Li Siyuan (李嗣源) | 24 Histories

Overview

Li Siyuan was an emperor of Later Tang.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Siyuan		Siyuan
Childhood name	Miaojilie	邈佶烈	Miǎojílìe
Posthumous name	Sagely Virtuous Harmonious Martial Filial Emperor Mingzong	明宗聖德和武欽孝皇帝
Temple name	Mingzong	明宗	Mingzong

Life and dates

Death

As of already deceased · Tomb mausoleum 陵寢
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 91
Date Source Date: Text: 長興四年十一月二十六日 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 933 · Died
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 5
AD 934 應順元年，歲次甲午，四月庚午朔
Died earlier; coffin present at Congke investiture
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 199
AD 933 從榮死後六日
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 205
AD 933 明宗宴駕
Died
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 66, passage 172
AD 933 明宗崩
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 116

Show 3 more source-backed claims

AD 933 明年，明宗崩
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 170
AD 933 長興四年
died 晏駕
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 80
Died nursing hatred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 103

Attested activity

AD 926 Supplementary 新五代史/卷06 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆: 皇帝即位于柩前，
Event SUPPLEMENTARY PERSONAL EVIDENCE: Li Siyuan accedes as emperor. This is not the author's later act of reference. The local reference is preserved separately as an undated retrospective event.
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 37
AD 929 冬十月丙辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 152-155
AD 929 冬十月己酉
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 148
AD 929 十一月丁卯
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 161
AD 929 十一月己卯
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 162
AD 929 十二月壬戌
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 169, 173

Show 130 more source-backed claims

AD 930 長興元年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 124
AD 934 清泰元年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 123
AD 929 八月戊申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 156
AD 932 長興三年八月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 38
AD 930 長興元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 38
AD 914 天祐十一年歲在甲戌，十一月二十八日庚申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 1-2
AD 933 長興四年十一月二十一日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 5
AD 933 長興四年十一月二十六日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 5
AD 908 天祐五年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 71, 73
AD 911 天祐八年十二月甲子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 211
AD 911 天祐八年正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 122, 130
AD 911 AD 911-913
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 59
AD 926 AD 926-933
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 26, passage 11
AD 926 to AD 933 Chronology stated or entailed by s0006, s0185
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passages 6, 185
AD 926 to AD 926 三月壬子至翌日
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 133-140
AD 926 乙亥
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 139
AD 933 十一月戊子
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 152-153, 158, 165
AD 927 即位之明年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 190
AD 926 及明宗入洛
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 212
AD 924 同光二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 6
AD 924 同光二年二月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 120
AD 924 同光二年夏五月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 128
AD 923 同光元年九月戊辰
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 90
AD 923 同光元年閏月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 85
AD 923 同光初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 148
AD 926 同光四年三月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 185, 190-191, 226
AD 926 同光四年二月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 183
AD 926 同光四年夏四月丁亥朔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 228
AD 926 同光四年正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 122
AD 926 to AD 933 唐明宗
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 78; New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 18; New History of the Five Dynasties 53, passages 53, 106
AD 926 to AD 933 唐明宗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 151
AD 926 to AD 933 唐明宗密召倍
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 72, passage 25
AD 926 to AD 933 唐明宗朝
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 174; History of Liao 76, passage 35
AD 926 to AD 933 唐明宗朝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 2
AD 933 唐長興四年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passage 16
AD 926 四年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 47
AD 933 四年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 129-130
AD 926 to AD 930 天成
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 65
AD 926 to AD 930 天成
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 37
AD 926 天成
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 35; Old History of the Five Dynasties 69, passages 64, 101; New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 165
AD 928 天成三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passages 37-38; Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passages 44, 52
AD 928 天成三年十二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 92-94
AD 928 天成三年四月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passages 5-6
AD 927 天成二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 108, 110
AD 927 to AD 933 天成二年至明宗末
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 20, 25, 27
AD 926 天成元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 123
AD 926 天成元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passages 13, 50, 69; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 4
AD 926 天成元年九月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 56
AD 926 天成元年冬十月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 76
AD 926 天成元年十一月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 104
AD 926 天成元年十二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 121
AD 926 天成元年夏四月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 1
AD 926 天成元年秋八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 5
AD 926 to AD 930 天成初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 73
AD 926 天成初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 91
AD 926 天成初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passages 44, 64
AD 929 天成四年七月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 96
AD 929 天成四年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 27-28, 33
AD 929 天成四年九月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 131, 135
AD 929 天成四年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 2, 9, 17, 23-24
AD 929 天成四年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 52, 58-59, 63
AD 929 天成四年八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 121, 127
AD 929 天成四年六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 73, 77, 80-81
AD 929 天成四年夏
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 123
AD 929 天成四年夏四月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 35, 37
AD 929 天成四年春正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 174
AD 929 天成四年秋七月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 99, 106
AD 912 天祐九年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 4
AD 921 天祐十八年三月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 61
AD 921 天祐十八年十月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 66
AD 917 天祐十四年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 44
AD 926 天顯元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passage 167
AD 928 to AD 930 宋王從厚娶循女
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 160, 162
AD 914 to AD 926 帝髫齔
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 3
AD 933 從榮之變與明宗崩
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 171, 185, 205
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 91; Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passage 42; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 1, 4
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 100
AD 926 明宗
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passages 24, 68
AD 926 明宗入洛
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 110
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗入立
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 236
AD 926 明宗入立
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 98
AD 926 明宗入立
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 49
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗即位
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 108, 206
AD 926 明宗即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 154; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 7; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 157
AD 926 明宗即位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 47; New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 93
AD 923 明宗及梁人戰德勝
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 4
AD 926 明宗嗣位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 17
AD 920 to AD 926 明宗在代州至踐阼
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 186
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗在位
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 151
AD 923 明宗在鄆
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 57, passage 26
AD 933 明宗崩
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 116; New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 170
AD 927 明宗幸汴州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 158
AD 923 明宗愛其穎悟
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 5
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗时
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 58
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗時
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passages 95, 101; New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 5, 33
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗時
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 41
AD 930 to AD 933 明宗晚而多病
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 101
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗朝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 66, passage 7; Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passages 86, 99
AD 926 to AD 933 明宗朝
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passages 57, 192
AD 926 明宗朝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 124
AD 933 明宗病
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 120
AD 926 明宗自魏兵反而南
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 124-125
AD 926 明宗踐阼
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 188
AD 926 明宗軍變於魏
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 121
AD 926 是時
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 166
AD 926 李嗣源兵反、監國
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 14, passages 166, 172, 174
AD 926 李嗣源兵反
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 101
AD 917 李存遣李嗣源等救幽州
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 232
AD 926 甲戌
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 187, 189
AD 926 甲申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 171
AD 926 甲辰
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 115
AD 926 甲辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 115, 121-122, 126
AD 926 癸未
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 170
AD 915 to AD 923 莊宗取魏、胡柳之戰
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 4, 8-9
AD 926 莊宗敗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passages 63, 73
AD 926 莊宗沒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 5
AD 923 莊宗舉酒屬明宗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 18
AD 923 莊宗遣明宗諭彥章
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 62
AD 926 趙在禮之亂、即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 10, 14, 16-17, 19
AD 926 辛巳
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 157-158
AD 930 to AD 933 長興
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passages 187, 189
AD 932 長興三年十二月壬戌
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passages 105-106
AD 930 to AD 933 長興中
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 172
AD 931 長興二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passages 1, 3, 10, 27, 36-37, 46, 53, 105, 139, 154, 161, 172
AD 931 長興二年六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passages 50, 66
AD 930 長興元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 139; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 116-117, 119
AD 930 長興元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 17
AD 930 長興元年夏
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 135
AD 933 長興四年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 80
AD 933 長興四年七月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passage 58

