Later Han Gaozu (漢高祖)

Overview

Later Han Gaozu was an emperor of Later Han.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Liu Zhiyuan	劉知遠	Liu Zhiyuan
Changed name	Gao	暠
Posthumous name	Rui Wen Sheng Wu Zhao Su Xiao Emperor	睿文聖武昭肅孝皇帝
Temple name	Han founder	漢祖

Life and dates

Birth

AD 895 唐乾寧二年，歲在乙卯，二月四日
At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 15

Death

AD 948 乾祐元年正月丁丑
At Wansui Hall 萬歲殿 · Age Value: 54 · Reckoning: Sui
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 188
AD 948 先帝；《舊五代史》卷一百一：乾祐元年正月二十七日，高祖崩，秘不發喪
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passages 11, 15
AD 948 天祿二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 45
illness culminating Qianyou 1
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 17
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 76

Age

54
Reckoning Sui · At death
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 188

Attested activity

AD 947 天福十二年；高祖建義於太原，遂停斂貸之議
Event Gaozu raises his regime at Taiyuan, discusses army largess and accepts Li's advice to stop the levy. This is his own founding action, not activity inferred from his daughter's title.
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passages 4-5, 7-8
AD 895 唐乾寧二年，歲在乙卯，二月四日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 15
AD 948 乾祐元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 215
AD 948 乾祐元年正月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 17
AD 938 十一月丙辰
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 206
AD 947 及即位改今諱
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 1

Show 40 more source-backed claims

AD 947 國初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 3-4
AD 948 天祿二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 5, passage 45
AD 947 天祿元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 113, passage 140
AD 942 天福七年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 97
AD 942 天福七年六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 17
AD 936 to AD 944 天福中
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 14
AD 943 天福八年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 176
AD 947 天福十二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 125, 131; Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 79-80
AD 947 天福十二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 10
AD 947 天福十二年六月丙辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 20
AD 947 天福十二年六月戊辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 26
AD 947 天福十二年六月甲子
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 22
AD 947 天福十二年夏五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 1-2
AD 947 天福十二年夏五月丙申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 5
AD 947 天福十二年夏五月戊申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 16
AD 947 天福十二年夏五月甲午
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 3
AD 947 天福十二年秋七月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 50, 65
AD 941 己巳
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9
AD 947 帝有天下
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 3
AD 934 應順初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passages 20-22, 24-29
AD 923 明宗與梁人對柵於德勝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 18
AD 926 明宗踐阼
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 19
AD 947 to AD 948 汉高祖时
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 97
AD 936 清泰三年夏
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passages 169-175
AD 947 to AD 948 漢祖
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 3
AD 947 to AD 948 漢祖典禁兵
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 58
AD 947 漢祖登極
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 175
AD 947 漢高祖
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passages 12, 87, 125, 133, 142
AD 947 漢高祖即位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 66, passage 103
AD 947 漢高祖受命之年，秋九月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passages 57, 150
AD 947 to AD 948 漢高祖實錄
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 211
AD 946 漢高祖為河東節度使
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 64
AD 947 漢高祖由太原入京師
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 43
AD 947 漢高祖起太原
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 179
AD 947 to AD 948 鎮並門
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 60
AD 945 開運二年夏四月庚寅
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 83, passage 225
AD 944 開運元年八月辛丑
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 83, passages 24, 29
AD 947 開運四年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 71, 75
AD 946 開運末
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 136
AD 936 高祖即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 10

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Liu Tuan (劉湍)
fourth-generation ancestor 四代祖 · paternal line · 4 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 3
Kin of Xin (信)
elder male cousin 從兄
younger cousin 從弟
younger male cousin 從弟
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 1; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 80
Parent of Princess Yongning (永寧公主)
eldest daughter 長女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 34
Parent of Cheng Xun (承訓)
father 父
son 子
eldest son 長子
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 75; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 23
Spouse of Empress Li (李氏)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 1, 75; Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passages 1, 10
Parent of Liu Yun (劉赟)
son 子 · Adoptive parentage
father 父 · Adoptive parentage
took him as his own son 以為己子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passages 33, 39; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 24, 35
Parent of Emperor Yin (隱帝)
son 子
father 父
Sources vary in certainty · History of Liao 5, passage 45; Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 11; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 23, 27
Parent of Cheng Xun (承勛)
father 父
youngest son 幼子
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 83
Child of Xian Zu (顯祖)
Gaozu 高祖 · paternal line
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passages 53, 57
Child of Liu Juan (劉琠)
imperial father 皇考
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passages 13, 15
Child of Lady An of Wu (吳國太夫人安氏)
imperial mother 皇妣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passages 14-15
Parent of Chengxun (承訓)
imperial son 皇子
imperial prince 皇子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 217
Parent of Chengxun (承訓)
imperial son 皇子
imperial prince 皇子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 3
Parent of Chengyou (承祐)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 197
Kin of Shizu (世祖)
kinsman 親 · paternal line
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 33
Parent of Chengxun (承勳)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 23, 32
Parent of Young Ruler of Han (少主)
young ruler 少主
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 138
Sibling of Liu Chong (劉崇)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · History of Song 482, passage 3
Sibling of Xin (信)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 23, 32
Sibling of Chong (崇)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passages 23, 32

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Shatuo 沙陀
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 2
Liu clan 劉氏
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 1

Career and standing

army soldier 軍卒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 69
horse herder while obscure 牧馬
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 2
concurrent Zhongshuling 兼中書令
Additionally granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 176
Defender of the Northern Capital 北京留守
AD 941 己巳 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9
Military Commissioner of Hedong 河東節度使
AD 941 己巳 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9
Prefect of Taiyuan 太原尹
AD 941 己巳 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9

