Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)

Overview

Emperor Taizong of Liao was an emperor of Liao.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Yelü Deguang	耶律德光	Yelü Deguang
Posthumous name	Succeeding Sage Emperor	嗣聖皇帝	Sìshèng huángdì

Life and dates

Death

AD 947 夏四月丁丑
At Luancheng 欒城
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 1
AD 947 天福十二年四月丙子
At Luancheng 欒城
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 40
AD 947 是月，太宗崩
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 44
Expression died at Luancheng 至欒城崩 · At Luancheng 欒城
Directly stated · History of Liao 76, passage 153
Died
Directly stated · History of Liao 103, passage 136
AD 947
At Luancheng
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 11

Show 1 more source-backed claim

At Luancheng 欒城
Directly stated · History of Liao 113, passage 15

Attested activity

AD 947 太宗大同元年
Directly stated · History of Liao 44, passage 50
AD 938 天顯十三年
Directly stated · History of Liao 36, passages 9, 55
AD 941 會同四年
Directly stated · History of Liao 61, passage 60
AD 926 AD 926-947
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 30, passage 196
AD 928 to AD 947 Chronology stated or entailed by s0184, s0011
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 11, 184
AD 940 三年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 58, passages 36, 64; History of Liao 59, passages 16, 19

Show 72 more source-backed claims

AD 947 三月
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 58, passages 38, 41
AD 947 九月壬子朔
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 16
AD 947 二月朔
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 58, passages 38, 40
AD 947 入汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 76, passages 19, 153
AD 945 八年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 59, passages 16, 20
AD 943 六年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 58, passages 37, 64
AD 936 及重圍晉陽
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218, 220, 249
AD 936 唐石敬瑭反於河東
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 229
AD 947 嗣聖皇帝仆唐立晉
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 87, passage 141
AD 947 四月
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 58, passages 38, 43
AD 947 夏四月丁丑
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 1
AD 947 大同元年
Directly stated · History of Liao 42, passage 228; History of Liao 54, passage 193; History of Liao 67, passage 8
AD 947 大同元年正月朔
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passage 112; History of Liao 58, passage 38
AD 947 天福十二年；卒於欒城
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 40
AD 924 天贊三年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passage 101
AD 923 天贊二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passages 60, 68
AD 923 天贊二年
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 70
AD 922 天贊元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passage 59
AD 925 天贊四年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passages 122, 139
AD 926 天顯元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passages 168, 186, 218; History of Liao 72, passages 21, 115; History of Liao 75, passage 13
AD 929 天顯四年
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 21
AD 926 to AD 947 太宗
Directly stated · History of Liao 31, passages 24, 43
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗
Directly stated · History of Liao 35, passages 6, 8; History of Liao 67, passage 257
AD 927 to AD 936 太宗伐唐、晉以前
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 16
AD 947 太宗克晉
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 49, passage 20
AD 947 太宗入晉之後
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 16
AD 946 太宗入汴
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 85, passage 83
AD 947 太宗入汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 103, passage 3
AD 947 太宗入汴
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 108, passage 64
AD 946 太宗入汴受冊禮
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 79, passage 6
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗兼制中國
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 12
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗制中國
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passage 7
AD 927 太宗即位
Directly stated · History of Liao 33, passage 239; History of Liao 58, passage 62; History of Liao 76, passage 16
AD 947 太宗崩
Directly stated · History of Liao 103, passage 136
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗幸幽州大悲閣
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 49, passage 65
AD 926 to AD 947 太宗得燕
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 60, passage 3
AD 926 to AD 947 太宗撫有燕薊
Directly stated · History of Liao 105, passage 3
AD 926 to AD 947 太宗時
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 108, passage 13
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗時
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 78, passage 22
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗時制
Directly stated · History of Liao 61, passage 38
AD 939 太宗會同二年
Directly stated · History of Liao 33, passage 22
AD 938 太宗會同元年
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 64
AD 938 太宗會同初
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 16
AD 926 to AD 947 太宗朝
Directly stated · History of Liao 74, passage 68
AD 947 太宗破晉北歸
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 57, passage 14
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗籍五京戶丁
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 59, passage 70
AD 927 太宗置五冶太師
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 60, passage 32
AD 927 to AD 947 太祖、太宗經理疆土
Directly stated · History of Liao 61, passage 12
AD 946 契丹犯京师
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passages 37, 88
AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 190-205
AD 947 是月，太宗崩
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 44
AD 939 晉天福四年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 42, passage 230
AD 938 晉高祖使馮道、劉煦冊應天太后、太宗皇帝
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 54, passage 72
AD 940 會同三年
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passages 20, 22
AD 938 to AD 947 會同中
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passages 57-58
AD 946 會同九年
Directly stated · History of Liao 57, passage 65; History of Liao 76, passage 7
AD 946 會同九年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 113, passage 139
AD 938 會同元年
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 118
AD 938 會同元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 56, passage 28
AD 947 會同元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 86, passage 157
AD 938 會同初
Directly stated · History of Liao 34, passage 35; History of Liao 60, passage 18
AD 938 會同初
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 73, passage 113; History of Liao 113, passages 8, 11
AD 936 to AD 947 立敬瑭，破重貴
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 55, passage 3
AD 936 紀年語境（天福1年）
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 33
AD 927 to AD 947 自太宗始也
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 49, passage 139
AD 927 to AD 947 至太宗時
Directly stated · History of Liao 61, passage 59
AD 936 to AD 947 至於太宗，立晉以要冊禮
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 31
AD 947 辛卯（晉開運四年正月）
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 58-59
AD 936 送高祖至潞州
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 148
AD 947 遼太宗入汴
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 78, passage 31
AD 947 開運四年；呼之為兒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 20
AD 936 高祖即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passages 11-12

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Parent of Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
adoptive father and son 父子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 34
Sibling of Yelü Bei (突欲)
brother 兄弟 · Full siblings
elder brother 兄 · Full siblings
Sources vary in certainty · History of Liao 2, passages 59, 152; History of Liao 72, passages 19, 115
Spouse of Empress Jing'an (靖安皇后)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · History of Liao 67, passage 257
Child of Emperor Taizu of Liao (遼太祖)
father 父
prince 皇子
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passages 52-53; History of Liao 75, passage 70
Sibling of Li Hu (李胡)
imperial younger brother 太弟 · Uncertain siblings
Imperial Younger Brother 皇太弟
Directly stated · History of Liao 5, passage 4; History of Liao 58, passage 43
Child of Mother of Deguang (德光之母)
mother 母
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 224, 227
Child of Shulu (舒嚕氏)
mother 母
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 34
Child of Taizu (太祖)
prince 皇子
Directly stated · History of Liao 2, passage 59
Parent of Emperor Muzong (穆宗)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 179
Kin of Mada (麻答)
younger cousin 從弟 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 60

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Ethnicity Khitan 契丹
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 2, passage 59; History of Liao 34, passages 34-35; History of Liao 49, passage 20
Khitan 契丹
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 59, passages 2, 16; New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 58
Value Khitan 契丹
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218, 222