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Ancestor of Chongmei (重美)
imperial grandson 皇孫 · 2 generations · AD 931 長興二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 102
Ancestor of Chongzhen (重真)
imperial grandson 皇孫 · 2 generations · AD 931 長興二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 102
Parent of Li Congke (從珂)
imperial son 皇子
raised as a son 養以為子 · Adoptive parentage
son 子 · Adoptive parentage
father 父 · AD 931 長興二年
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 81; New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 21; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 8, 10; Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 26; History of Liao 72, passage 132
Parent of Li Conghou (李從厚)
fifth son 第五子 · paternal line
father 父 · AD 931 長興二年
Emperor Min 閔帝
imperial son 皇子
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 108; Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 99; Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passages 133, 136; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 160, 162; Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 41
Kin of Congmin (從敏)
nephew 姪 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 206-207
Kin of Congzhang (從璋)
nephew 姪 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 206-207
Kin of Congcan (從璨)
nephew 姪 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 206-207
Kin of Congwen (從溫)
nephew 姪 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 206-207
Ancestor of Chongxin (重信)
maternal grandson 外孫 · maternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 34
Kin of Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
son-in-law 婿 · Through Daughter of Mingzong, wife of Shi Jingtang (明宗女、石敬瑭妻)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 151
Parent of Yuan Xingqin (元行欽)
adopted son 假子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 5
Child of Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · History of Liao 2, passage 167
Spouse of Lady Wang (王氏)
chaste consort 淑妃 · Secondary marriage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 1, 24
Kin of Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
clansman 宗臣 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 121
Spouse of Consort Wang Shufei (王淑妃)
consort 淑妃 · Secondary marriage
Consort Shu 淑妃 · Secondary marriage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 165; New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 101
Spouse of Consort Wang (王淑妃)
consort 淑妃 · Secondary marriage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 154
Parent of Empress Dowager (太后)
daughter 女 · paternal line
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 226
Parent of Princess of Xingping (興平公主)
daughter 女
Directly stated · History of Liao 76, passage 35
Parent of Daughter of Mingzong, wife of Shi Jingtang (明宗女、石敬瑭妻)
daughter 女
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 151
Parent of Mother of Chongxin (重信母)
daughter 女
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 34
Parent of Princess Yongning (永寧公主)
daughter 女
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 4
Parent of Prince of Qin Congrong (秦王從榮)
elder brother of Mingzong's third son 兄 · paternal line
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 1, 166
Parent of Congshen (從審)
eldest son 長子
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 83; Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 39; Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 140; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 78
Spouse of Empress of Mingzong (明宗之后)
empress 後
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 184
Spouse of Empress Zhaoyi (昭懿皇后)
empress 皇后
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 184
Spouse of Lady Cao (曹氏)
empress 皇后
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 1, 5, 24
Spouse of Empress Zhao-yi of the Xia clan (昭懿皇后夏氏)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 1-2
Parent of Empress Dowager Li (李氏)
father 父
third daughter 第三女
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 86, passage 5
Parent of Li Congrong (李從榮)
Prince of Qin 秦王 · paternal line
son 子
the Emperor's second son 皇第二子
father 父
imperial son 皇子
second son 第二子
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 115-116; History of Liao 76, passage 36; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 78, 114, 119, 129, 201-202; New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 20, 34, 120-121; Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 135; Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 40; Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 90
Parent of Conghou (從厚)
father 父
imperial son 皇子
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 166
Parent of Emperor Min (閔帝)
father 父
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 151
Parent of Congjing (從璟)
father 父
imperial son 皇子
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 114
Parent of Grand Princess (長公主)
Grand Princess 長公主 · Uncertain parentage
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 139, 151
Parent of Princess Yong'an (永安公主)
his sister 妹
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 43, 50
Kin of Li Conghou (李從厚)
main branch 本枝 · paternal line
one family 一家
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 174; New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 37
Spouse of Birth mother of Congyi (從益生母)
palace concubine 宮嬪
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 164
Parent of Prince of Qin (秦王)
Prince of Qin 秦王
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passages 129, 131; New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 102
Parent of Jin State Princess (晉國公主)
princess 公主
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 1
Spouse of Lady Wei (魏氏)
seized her 掠得之 · Concubinage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 20
Parent of Congzhang (從璋)
son 子 · paternal line
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 226, 232
Parent of Conghou (從厚)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 78
Parent of Congyi (從益)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 78
Parent of Li Congcan (李從璨)
son 諸子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 27; Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 152
Parent of Congmin (從敏)
sons 諸子 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 226
Parent of Congwen (從溫)
sons 諸子 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 226
Parent of Emperor Min (閔帝)
third son 第三子 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 1
Spouse of Consort Wang (王氏)
virtuous consort 淑妃 · Secondary marriage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passage 78
Spouse of Lady Xia (夏氏)
wife 夫人
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 1, 19
Parent of Li Congyi (李從益)
youngest son 幼子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 163