Show 33 more source-backed claims

commander of the gate guards 牙門都校
AD 926 明宗踐阼 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 19
chief aide of the palace guard horse-and-foot 侍衛親軍馬步都虞候
AD 936 晉國初建，尋改 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 173
acting inspector of the six armies and palace guards on campaign 權點檢隨駕六軍諸衛事
AD 936 晉國初建 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 173
Acting Minister of Works 檢校司空
AD 936 晉國初建 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 173
commander of the palace horse-and-foot guard 侍衛馬步都指揮使
AD 936 晉國初建 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 173
commander of the Northern Capital horse-and-foot forces 北京馬步軍都指揮使
AD 936 清泰三年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 171
Concurrent Vice Grand Councilor 兼侍中
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 97
Overall commander of the northern campaign 北面行營都統
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 83, passage 29
Honorary Grand Preceptor 檢校太師
AD 942 辛丑 · Granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 50
Commander-in-Chief of the Palace Guard Horse and Foot 侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使
AD 938 十一月丙辰 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 206
Military Commissioner of the Zhongwu Army 忠武軍節度使
AD 938 十一月丙辰 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 206
Commander of the Palace Guard Horse and Foot Armies 侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使
AD 941 天福六年秋七月 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9
Prefect of Guangjin 廣晉尹
AD 941 天福六年秋七月 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9
Yedu Defender 鄴都留守
AD 941 天福六年秋七月 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9
chief adjutant of the Palace Guard 侍衛親軍都虞候
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 14
commander of the Palace Guard 侍衞親軍指揮使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 133
frontier military command 藩鎮
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 3
military governor of Hedong 河東節度使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 64
Hedong Commissioner 河東節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 97
Military commissioner of the Northern Capital 北京留守
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 83, passage 29
military governor of Hedong 河東節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 50
Military governor of Hedong 河東節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 83, passage 225
Northern Capital regent 北京留守
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 81, passage 176
Military Commissioner of the Guide Army 歸德軍節度使
AD 938 十一月丙辰 · Transferred
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 206
military governor of Shaanzhou 陜州節度使
AD 936 晉國初建，尋改 · Transferred
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 173
Prince of Beiping 北平王
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 83, passage 225
temple name Gaozu 廟號高祖
Posthumously granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 199
Sagacious Literary Sagely Martial Illustrious Solemn Filial Emperor 睿文聖武昭肅孝皇帝
Posthumously titled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 199
Ordered deaths
With Honored Consort Wang (王氏) · At Eastern Capital 東京
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 21
Ordered deaths
With Li Congyi (李從益) · At Eastern Capital 東京
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 21
AD 947 漢高祖
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 143
received the Mandate 受命
AD 947 漢高祖受命之年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passage 150
At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 16

Places and affiliations

AD 947 天福十二年六月戊辰
Polity Great Han 大漢 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 36
AD 936 晉國初建
Polity Later Jin 晉 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 173
Han 漢
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · History of Liao 5, passage 45
Later Han 漢
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 3; Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passage 150; New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 75
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 211; Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 2, 5, 10, 125, 131, 215
Polity Later Han 後漢 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 65

Show 17 more source-backed claims

Polity Later Han 漢 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passages 1, 10; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 60; Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passages 136, 175; New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 12
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 206
Polity Later Jin 後晉 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passages 9, 97; Old History of the Five Dynasties 83, passages 29, 225
AD 895 唐乾寧二年，歲在乙卯，二月四日
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Born at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 15
AD 947 天福十二年六月丙辰
At Luoyang 洛 · Relation Arrived at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 20
AD 947 天福十二年六月甲子
At Eastern Capital 東京 · Relation Arrived at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 22
AD 947 天福十二年夏五月丙申
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Departed from
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 5
AD 936 晉國初建，尋改
At Shaanzhou 陜州 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 173
AD 936 晉高祖入洛
At Luoyang 洛 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 175
At Bing Gate 並門 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 135
At Bingzhou 并州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 3
At Eastern Capital 東京 · Relation Traveled toward
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 5
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Governed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passages 134, 142
At Jinyang 晉陽 · Relation Active at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 69
At Ruiling 睿陵 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 200
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 14, 43
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Raised troops at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 71

Works and attributed material

Veritable Record of Han Gaozu 漢高祖實錄
Relation Subject of
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 211; Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 24
AD 947 天福十二年六月己巳
Edict · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 37
AD 947 天福十二年六月戊辰
Edict · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 26-36
AD 947 天福十二年六月甲戌
Edict · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 47
AD 947 天福十二年夏五月辛卯
Edict · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 2
AD 934 應順初
Speech · Speaker · With Li Hongxin (李洪信) · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Source Work Veritable Record of Han Gaozu 漢高祖實錄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 28

Show 3 more source-backed claims

Speech · Speaker · With Li Shu (李恕) · Mode quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 68-69
Speech · Speaker · Quote true · Mode hearsay Witness Person Id Li Ye (李業)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 15
Speech · Speaker · Quote true
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 7

Events and relationships

Abducted
Military · Abductor · With Empress Li (李氏) · At Jinyang 晉陽
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 69
Acceded at Jinyang
Political · Ruler
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 136
Accepted birthday festival
Ritual · Recipient
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 131
Campaign to Ye
Travel · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 146, 148
Displayed troops
Military · Commander · At Jiang Prefecture 絳州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 16-17
Entered capital from Taiyuan
Military · Ruler
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 43