Career and standing

Grand Marshal of All Armies and Horses 天下兵馬大元帥
Appointed
Directly stated · History of Liao 2, passage 59
Grand Master of the Five Smelteries 五冶太師
AD 927 太宗置五冶太師 · Established
Directly stated · History of Liao 60, passage 32
augmented posthumous title 增謚
Received
Directly stated · History of Liao 14, passage 204
Held
Emperor
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passages 7, 112
Chinese-style dress 漢服
AD 947 太宗入晉之後 · Used Han dress
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 16
Executed Qin Jimin and Li Yanshen and confiscated their estates
Targets Qin Jimin (秦繼旻), Li Yanzhen (李彥紳)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 10

Show 6 more source-backed claims

As emperor 即位
Directly stated · History of Liao 33, passage 239
AD 926 大元帥即皇帝位
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passage 21
AD 926 to AD 938 天顯
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 113, passage 139
AD 927 太宗即位
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 62
Expression came to the throne 即位
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 13
AD 926
Derived from the source · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 185

Places and affiliations

AD 936 帝即位之年乃丙申也
Polity Khitan 契丹 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218, 222, 249
Polities liao, Khitan
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 185
Polity Khitan 契丹 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 11
Polity Id liao · Relation Associated with
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 78, passage 31
Polity Id liao · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passages 21, 115
Polity Id liao · Relation Ruled or served
Directly stated · History of Liao 33, passage 22

Show 14 more source-backed claims

Polity Id liao · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · History of Liao 5, passage 1; History of Liao 12, passage 59; History of Liao 31, passage 24; History of Liao 34, passages 4, 35; History of Liao 35, passage 6; History of Liao 36, passages 9, 55; History of Liao 42, passage 228; History of Liao 44, passage 50; History of Liao 49, passage 20; History of Liao 54, passages 20, 193; History of Liao 55, passages 2, 16, 118; History of Liao 56, passages 7, 112; History of Liao 57, passages 14, 65; History of Liao 59, passage 16; History of Liao 60, passage 3; History of Liao 61, passage 12; History of Liao 78, passage 22; History of Liao 79, passage 6; History of Liao 87, passage 141; History of Liao 108, passages 13, 64; New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 58
Polity Id liao · Relation Served
Directly stated · History of Liao 14, passage 112; History of Liao 58, passage 12; History of Liao 67, passage 8; History of Liao 73, passage 113; History of Liao 74, passage 68; History of Liao 75, passage 13; History of Liao 103, passage 3; History of Liao 105, passage 3; History of Liao 113, passage 139
Polity Id liao · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 67, passage 257
AD 947 九月壬子朔
At Huai Mausoleum 懷陵 · Relation Buried at
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 16
AD 947 大同元年
At Bianjing 汴京 · Relation Operated at
Directly stated · History of Liao 42, passage 228
AD 947 大同元年
At Central Capital 中京 · Relation Relocated to
Directly stated · History of Liao 42, passage 228
At Bianjing 汴 · Relation Entered
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passages 31, 38
At Central Capital 中京 · Relation Associated with
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 44, passages 50-51
At Central Capital 中京 · Relation Ordered dispatch to
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 193
At Chongyuan Hall 崇元殿 · Relation Ascended
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passages 38, 40
At Mount Muye 木葉山 · Relation Built temple at
Directly stated · History of Liao 49, passage 65
At tomb thirty li south of Huaizhou 懷州南三十里 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · History of Liao 31, passage 48
At Youzhou 幽州 · Relation Visited
Directly stated · History of Liao 49, passage 65
Organization great-tent pishi army 大帳皮室軍 · Relation Founder of
Directly stated · History of Liao 35, passages 6, 8

Works and attributed material

Stele of Taizong's Divine Merit 太宗神功碑
Relation Subject of
Directly stated · History of Liao 24, passage 15
Levied troops warned against harming crops
Edict · Issuer
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 24
Ordered agriculture and sericulture
Edict · Issuer
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 17
AD 947 辛卯（晉開運四年正月）
Speech · Speaker · With Empress Dowager (太后) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 59
testament proclaimed by Wuyu
Designated Successor Emperor Shizong (世宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 25
Edict · Author · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 190-204

Show 9 more source-backed claims

Edict · Author
Directly stated · History of Liao 73, passages 113, 118-119
court assemblies and daily conduct proceeded according to ritual
Report · Author · With Li Hu (李胡)
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 43
此都軍甚操剌…無大故勿棄之
Speech · Speaker · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 148
Speech · Speaker · With He Fu (何福) · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 220
Speech · Speaker · With Zhao Yanshou (趙延壽)
Directly stated · History of Liao 76, passage 184
Speech · Speaker · With Han Yanhui (韓延徽) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · History of Liao 74, passage 83
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Emperor Taizong of Liao (遼太宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 229
Speech · Speaker · Quote true
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 50
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 124

Events and relationships

Adopted
AD 947 太宗克晉，稍用漢禮 · Ritual · Adopter · Object Han Chinese rites 漢禮
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 49, passage 20
Attacked Youzhou
Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passages 68-69
Began
AD 927 to AD 947 自太宗始也 · Ritual · Institutor · Object birthday and death-anniversary portrait rites for late emperor and empress 先帝、先後生辰及忌辰行禮
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 49, passage 139
Brought Yan Ji under rule
Military · Conqueror
Directly stated · History of Liao 105, passage 3
Buried at Mount Muye
Event buried at Mount Muye · Historical event
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 57, 120
Campaigned against
AD 946 會同九年，太宗伐晉 · Military · Commander · Other Later Jin 晉
Directly stated · History of Liao 57, passage 65