Kinship Role brothers · Count 0 · Negated true · brothers not seen in genealogies
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 206-207
Kinship Role sons · Count 4 · Names 從璟, 從榮, 從厚, 從益
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 78
Five additional unnamed imperial grandsons were appointed with Chongzhen in the group of six.
AD 931 長興二年 · Kinship Role additional unnamed imperial grandsons · Count 5
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 102
AD 942 to AD 946 至晉出帝時六已亡歿
Kinship Role sons · Count 6 · Deceased · Six of eight sons already dead by the Deposed Emperor’s day
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 226
AD 942 to AD 946 至晉出帝時
Kinship Role sons · Count 8
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 226
Kinship Role sons · Quantity 諸子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 149

Key source chapters

Career and standing

emperor 明宗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 212
overall commander 總管
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 148
northern campaign commander 北面行營都招討使
AD 924 同光二年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 6
military governor of Chengde 成德軍節度使
AD 926 同光四年二月 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 183
military governor of Anguo 安國軍節度使
AD 921 天祐十八年三月 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 61
emperor 明宗
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passage 16

Show 27 more source-backed claims

Han and non-Han overall commander 蕃漢總管
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 115
overall commander 總管
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 187, 189
prefect of Daizhou 刺代州
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 186
Zhenzhou commissioner (remote tenure) 遙領鎮州
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 137
temple established in the Western Capital 立廟於西京
AD 939 天福四年冬十一月乙亥 · Commemorated · Authority Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 128
Already dead
Deceased
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 151
Already ill when crown prince proposed
AD 933 四年 · Ill
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 129
Entered
Rebelled
Directly stated · History of Liao 2, passage 167
forced to be emperor 迫嗣源為帝
AD 926 是夜 · Forced imperial elevation · Forced
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 135
Held
AD 926 明宗初 · Regent overseeing mourning
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 14, passages 174-175
Held
AD 931 長興二年 · Emperor · Source Label 皇帝
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 1
Suffered
Ill
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 20, 33
hemp mourning clothes 縗服
AD 926 乙亥 · Mourning
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 139
Emperor of Later Tang
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 6
emperor 明宗
AD 926 莊宗遇弒、明宗入立 · Acceded
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 17
Entered Luoyang
AD 926 明宗入洛
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 110
Urged and acceded
At Luoyang 洛陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 30
As Emperor of Tang 即位
Directly stated · History of Liao 2, passage 167
AD 926 天成元年夏四月
At Western Palace 西宮 · Before coffin
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 1-2
AD 926 天成初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 91
AD 926 明宗
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 68
took the throne 入立
AD 926 明宗入立
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 236
AD 926 明宗即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 57, passage 174; Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 154; Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 7; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 214; New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 93
AD 926 明宗嗣位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 17
AD 926 明宗踐阼
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 188
AD 926 甲申
edict refers to ascending the throne
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 172
took the throne 即位
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 108, 206

Places and affiliations

Later Tang 唐
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 30; Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passage 42; New History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 38
Later Tang 後唐
Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 148, 153
Later Tang 後唐
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 91; Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 70; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 226, 236; New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 5, 20
Later Tang
Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 24
Later Tang
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 174
Polities Later Tang
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 6