Show 24 more source-backed claims

Gave horse to
AD 923 明宗與梁人對柵於德勝 · Military · Subordinate · With Jin Gaozu (晉高祖) · At Desheng 德勝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 18
General amnesty
AD 947 天福十二年六月戊辰 · Political · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 26-27
Jurisdiction restored
AD 941 己巳 · Administrative · Beneficiary · At Liao and Qin prefectures 遼、沁二州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 80, passage 9
Kept capital orderly
AD 936 晉高祖入洛 · Administrative · Patrol commander · At Luoyang 洛
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 175
Mourned
Ritual · Mourner · With Cheng Xun (承訓) · At Taiping Palace 太平宮
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 105, passage 80
Posted guard and slew attackers
AD 934 應順初 · Military · Rescuer · With Jin Gaozu (晉高祖) · At Weizhou 衛州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passages 20-22
Proclaimed state name Great Han
Political · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 36
Raised righteous cause
Military · Leader · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 4
Raised troops
AD 947 開運四年 · Military · Commander · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 71
Received envoy
Political · Receiver · With Li Shu (李恕)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 65
Received surrender
Political · Recipient of submission · With Li Conglang (李從朗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 16
Rose at Taiyuan
Political · Rising ruler
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 179
Seized and took empress li
Personal · Abductor · With Empress Li (李氏) · At Jinyang villa 晉陽別墅
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 2
Slaughtered surrendered troops
AD 936 清泰三年 · Military · Commander · At Jinyang 晉陽
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 172
Southward progress
Travel · Actor · At Yindi Pass 陰地關
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passages 5-6
Stopped forced loan proposal
Political · Decision maker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 104, passage 8
Struck with unlit reed torch
AD 934 應順初 · Military · Combatant · Mode named-source-report Source Work Veritable Record of Han Gaozu 漢高祖實錄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 26
Suspended court
AD 947 天福十二年六月丁丑 · Ritual · Actor · With Ma Xifan (馬希範)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 48
Transferred
AD 938 十一月丙辰 · Appointment · Appointee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 206
Urged rebellion
AD 936 清泰三年夏 · Political · Advisor · With Jin Gaozu (晉高祖)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passages 168-170
AD 936 晉國初建
Political · Subject of praise · With Khitan ruler (契丹主) · At Shangdang 上黨
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 174
Relation Employer of · Person Guo Wei (郭威)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 14, 26
Relation Patron of · Person Guo Wei (郭威)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passages 14-15
Relation Served under · Person Tang Mingzong (唐明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 17

Assessments and attributes

Assessment court and realm relied on him from the outset of the enterprise · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 170
As a child frail and uninterested in play; grave and sparing of speech; as an adult a purplish complexion and eyes showing much white.
Physical description
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 16

Source notes

Value historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 1
AD 948 乾祐元年正月己未
To Gao 暠
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 100, passage 176
From Zhiyuan 知遠 · To Gao 暠 · Occasion accession
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 99, passage 1

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Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 66Volume 66 Book of Later Tang 42: Biographies 8: an Zhonghui, Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu Hongshi, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou, Song Lingxun · 2 passages

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及漢高祖即位，贈尚書令。 Later Han Gaozu posthumously made him Minister of Works.

漢高祖即位，與王思同並製贈侍中。 Later Han Gaozu posthumously made him and Wang Sitong Palace Attendants.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 77Volume 77 Book of Later Jin 3: Gaozu Annals 3 · 1 passage

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丙辰，以秘書監呂琦為禮部侍郎，歸德軍節度使趙在禮改天平軍節度使，昭義軍節度使兼侍衛親軍馬步軍都虞候杜重威改忠武軍節度使，忠武軍節度使、侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使劉知遠改歸德軍節度使，前河陽節度使兼奉國左右廂都指揮使侯益改昭義軍節度使。 On bingchen Lü Qi, palace library director, became vice minister of rites; Zhao Zaili of Guide became Tianping military commissioner; Du Chongwei of Zhaoyi became Zhongwu military commissioner; Liu Zhiyuan of Zhongwu became Guide military commissioner; and Hou Yi, former Heyang commissioner, became Zhaoyi military commissioner.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 80Volume 80 Book of Later Jin 6: Gaozu Annals 6 · 3 passages

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己巳，以鄴都留守兼侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使、廣晉尹劉知遠為太原尹，充北京留守、河東節度使，仍割遼、沁二州卻隸河東。 On jisi, Yedu defender Liu Zhiyuan—who also commanded the Palace Guard horse and foot armies and served as Guangjin prefect—was made Taiyuan prefect, defender of the Northern Capital, and Hedong commissioner, with Liao and Qin prefectures restored to Hedong's jurisdiction.

河東節度使劉知遠加兼侍中； Hedong commissioner Liu Zhiyuan was also made Vice Grand Councilor;

〈（《通鑒考異》云：《漢高祖實錄》：晉高祖大漸，召近臣屬之曰：「此天下，明宗之天下，寡人竊而處之久矣。 (Examination of Variants in the Comprehensive Mirror: According to the Veritable Record of Han Gaozu, as Later Jin Gaozu lay dying he summoned his inner circle and said, "This realm belongs to Emperor Mingzong; I have held it only by usurpation for many years.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 81Volume 81 Book of Later Jin 7: Emperor Shao 1 · 2 passages

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辛丑，恒州順國軍節度使杜威、河東節度使劉知遠，並加檢校太師，仍增爵邑。 On xinchou, Du Wei, military governor of the Shunguo Army at Heng Prefecture, and Liu Zhiyuan, military governor of Hedong, were both further granted Honorary Grand Preceptor and given increased noble rank and fief.