Show 76 more source-backed claims

Captured Shi Chonggui
Military · Captor · With Shi Chonggui (石重貴)
Directly stated · History of Liao 86, passage 157
Captured Qingzhou
Military · Commander · With Ma Yinqing (胤卿)
Directly stated · History of Liao 105, passages 72-73
Changed court dress to brocade robe and gold belt
Ritual · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passages 21, 27
Collected and relocated calendrical specialists
AD 947 大同元年 · Administrative · Actor · At from Bianjing to the Central Capital 自晉汴京遷於中京
Directly stated · History of Liao 42, passage 228
Conquered
AD 947 太宗克晉 · Military · Commander · Object Jin 晉
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 49, passage 20
Consented to Yanmen Youzhou cession and yearly silk
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Diplomatic · Recipient · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 249
Defeated Later Jin and returned north
AD 947 太宗破晉北歸 · Military · Victor · At Bian palace 汴宮
Directly stated · History of Liao 57, passage 14
Defeated
AD 946 to AD 947 破重貴 · Military · Commander · With Shi Chonggui (石重貴)
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 55, passage 3
Demoted and exiled
AD 947 辛卯（晉開運四年正月） · Political · Authority · With Chonggui (重貴) · At Huanglong Prefecture 黃龍府
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 58
Destroyed and established
AD 938 會同初 · Political · Ruler · At Tang and Jin 唐…晉 · Outcome Jin offered sixteen prefectures of Yan and Dai
Directly stated · History of Liao 34, passage 35
Dreamed divine man and black rabbit
AD 936 唐石敬瑭反於河東 · Dream · Dreamer · Mode dream Source Work Record of Strange Events 紀異錄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 222-223, 225
Entered Bian and carried off the imperial carriage, court regalia, and stone classics
Historical allusion
Directly stated · History of Jin 78, passage 31
Entered Bian and received investiture rites
AD 946 太宗入汴受冊禮 · Ritual · Sovereign · At Bian 汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 79, passage 6
Entered Bianjing and took Jin books and ritual vessels north
Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Liao 103, passage 3
Entered through Yanmen and defeated Zhang Jingda's Tang army
AD 936 天福元年九月 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Jingda (張敬達)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 33
Entered Bian
Military · Commander · At Bian 汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 108, passage 64
Entered Bianjing and seized ritual regalia
Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 31
Entered capital
Military · Invader
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passages 37, 88
Entered Jin and received court congratulations
AD 947 大同元年正月朔 · Diplomatic · Ruler · At Chongyuan Hall, Bianjing 汴京崇元殿
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passage 112
Entered Jin capital
AD 947 太宗入晉 · Political · Actor · At Jin 晉
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 16
Enthroned
AD 936 立敬瑭 · Political · Installer · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 55, passage 3
Established pishi army
Institutional · Founder · Detail Selected finest armor-bearers as the pishi army 益選天下精甲，置諸爪牙為皮室軍
Directly stated · History of Liao 35, passages 6, 8
Established xi chancellors and changgun
Administrative · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 33, passage 239
Yongxing Palace 永興宮
AD 926 to AD 947 永興宮 · Institutional · Founder · Established · Organization Guoalian orudo 國阿輦斡魯朵
Directly stated · History of Liao 31, passage 43
Feasted ministers asked state affairs
AD 945 八年 · Political · Ruler · At Red Mountain 赤山
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 20
Fixed four capitals renamed Shangjing
AD 938 乃定四京，改皇都為上京 · Political · Ruler · At Shangjing 上京
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 36, passages 9, 55
Gained Hejian sea salt
AD 938 會同初 · Diplomatic · Beneficiary · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · History of Liao 60, passage 18
Governed China
Political · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passage 7
Granted banquet
AD 940 會同三年 · Diplomatic · Host · With Wang Tuo (王朓) · At side hall 便殿
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passages 20-21
Granted dress to aged ranked ministers
AD 938 會同元年 · Political · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passage 28
Granted Heli Luju lands for cultivation
AD 940 三年 · Administrative · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 19
Han law for Bohai
Legal · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 61, passage 59
Installed Later Jin to demand investiture
Political · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 31
Instituted wooden sword and club
Legal · Lawgiver
Directly stated · History of Liao 61, passages 38-39
Invested
AD 938 晉高祖使馮道、劉煦冊應天太后、太宗皇帝 · Ritual · Honoree · With Shulu (舒嚕氏)
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 72
Obtained the Jin dynasty's calendrical instruments, water clock, and armillary sphere
AD 947 大同元年 · Political · Recipient · Obtained instruments · At Central Capital 中京
Directly stated · History of Liao 44, passages 50-51
Obtained jin court music apparatus
AD 947 大同元年 · Political · Actor · At Bian 汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 193
Obtained
Acquisition · Acquirer · With Wang Bai (王白) · At Bian 汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 108, passage 64
Obtained
Acquisition · Acquirer · With Wei Lin (魏璘) · At Bian 汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 108, passage 16
Ordered native dances
AD 940 會同三年端午日 · Diplomatic · Host
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 22
Ordered outer guard regalia sent ahead
AD 947 三月 · Administrative · Ruler · At Zhongjing Zhenyang 中京鎮陽
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 41
Ordered settlement in Wugu
AD 939 太宗會同二年 · Administrative · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 33, passage 22
Overthrew Later Jin and entered Bian
AD 947 · Event overthrew Later Jin and entered Bian · Historical event
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 9, 186
Pacified Jin
AD 938 太宗定晉 · Military · Commander · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 36, passages 9, 55
Performed entering pavilion rite
AD 940 三年 · Ritual · Ruler · At Yuanhe Hall 元和殿
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 36
Personally led tribes to relieve Jinyang
AD 936 及重圍晉陽 · Military · Commander · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218-219
Placed flags drums spirit banners before hall
Ritual · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 62
Prepared eastern hunt
AD 938 會同初 · Ritual · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 16
Punished poison plot
Legal · Judge
Directly stated · History of Liao 61, passage 60
Put down rebellions
Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passage 17
Raided Xiang
Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passages 122, 125
Received court congratulation
AD 947 二月朔 · Ritual · Ruler · At Chongyuan Hall 崇元殿
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 40
Received court congratulation
AD 947 大同元年正月朔 · Ritual · Ruler · At Chongyuan Hall 崇元殿
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 38
Received honorific titles
AD 938 會同元年 · Political · Recipient
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 118
Registered Five Capitals household males for taxes
Administrative · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 70
Renamed Eastern Capital
AD 938 天顯十三年 · Political · Ruler · At Eastern Capital 東京
Directly stated · History of Liao 36, passage 55
Returned north and adopted Tang Jin institutions
AD 947 是年 · Political · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 56, passage 113
Seized Yan established Southern Capital
AD 926 to AD 947 太宗得燕 · Military · Conqueror · At Yan 燕
Directly stated · History of Liao 60, passage 3
Settled Oukun shilie opened Haile farmland
Administrative · Ruler
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 18
Subjugated
AD 926 to AD 947 舉渤海 · Military · Commander · At Bohai 渤海
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 55, passage 3
Suppressed Nanhai Dingli
Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passages 168-169
Took Pingzhou
Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passage 60
Took Tiezhou
Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passage 172
Viewed Diagram of Escort Ceremonial Guards
AD 940 三年 · Ritual · Viewer · At Jizhou 薊州
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 36
Visited and enshrined
AD 927 to AD 947 太宗幸幽州大悲閣 · Ritual · Actor · At Youzhou / Mount Muye 幽州 / 木葉山 · Object white-robed Guanyin as household deity 白衣觀音像為家神
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 49, passage 65
Visited Yan with full imperial equipage
AD 940 三年 · Travel · Ruler · At Yan 燕
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 36
Visited Yan with full imperial equipage
AD 943 六年 · Travel · Ruler · At Yan 燕
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 37
Visited
AD 929 天顯四年 · Travel · Ruler · At Liaoyang Prefecture 遼陽府
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 21
Withdrew
AD 947 大同元年 · Military · Ruler · At Bian/Kaifeng 汴
Directly stated · History of Liao 67, passage 8
AD 936 及重圍晉陽
Relation Aid giver to · Person Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 218-219, 247
Relation Political father of · Person Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭) · 晋以恩故始则父子一家
Directly stated · History of Liao 36, passages 9, 218
Relation Patron of · Person Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 20
Relation Successor of · Person Emperor Taizu of Liao (遼太祖)
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 34, passages 20, 35
Relation Successor of · Person Emperor Taizu of Liao (遼太祖)
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passage 21
Relation Loved as son · Person Wuyu (兀欲)
Directly stated · History of Liao 5, passage 40
Relation Captor of · Person Chonggui (重貴)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 58