Show 25 more source-backed claims

Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 73, 130, 211; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 44, 61, 66, 85
Polity Later Tang 唐 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 154; Old History of the Five Dynasties 111, passages 78, 91; Old History of the Five Dynasties 127, passage 100; Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 50; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 157; New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passages 29, 68
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 14, passage 166
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 1, 139; Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 1, 5, 151; Old History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 101; Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 73; Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 86; Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 41; Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 66; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 185, 205
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passages 163, 174
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 115
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 133, 166
Polity Later Tang · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 22
Polity Later Tang · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 93
AD 933 四年
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Contemplated retirement to · Mode speech Speaker Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 129
AD 926 壬子
At Ye 鄴都 · Relation Camped at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 133
AD 926 夜分
At Wei county 魏縣 · Relation Reached
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 136
AD 926 明宗自魏兵反而南
At Wei 魏 · Relation Rebelled from
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 124
AD 926 是時
At Bian 汴 · Relation Entered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 166
AD 926 甲寅
At outside Guanyin Gate 觀音門外 · Relation Camped at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 134
AD 926 翌日
At Xiangzhou 相州 · Relation Halted at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 138
AD 926 遲明
At Ye city 鄴城 · Relation Entered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 136
At Bian 汴州 · Relation Visited
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 209, 215
At Daizhou 代州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passage 186
At former hidden-dragon residence renamed Palace of Highest Virtue 潛龍舊宅／至德宮 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 112
At Jinyang 晉陽 · Relation Rose from
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 62
At Luoyang 洛 · Relation Entered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 212
At Luoyang 洛陽 · Relation Temple established at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 163
At old Taiyuan residence renamed Accumulated Celebration Palace 太原舊宅／積慶宮 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 127
At Zhenzhou 鎮州 · Relation Came from
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 91

Works and attributed material

Edict · Author · About Person Id Emperor Taizu of Liao (遼太祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passages 96-97
Wept and told Congke that Chonghui had intended to prevent their meeting
AD 931 長興二年 · Speech · Speaker · With Li Congke (從珂) · Mode direct Speaker Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 27
善
AD 929 冬十月丙辰 · Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 153
AD 926 詰旦
Memorial · Author · Paraphrased
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 137
AD 931 長興二年
Edict · Issuer · Mode document Speaker Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passages 2, 9, 14-16, 18-24, 35, 38-41, 51-52, 55-57, 59-60, 70-75, 79, 85-86, 94, 100, 105, 107, 110-116, 122, 126-127, 129, 131, 135-136, 139-140, 144-145, 149-150, 155-158, 166-167, 171, 176
Approval · Approver · With Wang Yanqiu (王晏球)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 83

Show 15 more source-backed claims

Audience · Host · At Hall of Illuminated Clarity 端明殿
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 138, passage 38
Granted the Directorate of Astronomy request not to enter the inner court on a slight eclipse day
Edict approval · Approver · Mode narrative
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passages 19, 21
Edict · Author · Direct quotation · With Li Congcan (李從璨)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passages 158-160
Edict · Author · Direct quotation · With Congshen (從審)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 85
Edict · Author · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 14, passages 172-173
Edict · Author · Topic foreign-audience-protocol
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 91-97
Edict · Author · Topic taboo-on-zheng-and-zai
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 105-111
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 146-154, 163-169, 171-179; Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 176-177
Speech · Speaker · With Li Congrong (李從榮) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 117, 119, 132, 148
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With An Chonghui (安重誨)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passages 94-97
Speech · Speaker · With Clock-keeper palace maid (守漏宮女) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 158, 162
周歸化今為吾人，何樂如之
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 148
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 129, 185, 187-190, 202; New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 24-25
吾誅党項，非有所利也。
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 175-176
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passages 78, 82; Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 35; Old History of the Five Dynasties 69, passages 153, 155; Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 106

Events and relationships

Accepted Jingtang's plan and gave him three hundred elite cavalry
Political military · Recipient · With Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 14
Advanced on Ye
AD 926 壬子 · Military · Commander · At Ye 鄴都
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 133-134
Ancestral name taboo on ao
Taboo · Authority · With Zheng Ao (鄭遨)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 18
Appointed to campaign
AD 926 甲辰 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 126
Approved secretariat ritual abstinence memorial
AD 929 十二月壬戌 · Political · Approver
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 173
Attacked Jixing
Military · Orderer · With Li Shaogong (李紹珙)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 51