癸未，青州節度使、東平王楊光遠進封壽王，北京留守劉知遠、恒州節度使杜威並加兼中書令。 On guiwei, Yang Guangyuan, military governor of Qing Prefecture and King of Dongping, was promoted to King of Shou; Liu Zhiyuan, regent of the Northern Capital, and Du Wei, military governor of Heng Prefecture, were both additionally made concurrent Grand Councilor.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 83Volume 83 Book of Later Jin 9: Emperor Shao 3 · 2 passages

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北京留守劉知遠充北面行營都統，鎮州節度使杜威充北面行營都招討使，鄆州節度使張從恩充馬步軍都監，西京留守景延廣充馬步軍都排陣使，徐州節度使趙在禮充馬步軍都虞候，晉州節度使安叔千充馬步軍左廂排陣使，前兗州節度使安審信充馬軍右廂排陣使，河中節度使安審琦充馬步軍都指揮使，河陽節度使符彥卿充馬軍左廂都指揮使，滑州節度使皇甫遇充馬步軍右廂都指揮使，右神武統軍張彥澤充馬軍排陣使，滄州節度使王廷胤充馬軍左廂都指揮使，陜州節度使宋彥筠充步軍右廂都指揮使，前金州節度使田武充步軍左廂排陣使，左神武統軍潘環充步軍右廂排陣使。 Liu Zhiyuan, military commissioner of the Northern Capital, became overall commander of the northern campaign; Du Wei of Zhenzhou, overall commander for suppression; Zhang Cong'en of Yanzhou, overall supervisor of horse and foot; Jing Yanguang, military commissioner of the Western Capital, overall array marshal; Zhao Zaili of Xuzhou, overall deputy commander; An Shuqian of Jinzhou, left-wing array marshal; former Yanzhou governor An Shenxin, right-wing cavalry array marshal; An Shenqi of Hezhong, overall commander of horse and foot; Fu Yanqing of Heyang, left-wing cavalry commander; Huangfu Yu of Huazhou, right-wing horse-and-foot commander; Zhang Yanzhe of the Right Divine Martial Army, cavalry array marshal; Wang Tingyin of Cangzhou, left-wing cavalry commander; Song Yanyun of Shaanzhou, right-wing infantry commander; former Jinzhou governor Tian Wu, left-wing infantry array marshal; and Pan Huan of the Left Divine Martial Army, right-wing infantry array marshal.

庚寅，河東節度使劉知遠封北平王； On gengyin, Liu Zhiyuan, military governor of Hedong, was enfeoffed as Prince of Beiping;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 99Volume 99 Book of Later Jin 1: Gaozu Annals 1 · 18 passages

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高祖睿文聖武昭肅孝皇帝，姓劉氏，諱暠，本名知遠，及即位改今諱。 Gaozu, the Sagely, Cultured, Sacred, Martial, Illustrious, and Solemnly Filial Emperor, was of the Liu clan; his taboo name was Gao. He had been born Zhiyuan and took the present taboo name when he came to the throne.

四代祖諱湍，帝有天下，追尊為明元皇帝，廟號文祖，陵曰懿陵； His fourth-generation ancestor was named Tuan; once the emperor held the realm, Tuan was posthumously honored as Emperor Mingyuan, with the temple name Wenzu and the tomb Yiling;

後以唐乾寧二年，歲在乙卯，二月四日生帝於太原。 He was born at Taiyuan on the fourth day of the second month of 895, the second year of Tang Qianning.

帝弱不好弄，嚴重寡言，及長，面紫色，目睛多白。 As a boy he was delicate and uninterested in games, solemn and taciturn; in adulthood his complexion was purplish and his eyes showed much white.

明宗與梁人對柵於德勝，時晉高祖為梁人所襲，馬甲連革斷，帝輟騎以授之，取斷革者自跨之，徐殿其後，晉高祖感而壯之。 When Mingzong faced the Liang behind palisades at Desheng, Jin Gaozu was ambushed by Liang troops and the leather straps of his horse armor snapped in succession. The future emperor gave up his own horse for Gaozu, mounted another whose straps had already broken, and fell in slowly at the rear. Gaozu was deeply moved and impressed by his valor.

明宗踐阼，晉高祖為北京留守，以帝前有護援之力，奏移麾下，署為牙門都校。 After Mingzong acceded, Jin Gaozu was stay-behind governor of the Northern Capital; remembering the emperor's earlier rescue, he had him transferred to his own command and appointed him commander of the gate guards.

閔帝左右謀害晉高祖，帝密遣禦士石敢袖鎚立於晉高祖後，及有變，敢擁晉高祖入一室，以巨木塞門，敢尋死焉。 Min's courtiers plotted to kill Jin Gaozu. The future emperor secretly posted the guard Shi Gan behind him with a hammer hidden in his sleeve. When the attack came, Gan hustled Gaozu into a room, barred the door with a heavy beam, and was killed in the fight.

帝率眾盡殺閔帝左右，遂免晉高祖於難。 He then led his men in slaughtering Min's entire retinue and so saved Jin Gaozu from the plot.

〈（《通鑒考異》引《漢高祖實錄》云：是夜，偵知少帝伏甲，欲與從臣謀害晉高祖，詐屏人對語，方坐庭廡。 (Zizhi Tongjian Collation, citing the Veritable Record of Han Gaozu, says that night he learned the young emperor had hidden troops and meant with his followers to kill Jin Gaozu; he pretended to dismiss everyone for a private talk and was sitting in the corridor.

帝密遣禦士石敢袖鎚立於後，俄頃伏甲者起，敢有勇力，擁晉高祖入一室，以巨木塞門，敢力當其鋒，死之。 He secretly posted Shi Gan behind Gaozu with a hammer in his sleeve. Moments later the ambush sprang; Gan, a man of great strength, dragged Gaozu into a room, wedged the door with a beam, held the attackers at bay, and was killed.

帝解佩刀，遇夜晦，以在地葦炬未然者奮擊之，眾謂短兵也，遂散走。 He drew his sword; in the darkness he snatched up an unlit reed torch from the ground and struck wildly. The assailants took it for a close weapon and fled.

帝乃匿身長垣下，聞帝親將李洪信謂人曰：「石太尉死矣。」 He hid along a long wall and heard the imperial general Li Hongxin tell someone, "Grand Marshal Shi is dead."

帝隔垣呼洪信曰：「太尉無恙。」 He called over the wall to Hongxin, "The Grand Marshal is safe."

帝勸晉高祖舉義，贊成密計，經綸之始，中外賴之。 He urged Jin Gaozu to rebel, helped plan the coup in secret, and from the outset of the enterprise both the court and the realm relied on him.

