bian, and scarcely had the imperial carriage returned when raids came in turn.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 8Volume 8 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu · 3 passages

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十二月丙子，封子重貴為鄭王。 On bingzi of the twelfth month his son Chonggui was made Prince of Zheng.

八月壬辰，如鄴都，開封尹鄭王重貴留守東京，宣徽南院使張從恩東京內外兵馬都監。 On renchen he traveled to Ye. Prince of Zheng Chonggui, Kaifeng metropolitan magistrate, stayed to guard the Eastern Capital; Zhang Cong’en of the Southern Palace Bureau took overall command of its inner and outer forces.

十二月丙戌朔，鄭王重貴為廣晉尹，徙封齊王。 On the bingxu new moon of the twelfth month Prince of Zheng Chonggui became Guangjin metropolitan magistrate and was re-enfeoffed as Prince of Qi.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 9Volume 9 Later Jin Annals 2: the Emperor That Fled · 18 passages

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