Show 81 more source-backed claims

Attended coffin sendoff
AD 926 乙亥 · Funeral · Mourner · With Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 139
Became unrecognizing then partially recovered
AD 933 己丑 · Medical · Patient · At Guangshou Hall and Yonghe Hall 廣壽殿、雍和殿
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 153, 156-158, 160, 165
Breached northeast of Jiacity and led assault
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 73, 76
Buried zhuangzong
Funeral · Agent · With Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 111
Campaigned against Zhao Zaili and was caught in the Wei mutiny
AD 926 趙在禮之亂、明宗即位前 · Military · Suppressor · With Zhao Zaili (趙在禮)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 10
Campaigned against Zhao Zaili
AD 926 同光四年二月 · Military · Commander · With Zhao Zaili (趙在禮)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 183
Campaigned against
Military · Commander · With Zhao Zaili (趙在禮)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 205
Campaigned against
Military · Commander · With Yang Li (楊立)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 24
Captured Luzhou
AD 924 同光二年夏五月 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 128
Caught chill at Shihe Pavilion
AD 933 十一月戊子 · Medical · Patient · At Shihe Pavilion west of the palace 宮西士和亭
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 152
Defeated Dai Siyuan at Qi City
AD 921 天祐十八年十月 · Military · Commander · With Dai Siyuan (戴思遠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 66
Died
AD 933 長興四年十一月二十六日 · Ritual · Deceased
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 5
Drove Khitan from Youzhou
AD 917 天祐十四年 · Military · Commander · At Youzhou 幽州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 44
Enrolled sons and comforted family
Ritual · Patron · With Yao Hong (姚洪)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 55
Entered Luoyang found charred bones
Political · Ruler
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 212
Entered Wei
Political · Ruler
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 49, passage 67
Feasted officials at the Festival Garden and visited Henan prefecture
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 37
First held court
AD 926 天成元年夏四月 · Political · Actor · At Zhongxing Hall 中興殿
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 7
Flank charged and routed Liang
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 130
Followed south with the guard
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 176
Forced as emperor by mutineers
AD 926 是夜 · Military · Subject
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 135
Gathered those left behind while still a prince
Administrative · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 41
Held court at the Civilized Illumination Hall
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 53
Held winter solstice audience
AD 929 十一月己卯 · Ritual · Sovereign · At Hall of Civil Splendor 文明殿
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 162
Hunted in the western suburb
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 172
Issued edict on appointment and enfeoffment costs
AD 929 十二月戊戌 · Political · Issuer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 168
Lifted the mash ban after Xuns injustice
AD 927 明宗幸汴州 · Legal · Ruler
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 158
Marched on capital
AD 926 李嗣源兵反 · Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 14, passage 166
Marched south from Wei and entered Bian first
AD 926 明宗自魏兵反而南 · Military · Rebel
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 124-125
Mourned at Western Palace skipped court
AD 926 天成元年五月 · Ritual · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 21
Ordered against
AD 926 甲辰 · Military · Commander · With Zhao Zaili (趙在禮) · At Ye 鄴都
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 115
Ordered eunuch purge
Political · Ruler
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 98
Ordered sons to treat as elder brother
Personal · Orderer · With Zhou Zhiyu (周知裕)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 149
Ordered to suppress
AD 924 同光二年 · Military · Commander · With Yang Li (楊立)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 171
Posthumously ennobled Young Emperor
Ritual · Officiant · With Emperor Zhaoxuan Guanglie Xiao (昭宣光烈孝皇帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 121
Posthumously enregistered zhaoxuan
Ritual · Officiant
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 156
Praised Li Xiang and granted him new robes
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 154
Prayed for rain at Longmen Buddhist temple
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 46
Pushed into Ye then escaped
AD 926 遲明 · Military · Subject · With Huo Yanwei (霍彥威) · At Ye 鄴城
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 136
Raided
Military · Commander · At Pingshan 平山
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 8
Rebelled and entered Bian
AD 926 同光四年三月 · Military · Rebel
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 185, 191, 226
Rebelled and entered capital
AD 926 李嗣源兵反 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passages 101, 111
Received and rewarded Tuyu at court
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 3
Received New Year congratulations at the Bright Hall with ceremonial guard
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 1
Received winter solstice congratulations at Bright Culture Hall
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 161
Received captives
Ritual · Officiant
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 9
Received court
Political · Actor · At Wenhua Hall 文明殿
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 9
Received investiture in imperial robes
Ritual · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 2
Received new year court
Ritual · Officiant
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 174
Received surrender
AD 923 同光初 · Military · Receiver of surrender · With Zhou Zhiyu (周知裕)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 148
Received
Diplomatic · Host · With Yelü Bei (突欲)
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passages 126-127
Renamed Tongguang4 to Tiancheng1 and great amnesty
Political · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 10
Restored Gao Jixing office and rank
AD 929 冬十月己酉 · Political · Sovereign · With Gao Jixing (高季興)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 148
Returned from Bian
Travel · Traveler
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 17-18, 24
Secretly ordered attendants to bring in white hawk
AD 929 冬十月丙辰 · Personal · Recipient
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 154
Sent Chai home after Zhuangzong's death
Administrative · Authority · With Empress Shenmu Chai (柴氏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 5
Sent against Tangut
Military · Appointer · With Yao Yanchou (藥彥稠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 172
Sent envoy to summon heir
AD 933 長興四年十一月二十一日 · Political · Sovereign · With Meng Hanqiong (孟漢瓊)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 5
Sent envoys pleading case
AD 926 三月 · Political · Subject
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 139
Sent from Jinyang against Youzhou
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 211
Sent to persuade Yanzhang
Political · Envoy · With Wang Yanzhang (王彥章)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 62
Sent to relieve Youzhou
Military · Relief commander
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 232
Sought to return and ask punishment
AD 926 詰旦 · Political · Subject
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 137
Suburban sacrifice
Ritual · Sovereign
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passages 123, 135
Summoned as Left Reminder
Summons · Summoner · With Zheng Ao (鄭遨)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 27
Summoned ministers to discuss installing crown prince
AD 933 四年 · Political · Convener
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 130
Summoned to suppress rebellion
Political · Ruler · With Kang Yicheng (康義誠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 121
Temple established
Ritual · Honoree · At Luoyang 洛陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 163
Took Yanzhou
AD 923 同光元年閏月 · Military · Commander · At Yanzhou 鄆州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 85
Tried Xia white hawk in near suburbs hiding from Chonghui
AD 929 十一月丁卯 · Personal · Participant · With An Chonghui (安重誨)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 161
Urged Cunxu to take the throne
AD 921 天祐十八年三月 · Political · Petitioner · With Cunxu (存勖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 61
Visited the Palace of Utmost Virtue and the residences of An Yuanxin and Tuyu
AD 931 長興二年 · Imperial activity · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 10
Visited Longmen
AD 929 冬十月丙辰 · Travel · Visitor · At Longmen 龍門
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 155
Visited Seven Stars Pavilion
AD 929 冬十月壬子 · Travel · Visitor · At Seven Stars Pavilion 七星亭
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 151
Relation Imperial guard reliance of · Person Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 122
Relation Former superior of · Person Yuan Jianfeng (袁建豐)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 59
Relation Predecessor of · Person Li Conghou (李從厚)
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 34
Relation Comrade of · Person Prince of Lu (潞王)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 188
Relation Ruler of minister · Person An Chonghui (安重誨)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passages 152-153, 161
Relation Patron of · Person Huangfu Li (皇甫立)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 106, passages 186-187
Relation Cherished · Person Emperor Min (閔帝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 3