晉高祖以帝為北京馬步軍都指揮使。 Jin Gaozu appointed him commander of the Northern Capital horse-and-foot forces.

及契丹以全軍赴難，大破張敬達之眾於晉陽城下，有降軍千餘人，晉高祖將置之於親衛，帝盡殺之。 When the Khitan marched in full force to relieve the siege, they routed Zhang Jingda's army below Jinyang. More than a thousand surrendered troops were to be enrolled in Gaozu's personal guard, but the future emperor had them all slaughtered.

契丹主送晉高祖至上黨，指帝謂高祖曰：「此都軍甚操剌，無大故不可棄之。」 The Khitan ruler escorted Jin Gaozu to Shangdang. Pointing at the future emperor, he told Gaozu, "This commander is very fierce and capable—without grave cause do not cast him aside."

晉高祖入洛，委帝巡警，都邑肅然，無敢犯令。 When Jin Gaozu entered Luoyang he entrusted him with patrol duties, and the capital grew so orderly that none dared break the law.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 100Volume 100 Book of Later Jin 2: Gaozu Annals 2 · 25 passages

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辛卯，詔取五月十二日車駕南幸。 On xinmao an edict set the twelfth day of the fifth month for the emperor's southward progress.

丙申，帝發河東，取陰地關路幸東京。 On bingshen the emperor left Hedong and, by way of Yindi Pass, set out for the Eastern Capital.

萬超馳至城下，諭之曰：「今契丹北遁，天下無主，并州劉公，仗大義，定中土，所向風靡，後服者族，盍早圖之。」 Wanchao rode to the foot of the walls and urged him: 'The Khitan have withdrawn north; the empire has no ruler. Liu of Bingzhou acts in the name of righteousness to pacify the heartland, and resistance crumbles before him. Latecomers face extinction of their clans—why not decide now?'

戊申，車駕至絳州，本州刺史李從朗以郡降。 On wushen the emperor reached Jiang Prefecture, where the incumbent governor Li Conglang submitted the district.

初，契丹遣偏校成霸卿、曹可璠等守其郡，帝建義之始，不時歸命，及車駕至，帝耀兵於城下，不令攻擊，從朗等遂降。 Earlier the Khitan had left subordinate officers Cheng Baqing and Cao Kefan to garrison the prefecture; they had not come in when the emperor first raised his banner. When he arrived he paraded troops before the walls without ordering an assault, and Conglang and his party surrendered.

丙辰，車駕至洛，兩京文武百僚自新安相次奉迎。 On bingchen the emperor reached Luoyang, where civil and military officials from both capitals met him in succession from Xin'an.

甲子，車駕至東京。 On jiazi the emperor entered the Eastern Capital.

漢祖見恕，問贊何以附蜀。 The Han founder received Shu and asked why Zhao Zan had sought Shu.

漢祖曰：「贊之父子，亦吾人也，事契丹出於不幸。 The founder said: 'The Zans are our own people; serving the Khitan was misfortune.

帝遣郭從義與懷讓攻取邢州，蕃將楊袞來援鐸，懷讓拒之，不勝，退保洺州，敵騎掠其部，民大被其苦。 The emperor sent Guo Congyi to join Huairang in attacking Xing. The Khitan general Yang Gun came to Liu Duo's aid; Huairang resisted but was beaten back to Luo, and enemy cavalry ravaged the region, inflicting great suffering on the people.

庚戌，文武百僚上表，請以二月四日降誕日為聖壽節，從之。 On gengxu the civil and military officials memorialized that the emperor's birthday, the fourth day of the second month, be observed as the Sacred Longevity Festival; the request was granted.

戊寅，詔以杜重威叛命，取今月二十九日暫幸澶、魏。 On wuyin an edict declared that because Du Chongwei had rebelled, the emperor would temporarily proceed to Chan and Wei on the twenty-ninth day of that month.

庚辰，車駕發京師。 On gengchen the emperor departed the capital.

甲申，車駕次韋城。 On jiashen the emperor encamped at Weicheng.

丙午，詔都部署高行周督眾攻城，帝登高阜以觀之，時眾議未欲攻擊，副部署慕容彥超堅請攻之。 On bingwu an edict put Grand Marshal Gao Xingzhou in charge of the siege; the emperor watched from a hilltop while his commanders still debated holding back—until Deputy Marshal Murong Yanchao pressed hard for an attack.

丙戌，車駕發鄴都歸京。 On bingxu the emperor left Yedu and returned to the capital.

丁酉，帝舉哀於太平宮。 On dingyou the emperor mourned at Taiping Palace.

乾祐元年正月辛亥朔，帝不受朝賀。 On the new moon of the first month in the first year of Qianyou, the emperor declined the usual court congratulations.

己未，改御名為暠。 On jiwei the emperor's personal name was changed to Gao.

甲子，帝不豫。 On jiazi the emperor fell ill.

二十七日丁丑，帝崩於萬歲殿，時年五十四。 On the twenty-seventh day, dingchou, the emperor died in Wansui Hall. He was fifty-four.

〈（《契丹國志》云：漢祖召蘇逢吉、楊邠、史宏肇入受顧命，曰：「承祐幼弱，後事托在卿輩。」 (The Records of the Khitan State relate that the Han founder summoned Su Fengji, Yang Bin, and Shi Hongzhao to receive his deathbed charge, saying, "Chengyou is still a child; I entrust what follows to you."

其年二月，太常卿張昭上謚曰睿文聖武昭肅孝皇帝，廟號高祖。 Later that second month, Minister of Rites Zhang Zhao proposed the posthumous title Sagaciously Cultured, Sacredly Martial, Solemnly Reverent, and Filially Devoted Emperor, with the temple name Gaozu.