Assessments and attributes

Assessment deeply-persuaded-by-advice-to-cherish-the-people · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · History of Liao 59, passage 23
Assessment priorities shown by seizing ritual regalia ahead of holding territory · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 32
AD 952 詔用太宗舊寶
Item Taizong's former seal 太宗舊寶 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · History of Liao 57, passage 15
AD 947 太宗破晉北歸，得於汴宮
Item jade seal 玉印 · Relation Obtained · At Bian palace 汴宮
Directly stated · History of Liao 57, passage 14
AD 946 會同九年
Item imperial transmission seal 傳國寶 · Relation Received
Directly stated · History of Liao 57, passage 65
AD 938 會同元年
Item Son of Heaven chariots and attire 天子車服 · Relation Received
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passages 118-119

Show 4 more source-backed claims

Item imperial ritual regalia since Qin and Han 秦漢以來帝王文物 · Relation Acquired
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 33
Item Jin Court of Imperial Sacrifices music score, suspended bells, and music stands 晉太常樂譜、宮懸、樂架 · Relation Obtained
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 193
Item musical instruments, musicians, and imperial regalia 聲器、工官與法駕 · Relation Received
Directly stated · History of Liao 54, passage 72
Item surviving regalia of Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang 周、秦、兩漢、隋、唐文物之遺餘 · Relation Possessed
Directly stated · History of Liao 55, passage 3

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · History of Liao 14, passage 112; History of Liao 34, passage 35; History of Liao 44, passage 50; History of Liao 55, passage 2; History of Liao 60, passage 3; New History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 58
came to aid without silks, pearls, or gold, like an echo answering a sound
AD 936 及重圍晉陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 219
Fact adopted Tianxian in his third regnal year and Huitong in year eleven
Derived from the source · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 182, 184-186
The great-tent pishi army he established numbered three hundred thousand riders 大帳皮室軍：太宗置，凡三十萬騎
Directly stated · History of Liao 35, passage 8

References in the histories

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History

181 passages

History of Jin, Chapter 78Volume 78 Biographies 16: Liu Yanzong and His Sons E and Kuo; Kuo's Son Zhonghui; Liu Yi; Shi Liai; Han Qixian and His Son Duo · 1 passage

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遼太宗入汴，載路車、法服、石經以歸，皆令則也。」 When the Liao Taizong took Bian he brought back the imperial carriage, court regalia, and stone classics—all worthy precedents."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 75Volume 75 Book of Later Jin 1: Gaozu Annals 1 · 5 passages

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及重圍晉陽，帝遣心腹何福輕騎求援北蕃，蕃主自將諸部赴之。 When Jinyang was heavily besieged, the Emperor sent his trusted man He Fu with light cavalry to seek aid from the northern tribes. The Khitan ruler personally led his tribes to come.

〈（《契丹國志》引《紀異錄》云：契丹主德光常晝寢，夢一神人花冠美姿容，輜梅甚盛，忽自天而下，衣白衣，佩金帶，執钅骨钅朵，有異人十二隨其後，內一黑兔入德光懷而失之。 (The 《Khitan State Annals》 cites the 《Record of Strange Events》: The Khitan ruler Deguang often napped by day and dreamed of a divine man with a flowered crown and beautiful countenance, with a very splendid covered carriage, who suddenly descended from Heaven, wore white robes, bore a golden belt, and grasped a mace. Twelve strange men followed behind him, and among them a black rabbit entered Deguang's bosom and vanished.

神人語德光曰：「石郎使人喚汝，汝須去。」 The divine man said to Deguang: "Master Shi has sent men to summon you. You must go."

未浹旬，唐石敬瑭反於河東，為後唐張敬達所敗，亟遣趙瑩持表重賂，許割燕雲，求兵為援，契丹主曰：「我非為石郎興師，乃奉天帝敕使也。」）〉 Before ten days had passed, Tang's Shi Jingtang rebelled in Hedong, was defeated by Later Tang's Zhang Jingda, and urgently sent Zhao Ying with a memorial and heavy bribes, promising to cede Yan and Yun and seeking troops as aid. The Khitan ruler said, "I do not raise troops for Master Shi. I obey the Heavenly Emperor's command.".)〉

是日，帝言於契丹主，願以雁門已北及幽州之地為戎王壽，仍約歲輸帛三十萬，戎王許之。 That day the Emperor spoke to the Khitan ruler, offering the lands north of Yanmen and Youzhou as a gift for the Khitan ruler's longevity and agreeing to deliver three hundred thousand bolts of silk yearly. The Khitan ruler consented.

History of Liao, Chapter 2Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 15 passages

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十一月壬寅，命皇子堯骨為天下兵馬大元帥，略地薊北。 In the eleventh month, on renyin day, the Emperor named Prince Yaogu Grand Marshal of All Armies and Horses and sent him to overrun the country north of Ji.

二年春正月丙申，大元帥堯骨克平州，獲刺史趙思溫、裨將張崇。 In the second year, on bingchen day in the first month of spring, Grand Marshal Yaogu took Pingzhou, capturing Prefect Zhao Siwen and Assistant General Zhang Chong.

癸丑，命堯骨攻幽州，迭剌部夷離覿烈徇山西地。 On guichou day Yaogu was ordered to attack Youzhou, while Diela branch yilijin Dilie overran the Shanxi region.

庚申，堯骨軍幽州東，節度使符存審遣人出戰，敗之，擒其將裴信父子。 On gengshen day Yaogu's army reached east of Youzhou; Military Governor Fu Cunshen sent troops out to give battle; they were beaten, and General Pei Xin and his son were taken prisoner.

閏月庚辰，堯骨抵鎮州。 In the intercalary month, on gengchen day, Yaogu reached Zhenzhou.

五月戊午，堯骨師還。 In the fifth month, on wuwu day, Yaogu's army returned.

六月乙酉，召皇后、皇太子、大元帥及二宰相、諸部頭等詔曰； On yiyou day in the sixth month the Emperor summoned the Empress, Crown Prince, Grand Marshal, the two Chancellors, and chiefs of the various tribes and proclaimed an edict, saying:

詔皇太子監國，大元帥堯骨從行。 He ordered the Crown Prince to govern in his stead and took Great Marshal Yaogu with him on the march.

二月丙寅，大元帥堯骨略項。 In the second month, on bingyin day, Great Marshal Yaogu harried the Xiang.

辛卯，堯骨獻党項俘。 On xinmao day Yaogu delivered Dangxiang prisoners to court.

皇后、皇太子、大元帥堯骨皆從。 The Empress, the Crown Prince, and Great Marshal Yaogu all went with him.