Assessments and attributes

Assessment benevolent by nature · Mode named-source-report Speaker Huo Yanwei (霍彥威)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 14, passage 176
Assessment deeply-commended-Li-Xiang-memorial · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 66
Assessment held Yanwei in particular esteem · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 24
Assessment preferred grandeur without luxury for palace repair · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 35
Assessment since the founding fought a hundred hard battles; fame for might and strategy shakes barbarian and Chinese alike; Ye rebels would be easy if given sole command · Mode named-speaker Speaker Li Shaohong (李紹宏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 121
Assessment supported-in-accession-by-Yanwei · With Yanwei (彥威) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 165

Show 2 more source-backed claims

Assessment used deceitful words to escape Ye · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 136
caught a chill; spat lung-like flesh and voided phlegm; briefly recovered awareness
Illness
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 152, 160, 165

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 115, 166; Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 124; Old History of the Five Dynasties 78, passage 163; Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 13; History of Liao 1, passage 232; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 44, 66, 120, 183; New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 116, 169; New History of the Five Dynasties 32, passage 62; New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 101; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 124
granted the name Li Siyuan but not written as a full son
Field bestowed-name · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 197

Later references and commemoration

Cited in authorial comparison of dynastic families
Retrospective reference · Recalled historical example · Mode historian-judgment · Source Book: xinwudaishi · Chapter: 016 · Unit: s0037 · Quote: 唐太祖、莊宗為一家，明宗、湣帝為一家，廢帝為一家； · Source Hash: sha256:3ed0056923c9e6eee12c6893e01a86a7c57200596c81934a4523df560dc720ca · Reception Date Note The chapter supplies no date for the act of reference. No composition year, reception year, exact death, or posthumous classification is inferred.
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 37

References in the histories

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Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 27Volume 27 Book of Later Tang 3: Zhuangzong Annals 1 · 5 passages

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時李嗣源總帳下親軍攻東北隅； Li Siyuan led the household guard against the northeast corner;

李嗣源壞夾城東北隅，率先掩擊，梁軍大恐，南向而奔，投戈委甲，噎塞行路，斬萬餘級，獲其將副招討使符道昭洎大將三百人，芻粟百萬。 Li Siyuan breached Jiacity's northeast and charged in; Liang panicked and fled south, shedding arms until the road jammed; over ten thousand were killed; Fu Daozhao and three hundred officers were taken, with a million bundles of fodder.

李嗣源率親軍與史建瑭、安金全兼北部吐渾諸軍衝陣夾攻，梁軍大敗，棄鎧投仗之聲，震動天地，龍驤、神威、神捷諸軍，殺戮殆盡。 Li Siyuan, Jiantang, An Jinquan, and the northern Tuguhun horse hit the Liang line from both flanks; the Liang host collapsed; discarded arms thundered on the ground; Dragon Soar, Divine Might, Divine Swift, and the rest were cut down almost to a man.

張承業、李存璋以三鎮步兵攻邢州，遣周德威、史建瑭將三千騎，長驅至澶魏，帝與李嗣源率親軍繼進。 Zhang Chengye and Li Cunzhang besieged Xing with foot from the three circuits while Dewei and Jiantang raced three thousand horse to Chan and Wei; the Emperor and Li Siyuan followed with the guard.

十二月甲子，帝遣周德威、劉光浚、李嗣源及諸將率蕃漢之兵發晉陽，伐劉守光於幽州。 On jiazi in the twelfth month the emperor sent Zhou Dewei, Liu Guangjun, Li Siyuan, and the other generals with mixed tribal and Han forces from Jinyang against Liu Shouguang at Youzhou.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 31Volume 31 Book of Later Tang 7: Zhuangzong Annals 5 · 7 passages

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以天平軍節度使李嗣源為北面行營都招討使，陝州留後霍彥威為副，率軍援幽州。 Li Siyuan of Tianping was made northern commander with Huo Yanwei of Shanzhou as deputy to relieve Youzhou.

幽州北面軍前奏，契丹還塞，詔李嗣源班師。 Youzhou reported the Khitan had left; Li Siyuan was ordered home.

戊寅，幸李嗣源第，作樂，盡歡而罷。 On wuyin Cunxu feasted at Li Siyuan's house and left in high spirits.

丁亥，以天平軍節度使、蕃漢總管副使、開府儀同三司、檢校太傅、兼中書令李嗣源為檢校太尉，依前天平軍節度使，加實封百戶，兼賜鐵券； On dinghai Li Siyuan became Grand Preceptor, kept Tianping, gained a hundred households and an iron tally;

鎮州奏，契丹犯塞，詔李嗣源率師屯邢州。 Zhen reported a Khitan raid; Li Siyuan was ordered to march and camp at Xing.

是日，李嗣源上表乞退兵權，詔不允。 That day Li Siyuan asked to give up military command; the throne refused.

丙申，潞州小校楊立據城叛，以李嗣源為招討使，陝州留後李紹真為副，率師以討之。 On bingshen Yang Li, a Luzhou junior officer, rebelled and held the city; Li Siyuan was made pacification commissioner with Li Shaozhen of Shanzhou as deputy to march against him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 34Volume 34 Book of Later Tang 10: Zhuangzong Annals 8 · 15 passages

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甲辰，命蕃漢總管李嗣源統親軍赴鄴都，以討趙在禮。 On jiachen Li Siyuan, Han and non-Han overall commander, was sent with the imperial guard to Ye against Zhao Zaili.