〈（《五代史補》：高祖嘗在晉祖麾下，晉祖既起太原，因高祖遂有天下。 (The Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties records that Gaozu had once served under Jin Gaozu; when the Jin founder rose at Taiyuan, it was through Gaozu that the house came to rule the realm.

漢高祖肇起並、汾，遄臨汴、洛，乘虛而取神器，因亂而有帝圖，雖曰人謀，諒由天啟。 Han Gaozu first rose in Bing and Fen, then swiftly advanced on Bian and Luoyang, seized the imperial regalia when the realm lay open, and won his imperial design amid chaos—though men called it human contrivance, it was surely Heaven's opening.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 104Volume 104 Book of Later Jin 6: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 7 passages

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高祖皇后李氏，晉陽人也。 Empress Li, consort of Later Han Gaozu, came from Jinyang.

高祖微時，嘗牧馬於晉陽別墅，因夜入其家，劫而取之。 While Liu Zhiyuan was still a nobody, he tended horses at a Jinyang country house, slipped in one night, and carried her off.

及高祖領藩鎮，累封魏國夫人。 Once he held a frontier command she rose step by step to Lady of Wei.

高祖建義於太原，欲行頒賚於軍士，以公帑不足，議率井邑，助成其事。 At Taiyuan he meant to pay the troops but the state coffers ran dry, so his council weighed a levy on town and countryside to fund the bonuses.

高祖改容曰：「敬聞命矣。」 The emperor colored and said, "Your counsel is taken."

業時在旁曰：「先帝嘗言，朝廷大事不可謀及書生，懦怯誤人。」 Li Ye at her elbow said, "The late emperor warned never to plot great matters with pedants—they only breed cowardice."

又，《五代會要》載：漢高祖長女永寧公主，降宋延渥，天福十二年四月封，至乾祐二年十二月，追封秦國長公主。）〉 The 《Wudai hui yao》 also notes Gaozu's eldest daughter, Princess Yongning, wed Song Yanwo, was titled in Tianfu 12, and was posthumously raised to princess of Qin in Qianyou 2. (End of editorial note.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 105Volume 105 Book of Later Jin 7: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 12 passages

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蔡王信，高祖之從弟也。 Prince Cai Xin was a cousin of Later Han Gaozu.

漢祖鎮并州，為興捷軍都將，領龔州刺史、檢校太保。 While Liu Zhiyuan governed Bingzhou, Xin became commander of the Xingjie Army and also served as prefect of Gong and honorary Grand Guardian.

高祖寢疾大漸，楊邠受密旨遣信赴鎮，信即時戒路，不得奉辭，雨泣而去。 As Gaozu lay dying, Yang Bin carried a secret order to send Xin back to his post; Xin set out at once without a farewell audience and left in tears through the rain.

在鎮日，聚斂無度，會高祖山陵梓宮經由境上，信率掠吏民，以備迎奉，百姓苦之。 In his province he levied without measure; when Gaozu's coffin passed through on its way to the tomb, Xin stripped officials and commoners alike to fund the reception, and the people groaned under it.

◎宗室魏王承訓，字德輝，高祖之長子也。 ◎ Prince Wei Cheng Xun of the imperial house, courtesy name Dehui, was eldest son of Later Han Gaozu.

少溫厚，美姿儀，高祖尤鐘愛。 As a youth he was mild and warm-hearted, handsome in bearing, and Gaozu doted on him above all.

高祖將赴洛，命承訓北京大內巡檢，未幾，詔赴闕，授開封尹、檢校太尉、同平章事。 As Gaozu prepared to go to Luoyang, he ordered Cheng Xun to inspect the inner palace at the Northern Capital; soon an edict recalled him to court and made him Kaifeng prefect, honorary Grand Marshal, and vice grand councilor.

高祖發哀於太平宮，哭之大慟，以至於不豫。 Gaozu mourned at Taiping Palace and wept so bitterly that he fell ill.

陳王承勛，高祖之幼子也。 Cheng Xun, Prince of Chen, was Gaozu's youngest son.

〈（案：《湘陰公傳》原本殘闕，考《十國春秋·湘陰公傳》云：湘陰公赟，世祖子也，高祖愛之，以為己子。 (Editor's note: the base 《Biography of the Duke of Xiangyin》 is corrupt; the 《Ten States Spring and Autumn》 account reads: the Duke of Xiangyin Yun was a son of Shizu; Gaozu doted on him and raised him as his own.

群臣乃共奏曰：「武寧節度使赟，高祖愛以為子，宜立為嗣。」 The ministers jointly memorialized: "Wuning governor Yun, whom Gaozu loved as a son, should be made heir."

太后乃下詔曰：「比者，樞密使威，誌安宗社，議立長君，以徐州節度使赟，高祖親近，立為漢嗣，乃自藩鎮，召赴京師。 The dowager then issued an edict: "Recently Commissioner Wei, seeking to secure the realm, chose a mature ruler; Xuzhou governor Yun, close to Gaozu, was named Han heir and summoned from his province to the capital.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 121Volume 121 Book of Later Zhou 23: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 2 passages

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太祖從漢祖鎮並門，屬楊夫人以疾終，無何武氏子卒，太祖素聞妃之賢，遂納為繼室。 When the Emperor followed the Han founder to garrison Bingmen, Lady Yang died of illness; soon afterward the Wu son died as well. Having long heard of the lady's virtue, he took her as his successor consort.

太祖從漢祖幸洛，因憶淑妃之言，尋以禮納之。 When the Emperor accompanied the Han founder to Luoyang, he recalled Lady Yang's praise and soon took her as his wife with full ceremony.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 127Volume 127 Book of Later Zhou 29: Biographies 7: Lu Wenji, Ma Yisun, He Ning, Su Yugui, Jing Fan · 6 passages

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漢祖登極，轉太子太師。 When the Han founder took the throne, he became grand mentor of the heir.

漢高祖作鎮並門，奏為兼判。 When Han Gaozu governed Bing Gate he had Yugui made concurrent overseer.