皇太子、大元帥堯骨、南府宰相蘇、北院夷離堇斜涅赤，南院夷離堇迭里是夜圍忽汗城。 That night the Crown Prince, Great Marshal Yaogu, Southern Chancellor Su, Northern Division yilijin Xie Niechi, and Southern Division yilijin Dieli invested Hurhan City.

五月辛酉，南海、定理二府復叛，大元帥堯骨討之。 In the fifth month, on xinyou day, Nanhai and Dingli rebelled once more, and Great Marshal Yaogu marched to crush them.

乙丑，堯骨攻拔鐵州。 On yichou day Yaogu invested and stormed Iron Prefecture.

壬寅，堯骨討平諸州，奔赴行在。 On renyin day Yaogu settled the remaining prefectures and raced to join the mourning camp.

History of Liao, Chapter 5Volume 5 Annals 5: Shizong · 3 passages

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夏四月丁丑，太宗崩於欒城。 In the fourth month that summer, on dingchou day, Emperor Taizong died at Luancheng.

九月壬子朔，葬嗣聖皇帝於懷陵。 On the renzi new moon of the ninth month the Succeeding Sage Emperor was interred at Huai Mausoleum.

太宗愛之如子。 Emperor Taizong loved him as his own son.

History of Liao, Chapter 12Volume 12 Annals 12: Shengzong 3 · 2 passages

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己亥，有事於太宗皇帝廟。 On jihai day the court offered rites at Emperor Taizong's temple.

丙辰，謁太宗皇帝廟。 On bingchen day the court visited Emperor Taizong's temple.

History of Liao, Chapter 14Volume 14 Annals 14: Shengzong 5 · 2 passages

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丁未，致祭於太宗皇帝廟。 On dingwei day sacrifice was performed at Emperor Taizong's temple.

秋七月，增太祖、太宗、讓國皇帝、世宗謚，仍謚皇太弟李胡曰欽順皇帝。 In the seventh autumn month the posthumous titles of Emperor Taizu, Emperor Taizong, the Emperor Who Yielded the Realm, and Emperor Shizong were augmented; Imperial Younger Brother Li Hu was also posthumously titled Emperor Qinshun.

History of Liao, Chapter 24Volume 24 Annals 24: Daozong 4 · 1 passage

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八月庚申，命有司撰《太宗神功碑》，立於南京。 On gengshen day of the eighth month the relevant offices were ordered to compose the 《Stele of Taizong's Divine Merit》 and erect it at Nanjing.

History of Liao, Chapter 30Volume 30 Annals 30: Emperor Tianzuo 4: Ye Luchun, Ye Luyali, Ye Ludashi and Son: Yilie, Yi Lie and Younger Sister: Pu Suwan, Yi Lieci and Son: Zhilugu · 2 passages

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以青牛白馬祭天，樹旗以誓于眾曰：「我大遼自太祖、太宗艱難而成帝業，其後嗣君耽樂無厭，不恤國政，盜賊蠭起，天下土崩。 With green ox and white horse he sacrificed to Heaven, raised a banner, and swore to the masses, saying, "Our Great Liao from Taizu and Taizong with hardship achieved the imperial enterprise; afterward the succeeding lords indulged without satiety, did not care for state affairs, bandits swarmed like bees, and the realm collapsed.

太祖、太宗乘百戰之勢，輯新造之邦，英謀略，可謂遠矣。 Taizu and Taizong rode the momentum of a hundred battles and gathered a newly forged state; their heroic stratagem and design may be called far-sighted indeed.

History of Liao, Chapter 31Volume 31 Treatises 1: Management of Guards 1 · 2 passages

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太祖曰弘義宮，應天皇后曰長寧宮，太宗曰永興宮，世宗曰積慶宮。 Taizu: Hongyi Palace; Empress Yingtian: Changning Palace; Taizong: Yongxing Palace; Shizong: Jiqing Palace.

國阿輦斡魯朵，太宗置。 The Guoalian orudo, established by Taizong.

History of Liao, Chapter 33Volume 33 Treatises 3: Management of Guards 3 · 2 passages

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太宗會同二年，以烏古之地水草豐美，命居之。 In Taizong Huitong year 2, because the Wugu lands had rich grass and water, they were ordered to dwell there.

太宗即位，置宰相、常袞各二員。 When Taizong took the throne, he established two chancellors and two changgun for each.

History of Liao, Chapter 34Volume 34 Treatises 4: Military 1 · 1 passage

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會同初，太宗滅唐立晉，晉獻燕、代十六州，民眾兵強，莫之能禦矣。 At the opening of Huitong the Taizong ended Tang and raised Jin; Jin surrendered Yan and Dai's sixteen prefectures—populous lands and strong armies that none could resist.

History of Liao, Chapter 35Volume 35 Treatises 5: Military 2 · 2 passages

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太宗益選天下精甲，置諸爪牙為皮室軍。 Taizong further culled the realm's finest armor-bearers and set them at claw and fang as the pishi army.

大帳皮室軍：太宗置，凡三十萬騎。 The great-tent pishi army was Taizong's creation—three hundred thousand riders in all.

History of Liao, Chapter 36Volume 36 Treatises 6: Military 3 · 2 passages

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太宗定晉，晉主石敬瑭來獻十六城，乃定四京，改皇都為上京。 When Taizong pacified Jin, Shi Jingtang of Later Jin ceded sixteen prefectures; the court then fixed four capitals and renamed the imperial seat Shangjing.

天顯十三年，太宗改為東京。 In Tianxian year 13 Taizong redesignated it the Eastern Capital.

History of Liao, Chapter 42Volume 42 Treatises 12: Celestial Phenomena 1 · 2 passages

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大同元年，太宗皇帝自晉汴京收百司僚屬伎術歷象，遷於中京，遼始有歷。 In Datong year 1 (947), Emperor Taizong gathered officials, retainers, artisans, and calendrical specialists from the Jin capital Bianjing and moved them to the Central Capital, and the Liao first acquired a state calendar.

晉天福四年，司天監馬重績奏上《乙未元曆》，號《調元曆》，太宗所收天汴是也。 In Later Jin Tianfu year 4 (939), Director of Astronomy Ma Chongji presented the Yiwei Origin Calendar, titled the Tiaoyuan Calendar—the calendar Taizong had taken from Bianjing.

History of Liao, Chapter 44Volume 44 Treatises 14: Celestial Phenomena 3 · 1 passage

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太宗大同元年，得晉歷象、刻漏、渾象。 In the first year of Datong under Emperor Taizong, the Liao obtained the Jin dynasty's calendrical instruments, water clock, and armillary sphere.

History of Liao, Chapter 49Volume 49 Treatises 19: Rites 1 · 3 passages

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太宗克晉，稍用漢禮。 After Taizong conquered the Jin territories, he gradually adopted Chinese ritual forms.

太宗幸幽州大悲閣，遷白衣觀音像，建廟木葉山，尊為家神。 Taizong visited the Great Compassion Pavilion in Youzhou, moved a white-robed image of Guanyin, built a temple on Mount Muye, and honored it as the dynastic household deity.