總管李嗣源是陛下宗臣，創業已來，艱難百戰，何城不下，何賊不平，威略之名，振於夷夏，以臣等籌之，若委以專征，鄴城之寇，不足平也！」 Li Siyuan is Your Majesty's clansman; since the founding he has fought a hundred battles—what city did he not take, what bandit did he not pacify—his fame for strategy shakes barbarian and Chinese alike; entrust him with sole command and the Ye rebels are nothing!"

帝素寬大容納，無疑於物，自誅郭崇韜、朱友謙之後，閹宦伶官交相讒諂，邦國大事皆聽其謀，繇是漸多猜惑，不欲大臣典兵，既聞奏議，乃曰：「予恃嗣源侍衛，卿當擇其次者。」 Cunxu had always been broad and trusting; after Guo Chongtao and Zhu Youqian were killed, eunuchs and actors slandered one another and state affairs went through them—he grew suspicious and would not let great ministers command armies; hearing this he said, "I rely on Siyuan for my guard—choose someone else."

又奏曰：「以臣等料之，非嗣源不可。」 They said again, "In our view only Siyuan will do."

帝乃命嗣源行營。 Cunxu then put Siyuan in command of the campaign.

壬子，李嗣源領軍至鄴都，營於西南隅。 On renzi Li Siyuan reached Ye and camped at the southwest corner.

是夜，城下軍亂，迫嗣源為帝。 That night the troops below the walls mutinied and forced Siyuan to be emperor.

遲明，亂軍擁嗣源及霍彥威入於鄴城，復為皇甫暉、趙進等所脅，嗣源以詭詞得出，夜分至魏縣。 At dawn the mutineers pushed Siyuan and Huo Yanwei into Ye, then Huangfu Hui, Zhao Jin, and the rest coerced them again; Siyuan talked his way out and at midnight reached Wei county.

時嗣源遙領鎮州，詰旦，議欲歸藩，上章請罪，安重誨以為不可，語在《明宗紀》中。 Siyuan still held Zhen at a distance; at dawn he debated returning to his post and asked punishment; An Chonghui forbade it—the account is in the 《Mingzong Annals》.

元行欽部下兵退保衛州，以飛語上奏，嗣源一日之中遣使上章申理者數四。 Yuan Xingqin's men fell back to Weizhou and sent rumors aloft; in one day Siyuan sent four envoys pleading his case.

帝遣嗣源子從審與中使白從訓齎詔以諭嗣源，行至衛州，從審為元行欽所械，不得達。 Cunxu sent Siyuan's son Congshen and envoy Bai Congxun with an edict; at Weizhou, Xingqin shackled Congshen and they could not pass.

是時，李嗣源已入於汴。 By then Li Siyuan had already entered Bian.

甲戌，次石橋，帝置酒野次，悲啼不樂，謂元行欽等諸將曰：「鄴下亂離，寇盜蜂起，總管迫於亂軍，存亡未測，今訛言紛擾，朕實無聊。 On jiaxu he halted at Stone Bridge; Cunxu set wine in the wild and wept, telling Yuan Xingqin and the rest, "Below Ye there is disorder and bandits swarm; Siyuan is pressed by mutineers and may live or die; rumors stir and I am at a loss.

予在滎澤之日，欲單騎渡河，訪求總管，麵為方略，招撫亂軍，卿等各吐胸襟，共陳利害，今日俾餘至此，卿等如何！」 At Xingze I wished to cross alone to find Siyuan, lay plans face to face, and win the mutineers—you should each speak your mind on harm and benefit; today you have brought me here—what of you!"

及明宗入洛，止得其燼骨而已。 When Mingzong entered Luoyang, only charred bones were found.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 36Volume 36 Book of Later Tang 12: Mingzong Annals 2 · 19 passages

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天成元年夏四月丙午，帝自興聖宮赴西宮，文武百僚縞素於位，帝服斬衰，親奉攢，塗設奠，哭盡哀，乃於柩前即皇帝位。 On bingwu in the fourth month of Tiancheng 1, Mingzong left Xingsheng Palace for the Western Palace; officials in white stood at their posts while he wore deepest mourning, bore the bier, set offerings, wept his fill, and took the throne before the coffin.

百官易吉服班於位，帝御袞冕受冊訖，百僚稱賀。 Officials changed to court dress and lined up; Mingzong in imperial robes received the investiture scroll, and the court congratulated him.

宰臣豆盧革等三上表請聽政，從之。 Dou Luge and the chief ministers three times asked Mingzong to hold court; he agreed.

辛亥，帝始聽政於中興殿。 On xinhai Mingzong first held court at Zhongxing Hall.

甲寅，帝御文明殿受朝。 On jiayin Mingzong received court at Wenhua Hall.

五月丙辰朔，帝不視朝，臨於西宮。 On the bingchen new moon of the fifth month Mingzong skipped court and mourned at the Western Palace.

詔並可之。 Mingzong approved all.

丁巳，初詔文武百僚正衙常參外，五日一度內殿起居。 On dingsi Mingzong ordered officials to attend the main hall as usual and also hold inner levee every five days.

辛酉，詔華州放散西川宮人各歸骨肉。 On xinyou Mingzong ordered Huazhou to send Shu palace women home to their families.

〈（《五代會要》：明宗初登位，四方書奏，多令樞密使安重誨讀之，不曉文義。 (The 《Institutions of the Five Dynasties》 says when Mingzong first reigned, An Chonghui read most frontier memorials but lacked literary training.

重誨即自陳退，許之。 He asked to step down and Mingzong agreed.

尚父、吳越國王錢鏐遣使進金器五百兩、銀萬兩，綾萬匹謝恩，賜玉冊、金印。 Qian Liu of Wuyue sent five hundred liang of gold vessels, ten thousand liang of silver, and ten thousand bolts of silk in thanks; Mingzong granted a jade book and gold seal.