開運末，契丹入汴，漢祖即位於晉陽，授中書侍郎平章事。 At Kaiyun's end the Khitans entered Bian. Han Gaozu took the throne at Jinyang and made Yugui vice minister and grand councilor.

漢祖輗阼，兼刑部尚書，俄加右僕射、集賢殿大學士。 On Han's accession he also became minister of punishments, then right vice director and grand academician of the Hall for Gathering Worthies.

漢祖大漸，與蘇逢吉、楊邠等受顧命，立少主。 When Han fell gravely ill, he with Su Fengji, Yang Bin, and others received the deathbed charge and installed the young emperor.

禹珪純厚長者，遭遇漢祖，及蘇逢吉夷滅，禹珪恬然無咎，時人以為積善之報也。 A pure, generous elder, he served Han Gaozu; when Su Fengji was destroyed he remained unscathed—men called it reward for virtue.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 144Volume 144: Treatises 6 Music 1 · 2 passages

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高祖睿文聖武昭肅孝皇帝廟室酌獻，舞《觀德之舞》。 For the libation offering at the temple chamber of Gaozu, the Rui Wen, Sheng Wu, Zhao Su, Xiao Emperor, the Dance of Observing Virtue was performed.

漢高祖受命之年，秋九月，權太常卿張昭上疏，奏改一代樂名，其略曰？ In the year when Han Gaozu received the Mandate, in the ninth month of autumn, Acting Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Zhang Zhao submitted a memorial requesting changes to the music names of the dynasty. Stated in summary:

History of Liao, Chapter 5Volume 5 Annals 5: Shizong · 1 passage

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漢主劉知遠殂，子承祐立。 Han ruler Liu Zhiyuan died, and his son Chengyou succeeded him.

History of Liao, Chapter 113Volume 113 Biographies 43: Rebellious Officials 2 · 1 passage

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天祿元年，燕、趙已南皆應劉知遠，朗與汴守蕭翰棄城歸闕。 In the first year of Tianlu, Yan, Zhao, and all lands to the south rallied to Liu Zhiyuan; Lang and Bian's defender Xiao Han abandoned the city and returned to court.

History of Song, Chapter 482Volume 482 Biographies 241, Hereditary Houses 5: Liu Jiyuan of the Northern Han Liu Family (Father: Liu Jun; Elder Brother: Liu Ji'en; Appended: Wei Rong, Zhao Wendu, Li Yun, Ma Feng, Guo Wuwei) · 4 passages

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祖崇，漢祖之弟，漢初為太原尹、北京留守。 His grandfather Liu Chong was the Later Han founder's younger brother; in the early Han reign he was made Taiyuan governor and northern-capital commissioner.

始建七廟於漢祖舊第，號顯聖宮。 He first built seven ancestral temples at the Later Han founder's old residence and named the site Xiansheng Palace.

漢祖典禁兵，以釗崇婿，釋其籍，館門下。 When the Later Han founder took command of the palace guard, he freed Zhao from the rolls as Chong's son-in-law and housed him at his residence.

漢祖後領方鎮，爵位通顯，釗罕得見其妻，居常怏怏。 Later, as the Han founder rose to a frontier command and high rank, Zhao seldom saw his wife and brooded in resentment.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 11Volume 11 Later Zhou Annals 2: Taizu · 4 passages

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漢高祖為侍衛親軍都虞候，尤親愛之。 Han Gaozu, then chief adjutant of the Palace Guard, took a particular liking to him.

後高祖所臨鎮，嘗以威從。 Afterward, on every posting Gaozu held, Wei usually went along.

契丹滅晉，漢高祖起兵太原，即皇帝位，拜威樞密副使。 After the Khitan overthrew Jin, Han Gaozu rose at Taiyuan and claimed the throne, naming Wei Vice Commissioner of the Privy Council.

乾祐元年正月，高祖疾大漸，以隱帝托威及史弘肇等。 In the first month of Qianyou 1, as Gaozu lay dying, he committed the Hidden Emperor to the care of Wei, Shi Hongzhao, and the rest.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 18Volume 18: The Later Han Imperial Family · 19 passages

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高祖皇后李氏 Empress Li, wife of Gaozu of Later Han

高祖皇后李氏，晉陽人也，其父為農。 Empress Li of Gaozu was a native of Jinyang; her father was a farmer.

高祖少為軍卒，牧馬晉陽，夜入其家劫取之。 Gaozu was once a soldier herding horses at Jinyang; one night he entered her home and abducted her.

高祖已貴，封魏國夫人，生隱帝。 When Gaozu rose to power, she was made Lady of Wei and bore the Hidden Emperor.

開運四年，高祖起兵太原，賞軍士，帑藏不足充，欲斂於民。 In Kaiyun 4, Gaozu rebelled at Taiyuan and meant to reward his troops, but the treasury fell short and he planned to levy the people.

高祖為改容謝之。 Gaozu softened and thanked her.

高祖即位，立為皇后。 When Gaozu ascended, she was made empress.

高祖崩，隱帝冊尊為皇太后。 After Gaozu's death, the Hidden Emperor made her empress dowager.

李業從旁對曰：「先皇帝平生言，朝廷大事，勿問書生。」 Li Ye cut in: “The late emperor always said never to ask scholars about great affairs of state.”

高祖弟子侄 Gaozu's younger brothers and nephews

高祖二弟三子：弟曰崇、曰信，子曰承訓、承祐、承勳。 Gaozu had two brothers—Chong and Xin—and three sons: Chengxun (承訓), Chengyou, and Chengxun (承勳).

崇子曰赟，高祖愛之，以為己子。 Chong’s son Yun was loved by Gaozu and adopted as his son.