以先帝、先後生辰及忌辰行禮，自太宗始也。 Performing rites on the birthdays and death anniversaries of the late emperor and late empress began with Taizong.

History of Liao, Chapter 54Volume 54 Treatises 24: Music · 3 passages

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太宗會同三年，晉宣徽使楊端、王朓等及諸國使朝見，皇帝御便殿賜宴。 In the third year of Huitong, when Jin commissioners of the Palace Domestic Service Yang Duan, Wang Tuo, and others came to court together with envoys from various states, Emperor Taizong received them in the side hall and granted a banquet.

大同元年，太宗自汴將還，得晉太常樂譜、宮懸、樂架，委所司先赴中京。 In the first year of Datong, as Emperor Taizong was preparing to return from Bian, he obtained the Jin dynasty's Court of Imperial Sacrifices music score, suspended bells, and music stands, and ordered the responsible offices to dispatch them first to the Central Capital.

晉高祖使馮道、劉煦冊應天太后、太宗皇帝，其聲器、工官與法駕，同歸於遼。 When Jin Gaozu sent Feng Dao and Liu Xu to invest Empress Dowager Yingtian and Emperor Taizong, the musical instruments, musicians, and imperial regalia all passed into Liao hands together.

History of Liao, Chapter 55Volume 55 Treatises 25: Ceremonial Guards 1 · 3 passages

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遼太祖奮自朔方，太宗繼誌述事，以成其業。 Emperor Taizu of Liao rose to power from the northern frontier, and Emperor Taizong continued his purpose and consolidated his achievements, bringing the enterprise to completion.

遼國自太宗入晉之後，皇帝與南班漢官用漢服； After Emperor Taizong's entry into the Jin capital, the emperor and Han officials of the southern court wore Chinese-style dress;

太宗皇帝會同元年，晉使馮道、劉煦等備車輅法物，上皇帝、皇太后尊號冊禮。 In the first year of Emperor Taizong's Huitong reign, Later Jin envoys Feng Dao, Liu Xu, and others furnished chariots, ritual regalia, and court insignia for the enthronement ceremony conferring honorific titles on the emperor and empress dowager.

History of Liao, Chapter 56Volume 56 Treatises 26: Ceremonial Guards 2 · 4 passages

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太祖帝北方，太宗制中國，紫銀之鼠，羅綺之篚，麇載而至。 Emperor Taizu reigned over the north, and Emperor Taizong governed China; purple-silver sable and baskets of gauze and brocade arrived in train upon train.

太宗更以錦袍、金帶。 Emperor Taizong later substituted a brocade robe and gold belt.

大同元年正月朔，太宗皇帝入晉，備法駕，受文武百官賀於汴京崇元殿，自是日以為常。 On the first day of the first month of Datong 1 (947), Emperor Taizong entered Jin, assembled the full imperial procession, and received the congratulations of civil and military officials at Chongyuan Hall in Bianjing; thereafter this became the established custom.

History of Liao, Chapter 57Volume 57 Treatises 27: Ceremonial Guards 3 · 3 passages

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會同九年，太宗伐晉，末帝表上傳國寶一、金印三，天子符瑞於是歸遼。 In the ninth year of the Huitong era (946), when Emperor Taizong campaigned against Jin, the last Jin emperor presented by memorial one imperial transmission seal and three gold seals, and the Son of Heaven's talismans and regalia then passed to Liao.

玉印，太宗破晉北歸，得於汴宮，藏隨駕庫。 The jade seal: when Emperor Taizong defeated Later Jin and marched north, he took it from the palace at Bianjing and placed it in the traveling imperial vault.

穆宗應歷二年，詔用太宗舊寶。 In the second year of the Yingli era (952), Emperor Muzong issued an edict directing that Taizong's former seal be used.

History of Liao, Chapter 58Volume 58 Treatises 28: Ceremonial Guards 4 · 8 passages

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太宗兼制中國，秦皇、漢武之儀文日至，後嗣因之。 Emperor Taizong also ruled China, and each day brought more of the ceremonial protocol of the First Emperor of Qin and Emperor Wu of Han; his successors followed suit.

其制甚簡，太宗伐唐、晉以前，所用皆是物也。 Its regulations were quite simple; before Emperor Taizong's campaigns against Tang and Jin, everything used was of this sort.

太宗即位，置旗鼓、神纛於殿前。 When Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, he placed the flags, drums, and spirit banners before the hall.

天顯四年，太宗幸遼陽府，人皇王備乘輿羽衛以迎。 In the fourth year of the Tianxian era (929), Emperor Taizong visited Liaoyang Prefecture, and the Human Emperor King prepared the imperial carriage and feathered guard to welcome him.

至於太宗，立晉以要冊禮，入汴而收法物，然後累世之所願欲者，一舉而得之。 When it came to Emperor Taizong, he installed Later Jin to demand investiture rites, entered Bianjing and seized the ritual regalia—and thus what generations had long desired was obtained at last in a single stroke.

太宗會同元年，晉使馮道備車輅法物，上皇太后冊禮； In the first year of Emperor Taizong's Huitong reign, Later Jin envoy Feng Dao furnished chariots, ritual regalia, and court insignia for the empress dowager's enthronement ceremony;

是月，太宗崩，世宗即位，鹵簿法物備而不禦。 That month Emperor Taizong died and Emperor Shizong succeeded to the throne; the outer-guard ritual regalia were prepared but not employed.

穆宗應歷元年，詔朝會依嗣聖皇帝故事，用漢禮。 In the first year of the Yingli era (951), Emperor Muzong issued an edict directing that court assemblies follow the precedent of the Succession Sage Emperor and employ Han rites.

History of Liao, Chapter 59Volume 59 Treatises 29: Finance and Economics 1 · 2 passages

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太宗會同初，將東獵，三克奏減輜重，疾趨北山取物，以備國用，無害農務。 Early in the Huitong era, as the Taizong Emperor prepared an eastern hunt, the Three Commanders memorialized that the baggage train should be reduced and the party should hurry to the northern mountains to gather supplies for the treasury without disrupting farm work.

太宗籍五京戶丁以定賦稅，戶丁之數無所於考。 The Taizong Emperor registered household males in the Five Capitals to fix levies and taxes, though the exact numbers can no longer be verified.

History of Liao, Chapter 60Volume 60 Treatises 30: Finance and Economics 2 · 3 passages

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太宗得燕，置南京，城北有市，百物山偫，命有司治其征； After Taizong seized the Yan region, he made it the Southern Capital. A market north of the city wall teemed with goods heaped high as a hill, and he charged the authorities with collecting duties on it;

會同初，太宗有大造於晉，晉獻十六州地，而瀛、莫在焉，始得河間煮海之利，置榷鹽院於香河縣，於是燕、雲迤北暫食滄鹽。 Early in the Huitong era, after Taizong's decisive aid to the Later Jin, the Jin ceded the Sixteen Prefectures—including Ying and Mo—and Liao gained access to Hejian's sea-salt industry. A salt monopoly bureau was set up in Xianghe county, and for a time the Yan and Yun regions northward relied on Cangzhou salt.

太宗置五冶太師，以總四方錢鐵。 Taizong appointed a Grand Master of the Five Smelteries to supervise coinage and ironworks throughout the realm.

History of Liao, Chapter 61Volume 61 Treatises 31: Punishment and Law 1 · 3 passages

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太祖、太宗經理疆土，擐甲之士歲無寧居，威克厥愛，理勢然也。 Under Taizu and Taizong, who consolidated the realm, armored men knew no year of rest — severity prevailed over mercy, as the times required.

木劍、大棒者，太宗時制。 The wooden sword and great club were introduced under Taizong.

至太宗時，治渤海人一依漢法，余無改焉。 Under Taizong, the Bohai were governed entirely by Han law; otherwise the system was unchanged.

History of Liao, Chapter 67Volume 67 Tables 5: Families of Imperial Consorts · 2 passages

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大同元年，太宗自汴將還，留外戚小漢為汴州節度使，賜姓名曰蕭翰，以從中國之俗，由是拔裏、乙室已、述律三族皆為蕭姓。 In the first year of Datong (947), as Emperor Taizong prepared to withdraw from Kaifeng, he left the consort kinsman Xiaohan as military governor of Bianzhou and bestowed on him the Chinese-style name Xiao Han; thereafter the Bali, Yishi, and Shulü lineages all adopted the surname Xiao in keeping with Chinese custom.

太宗靖安皇后父室魯 Shilu, father of Empress Jing'an, consort of Taizong

History of Liao, Chapter 72Volume 72 Biographies 2: Imperial Family: Yi Zongbei, the Foreign Emperor Zhang Su, Shun Zongjun, Jin Wangaoluwo · 11 passages

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倍與大元帥德光為前鋒，夜圍忽汗城，大諲譔窮蹙，請降。 Bei and Great Marshal Deguang led the vanguard and besieged Hohan city by night; Dayinzan, cornered, offered surrender.

未幾，諸部多叛，大元帥討平之。 Before long many tribes rebelled; the Great Marshal put them down.

倍知皇太后意欲立德光，乃謂公卿曰：「大元帥功德及人神，中外攸屬，宜主社稷。」 Knowing the Empress Dowager meant to elevate Deguang, Bei told the chief ministers, "The Great Marshal's achievements touch both men and spirits; court and country alike look to him—he ought to rule the realm."

於是大元帥即皇帝位，是為太宗。 The Great Marshal then took the throne as Emperor Taizong.

太宗既立，見疑，以東平為南京，徙倍居之，盡遷其民。 After Taizong's accession Bei fell under suspicion; Dongping was made the Southern Capital, Bei was relocated there, and the entire population was moved away.

後明宗養子從珂弒其君自立，倍密報太宗曰：「從珂弒君，盍討之。」 Later Mingzong's adopted son Congke murdered his sovereign and seized power; Bei secretly informed Taizong, "Congke has murdered his lord—we ought to punish him."

及太宗立石敬瑭為晉主，加兵於洛。 When Taizong set up Shi Jingtang as Jin emperor and sent additional troops against Luoyang.

後太宗改葬於醫巫閭山，謚曰文武元皇王。 Later Taizong had him reburied on Mount Yiwulü and posthumously styled him King Yuanhuang the Civil and Martial.

太宗滅唐，還京，詔賜外羅山地居焉。 After Taizong destroyed Tang and returned to the capital, an edict granted him residence on Mount Wailuo.

太宗不擇而取，最先至； Taizong gathered without picking and came back first;

太宗親征，常留守京師。 Whenever Taizong led campaigns in person, Li Hu usually stayed behind as regent in the capital.

History of Liao, Chapter 73Volume 73 Biographies 3: Yelu Helu, Xiao Dilu, Yelu Xieniechi, Yelu Yuwen, Yelu Haili · 1 passage

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太宗詔在廷議，皆曰然，乃詔橫帳班列居上。 Emperor Taizong ordered discussion in court. All agreed, and an edict placed the Horizontal Account's rank above.

History of Liao, Chapter 74Volume 74 Biographies 4: Yelu Dila, Xiao Hendu, Kang Moji, Han Yanhui, Han Zhigu · 3 passages

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太宗朝，封魯國公，仍為政事令。 Under Emperor Taizong he was enfeoffed Duke of Lu and kept his post as governance director.

天祿五年六月，河東使請行冊禮，帝詔延徽定其制，延徽奏一遵太宗冊晉帝禮，從之。 In the sixth month of Tianlu year 5 an envoy from Hedong asked that investiture rites be performed; the emperor charged Yanhui to set the protocol, and Yanhui proposed following exactly Emperor Taizong's ceremony for investing the Jin emperor—the court agreed.

德樞年甫十五，太宗見之，謂延徽曰：「是兒卿家之福，朕國之寶，真英物也！」 Deshu was only fifteen when Emperor Taizong saw him and told Yanhui: "This child is your family's blessing and my realm's treasure—a remarkable youth indeed!"

History of Liao, Chapter 75Volume 75 Biographies 5: Yelu Dilie, Yelu Duozhen, Wang Yu, Yelu Tulujiong · 9 passages

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太宗即位，上表曰：「我大聖天皇始有東土，擇賢輔以撫斯民，不以臣愚而任之，國家利害，敢不以聞。 When Emperor Taizong came to the throne, Yuzhi submitted a memorial that read: "Our Great Sage Heavenly Emperor first secured the eastern lands and chose worthy ministers to govern the people. Though he did not regard me as capable, he still entrusted me with office; how could I fail to speak of what helps or harms the state?

天贊二年，皇子堯骨為大元帥，突呂不為副，既克平州，進軍燕、趙，攻下曲陽、北平。 In the second year of Tianzan, Prince Yaogu served as grand marshal with Tulubu as his deputy; after taking Pingzhou they advanced into Yan and Zhao and captured Quyang and Beiping.

大元帥將修攻具，突呂不諫曰：「我師遠來，人馬疲憊，勢不可久留。」 The grand marshal was about to prepare siege engines when Tulubu remonstrated: "Our army has marched far; men and horses are exhausted—we cannot afford to linger."

軍還，大元帥以其謀聞，太祖大悅，賜賚優渥。 On the army's return the grand marshal reported his counsel to the throne; Emperor Taizu was greatly pleased and rewarded him lavishly.

車駕西征，突呂不與大元帥為先鋒，伐党項有功，太祖犒師水精山。 On the western campaign Tulubu and the grand marshal led the vanguard; their attack on the Tanguts succeeded, and Emperor Taizu feasted the army at Crystal Mountain.

大元帥東歸，突呂不留屯西南部，復討党項，多獲而還。 When the grand marshal returned east, Tulubu remained to garrison the southwest, raided the Tanguts again, took many captives, and returned.

班師，已下州郡往往復叛，突呂不從大元帥攻破之。 On the withdrawal many districts rebelled again; Tulubu followed the grand marshal in reducing them.