而宗室河東節度使崇等在者四人，乃為太后誥曰：「河東節度使崇，許州節度使信，皆高祖之弟，徐州節度使赟，開封尹承勳，皆高祖之子，文武百辟，其擇嗣君以承天統。」 Four of the Liu clan remained; the dowager's edict read: "Chong of Hedong, Xin of Xu, Yun of Xuzhou, and Chengxun of Kaifeng—brothers and sons of Gaozu—and bade the court choose an heir."

於是周太祖與王峻入見太后，言：「開封尹承勳，高祖皇帝之子，宜立。」 Guo Wei and Wang Jun told the dowager: “Chengxun, Gaozu’s son, should reign.”

太祖與群臣請見承勳視起居，太后命以臥榻舁承勳出見群臣，群臣視之信然，乃共奏曰：「徐州節度使赟，高祖愛之，以為子，宜立為嗣。」 They asked to see Chengxun; he was borne out on a couch; seeing him truly ill, they memorialized: "Yun, whom Gaozu had adopted, should be enthroned as heir."

太祖已監國，太后乃下誥曰：「此者樞密使郭威，誌安宗社，議立長君，以徐州節度使赟高祖近親，立為漢嗣，乃自藩鎮召赴京師。 As regent, the dowager issued an edict: "Guo Wei had meant to enthrone an elder lord; Yun, Gaozu's kin, was chosen and summoned from Xuzhou.

蔡王信，高祖之從弟也。 Prince of Cai Xin was Gaozu's younger cousin.

高祖鎮太原，以信為興捷軍都指揮使領義成軍節度使，徙領許州。 When Gaozu governed Taiyuan, he made Xin commander of the Xingjie Army and military governor of Yicheng, then moved him to Xu.

高祖寢疾，隱帝當立為嗣，楊邠等受顧命，不欲信在京師，乃遣信就鎮，信涕泣而去。 When Gaozu lay dying and the Hidden Emperor was to succeed, Yang Bin and the others took the deathbed charge; fearing Xin in the capital, they sent him to his post, and he left in tears.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 19Volume 19: Taizu of Later Zhou's Family · 3 passages

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太祖方事漢高祖於太原，天福中妃卒，遂葬太原之近郊。 Taizu was then in Gaozu of Later Han's service at Taiyuan. She died during the Tianfu reign period and was buried in the outskirts near the city.

久之，太祖事漢高祖於太原，楊夫人卒，而武氏子亦卒，乃納妃為繼室。 Years later, while Taizu was in Gaozu of Later Han's service at Taiyuan, Lady Yang died and Wu's son died as well; Taizu then took the consort as his next wife.

漢高祖由太原入京師，太祖從，過洛陽，聞妃有賢行，聘之。 When Gaozu of Later Han entered the capital from Taiyuan, Taizu went with him. Passing through Luoyang he heard of her virtue and took her as his wife.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 29Volume 29 Later Jin Biographies 9: Sang Weihan, Jing Yanguang, Wu Luan · 2 passages

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高祖自太原徙天平，不受命，而有异谋，以问将佐，将佐皆恐惧不敢言，独维翰与刘知远赞成之，因使维翰为书求援于契丹。 The High Ancestor refused transfer from Taiyuan to Tianping and plotted rebellion. He asked his staff; all feared and were silent. Only Weihan and Liu Zhiyuan urged him on. Weihan wrote to the Khitan for aid.

汉高祖时，赠侍中。 Later Han posthumously made him Palace Attendant.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 31Volume 31 Later Zhou Biographies 11: Wang Pu, Zheng Renhui, Hu Zai · 1 passage

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漢高祖為河東節度使，周太祖居帳下，時時往過仁誨，與語甚歡。 When Han Gaozu governed Hedong, Zhou Taizu served in his camp and often called on Renhui—they talked as old friends.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 40Volume 40 Miscellaneous Biographies 20: Li Maozhen, Han Jian, Li Renfu, Han Xun, Yang Chongben, Gao Wanxing, Wen Tao · 1 passage

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聞漢高祖起太原，遂歸漢，即拜節度使，廣順三年卒。 When he heard Gaozu of Han was rising at Taiyuan he submitted and was confirmed commissioner; he died in Guangshun 3.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 49Volume 49 Miscellaneous Biographies 29: Di Guangye, Feng Hui, Huang Fuhui, Tang Jingsi, Wang Jin, Chang Si, Sun Fangjian · 8 passages

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漢高祖入京師，改右領軍衛大將軍、左金吾大將軍，充街使。 Han Gaozu entered the capital and made him Grand General of the Right Stern Guard and Grand General of the Left Jinwu Guard, and street commissioner.

漢高祖時，為鄧州行軍司馬，後為沿淮巡檢。 Under Han Gaozu he was Deng’s marching marshal, then Huai river inspector.

漢高祖為侍衞親軍指揮使，以進為軍校。 When Han Gaozu commanded the Palace Guard, he made Jin a company officer.

高祖鎮河東，因以之從，每有急，遣進馳至京師，往返不過五六日，由是愈親愛之，累遷奉國軍都指揮使。 When Gaozu governed Hedong, Jin went with him. In every crisis Gaozu sent him racing to the capital—a round trip of five or six days at most. Gaozu grew ever fonder and raised him to commander of the Fengguo army.

漢高祖為河東節度使，以思為牢城指揮使。 When Han Gaozu governed Hedong, he made Si commander of the Laocheng garrison.

高祖入立，領武勝軍節度使，徙鎮昭義。 When Gaozu took the throne, Si held the Wusheng commission and was shifted to Zhaoyi.

漢高祖起，契丹縱火燒定州，虜其人民北去。 Han Gaozu rose; the Khitan burned Ding prefecture and drove its people north as captives.

方諫聞之，自狼山入，據之以歸漢，高祖嘉之，即拜方諫義武軍節度使。 Fangjian marched out of Langshan, seized the city, and submitted to Han; Gaozu praised him and at once restored him as Yiwu commissioner.