太宗知其無罪，召還。 Emperor Taizong knew he was innocent and recalled him.

太宗立晉之役，其父敵魯古為五院夷離堇，歿於兵，帝即以其職授圖魯窘。 During Emperor Taizong's campaign to establish the Later Jin state, his father Dilugu served as chieftain of the Five Yuan Divisions and died in battle; the emperor at once gave Tulujiong his father's post.

History of Liao, Chapter 76Volume 76 Biographies 6: Yelu Jieli, Yelu Balide, Yelu Shuogu, Yelu Lubugu, Zhao Yanshou, Gao Mohan, Zhao Siwen, Yelu Oulisi, Zhang Li · 12 passages

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解裏早隸太宗麾下，擢為軍校。 Jieli entered Emperor Taizong's service while still young and was promoted to army cadet.

太宗貰其罪，拜御史大夫。 Emperor Taizong pardoned his offense and appointed him Grand Censor.

太宗即位，以親愛見任。 When Taizong came to the throne, Balide was placed in office on account of their close kinship and affection.

太宗入汴，以功授安國軍節度使，總領河北道事。 When Taizong entered Bian, Balide was appointed military governor of the Anguo army for his achievements and put in overall charge of the Hebei circuit.

世宗即位，朔古奉太宗喪歸上京，佐皇太后出師，坐是免官，卒。 When Emperor Shizong came to the throne, Shuogu escorted Emperor Taizong's coffin back to the Supreme Capital and aided the empress dowager in taking the field; for this he was stripped of office and died.

太宗追及，延壽與其父俱降。 Taizong caught up with them, and Yanshou and his father both surrendered.

太宗潛由他渡濟，留延壽與耶律朔古據橋，敵不能奪，屢敗之，杜重威掃厥眾降。 Taizong secretly crossed at another ford, leaving Yanshou and Yelu Shuogu to hold the bridge; the enemy could not take it, and after repeated defeats Du Chongwei surrendered with his entire force.

後太宗克汴，延壽因李崧求為皇太子，上曰：「吾於魏王雖割肌肉亦不惜，但皇太子須天子之子得為，魏王豈得為也？」 After Taizong had conquered Bian, Yanshou used Li Song to ask to be made crown prince. The emperor said, "For the Prince of Wei I would cut away my own flesh without regret, but only a son of the Son of Heaven may be crown prince—how could the Prince of Wei become one?"

石敬瑭遣人求救，太宗許之。 Shi Jingtang sent envoys to beg for aid, and Taizong agreed.

太宗即位，以功擢檢校太保、保靜軍節度使。 When Taizong came to the throne, Siwen was promoted for his achievements to Acting Grand Guardian and military governor of the Baojing army.

後太宗見礪剛直有文彩，擢翰林學士。 Later Taizong saw that Li was upright and gifted with letters and appointed him Hanlin academician.

會同初，升翰林承旨，兼吏部尚書，從太宗伐晉。 Early in Huitong he was promoted to Hanlin commissioner and concurrent Minister of Personnel, and accompanied Taizong on the campaign against Jin.

History of Liao, Chapter 78Volume 78 Biographies 8: Yelu Yilage, Xiao Haili, Xiao Husi, Xiao Siwen, Xiao Jixian · 1 passage

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太宗時為奚禿裏太尉，尚燕國公主，為群牧都林牙。 Under Emperor Taizong he served as Grand Commandant of the Xi Tuli, married the Princess of Yan, and became Chief Intendant of the Herds Directorate.

History of Liao, Chapter 79Volume 79 Biographies 9: Shi Fang, Yelu Xianshi, Nu Li, Guo Xi, Yelu Ameili · 1 passage

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太宗入汴受冊禮，詔昉知制誥，總禮儀事。 When Emperor Taizong entered Bian to receive the investiture rites, Fang was appointed Director of Imperial Edicts with overall charge of ceremonial matters.

History of Liao, Chapter 83Volume 83 Biographies 13: Yelu Xiuge, Yelu Xiezhen, Yelu Xidi, Yelu Xuegu · 1 passage

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對曰：「臣每旦誦太祖、太宗及先臣遺訓，未暇奉佛。」 He answered, "Each morning I recite the precepts left by Taizu, Taizong, and my late forebear; I have had no time for Buddhism."

History of Liao, Chapter 85Volume 85 Biographies 15: Xiao Talin, Xiao Guanyinnu, Yelu Tizi, Yelu Xieli, Yelu Nugua, Xiao Liu, Gao Xun, Xi Heshuonu, Xiao Taliege, Yelu Sahe · 2 passages

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太宗入汴，授四方館使。 When Emperor Taizong entered Bian (Kaifeng) he was appointed Commissioner of the Four Directions Bureau.

八年，上表曰：「臣竊見太宗之時，奚六部二宰相、二常袞，誥命大常袞班在酋長左右，副常袞總知酋長五房族屬，二宰相匡輔酋長，建明善事。 In the eighth year he memorialized: "Your subject observes that under Emperor Taizong the Six Xi Divisions had two chancellors and two changgun officers: the senior changgun was stationed at the chieftain's side by imperial appointment, the deputy changgun oversaw the five clans of the chieftain's lineage, and the two chancellors assisted the chieftain in governing well.

History of Liao, Chapter 86Volume 86 Biographies 16: Yelu Hezhu, Liu Jing, Liu Liufu, Ye Luniaolu, Niu Wenshu, Du Fang, Xiao Heshang, Yelu Helizhi, Yelu Pode · 1 passage

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我嗣聖皇帝俘石重貴，至今興中有石家寨。 Our Emperor Shizong took Shi Chonggui prisoner, and to this day Xingzhong has a Shijia Stockade to prove it.

History of Liao, Chapter 87Volume 87 Biographies 17: · 1 passage

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嗣聖皇帝仆唐立晉，後以重貴叛，長驅入汴，鑾馭始旋，反來侵軼。 The Succeeding Sage Emperor overthrew Tang and established Jin; later, when Chonggui rebelled, he marched deep into Bian, and scarcely had the imperial carriage returned when raids came in turn.

History of Liao, Chapter 103Volume 103 Biographies 33: Literature 1 · 3 passages

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及太宗入汴，取晉圖書、禮器而北，然後制度漸以修舉。 After Emperor Taizong entered Bianjing and carried the Jin libraries and ritual vessels north, institutions were gradually restored.

晉亡歸遼，當太宗崩、世宗立，恟渙不定，澣與高勛等十餘人羈留南京。 When the Jin fell he entered Liao service. As Emperor Taizong died and Emperor Shizong was enthroned, the realm was unsettled, and Han with Gao Xun and more than ten others were detained at the Southern Capital.

會上欲建《太宗功德碑》，高勛奏曰：「非李澣無可秉筆者。」 When the emperor wished to erect the Stele of Emperor Taizong's Merits and Virtues, Gao Xun memorialized, "Apart from Li Han there is no one fit to wield the brush."

History of Liao, Chapter 105Volume 105 Biographies 35: Capable Officials · 3 passages

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