乙酉，詔百官朔望入閣，賜廊下食。 On yiyou Mingzong ordered officials on crescent days to enter the hall and restored corridor meals.

〈（《五代會要》：明宗初即位，命百官五日一起居，李琪以為非故事，請罷之。 (The 《Institutions of the Five Dynasties》 says Mingzong's five-day inner levee drew Li Qi's protest as nonprecedent.

至是宣旨，朔望入閣外，仍五日一起居，遂為定式。）〉 Mingzong kept crescent-day meals and the five-day inner levee anyway, and that became fixed practice.)〉

中書奏：「請以九月九日皇帝降誕日為應聖節，休假三日。」 The Secretariat asked that the ninth of the ninth, Mingzong's birthday, become the Yingsheng Festival with three days off."

時百僚入閣班退後，卻引對朝貢蕃客，御史大夫李琪奏論之，下禮院檢討，而降是命焉。 Li Qi had protested that after hall audience the court still received tributary envoys in the side hall; Rites reviewed the case and Mingzong issued this order.

六月壬辰，王表求三州，明宗許之。）〉 In the sixth month, on renchen, Gao asked again for the three prefectures and Mingzong approved.)〉

乙亥，莊宗皇帝梓宮發引，帝縗服臨送於樓前。 On yihai Zhuangzong's coffin was moved; the Emperor in hemp mourning saw it off before the tower.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 37Volume 37 Book of Later Tang 13: Mingzong Annals 3 · 18 passages

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丁亥，莊宗神主祔廟，有司請祧懿祖室，從之。 On dinghai Zhuangzong's tablet entered the temple; the court asked to retire the Yizu chamber and Mingzong agreed.

壬辰，以久雨，放百僚朝參，詔天下疏理係囚。 On renchen prolonged rain canceled court; Mingzong ordered a realm-wide review of prisoners.

甲午，汴州奏，舊管曹州乞卻歸當道，從之。 On jiawu Bian asked that Cao, formerly under it, return to the circuit, and Mingzong agreed.

己亥，帝御文明殿，百官入閣，月望如月朔之儀，從新例也。 On jihai Mingzong held court at Wenhua Hall; officials entered the inner gate for mid-month audience by the new-moon precedent.

幽州奏，契丹寇邊，詔齊州防禦使安審通率師禦之。 Youzhou reported Khitan border raids; Mingzong ordered An Shentong of Qi to lead troops against them.

九月乙卯朔，詔汴州扶溝縣復隸許州。 On the yimao new moon of the ninth month Mingzong returned Bian's Fugou County to Xu.

己未，幸至德宮，遂幸前隰州刺史袁建豐之第。 On jiwei Mingzong visited Zhide Palace and then the home of former Xi prefect Yuan Jianfeng.

帝嘗為太原內牙親將，建豐為副，至是建豐風疾沈廢，故親幸其第以撫之。 Mingzong had been a personal guard commander in Taiyuan's inner barracks with Jianfeng as his deputy; now Jianfeng lay crippled by stroke, so Mingzong visited to comfort him.

都官員外郎於鄴奏請指揮不得書契券輒賣良人，從之。 Yu Ye of Capital Punishments asked to forbid contracts selling free persons, and Mingzong agreed.

是降寵光，以隆惇敘，俾煥成家之美，貴崇猶子之親。 Mingzong would exalt kinship and honor him as an imperial nephew.

冬十月甲申朔，詔賜文武百僚冬服綿帛有差。 On the jiashen new moon of the tenth month Mingzong granted graded winter robes to officials.

近例，十月初寒之始，天子賜近侍執政大臣冬服。 Lately only close attendants and chief ministers had received winter dress in the tenth month.

帝顧謂判三司任圜曰：「百僚散未？」 Mingzong asked Three Offices commissioner Ren Yuan, "Have the officials left yet?"

帝曰：「外臣亦吾臣也，卿宜計度。」 Mingzong said, "Outer officials are my ministers too—plan for them."

丁亥，雲南巂州山後兩林百蠻都鬼主、右武衛大將軍李卑晚遣大鬼主傳能、何華等來朝貢，帝御文明殿對之，百僚稱賀。 On dinghai Li Beiwan, great ghost-lord of the Two Forests and Hundred Clans behind Mount Wushan in Qiong Prefecture, Yunnan, and grand general of the Right Martial Guard, sent the great ghost-lords Chuan Neng, He Hua, and others to court with tribute. The emperor received them at Civilization Hall, and the hundred officials congratulated him.

契丹王世預歡盟，禮交聘問，遽聞凶訃，倍軫悲懷，可輟今月十九日朝參。」 The Khitan had long exchanged envoys; hearing of Ambaqian's death, Mingzong suspended court on the nineteenth."

癸丑，日南至，帝御文明殿受朝賀，仗衛如式。 On guichou, the winter solstice, Mingzong received court at Wenhua Hall with full guard and insignia.

壬辰，帝狩於近郊，臘故也。 On renchen Mingzong hunted near the capital for the la festival.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 40Volume 40 Book of Later Tang 16: Mingzong Annals 6 · 34 passages

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百僚稱賀已畢，乃詔取今月二十四日車駕還東京。 After congratulations Mingzong ordered the court to return to the Eastern Capital on the twenty-fourth.

辛酉，帝御咸安樓受定州俘馘，百官就列，宣露布於樓前，禮畢，以王都首級獻於太社。 On xinyou Mingzong at the Xian'an Tower received Ding captives, proclaimed the victory bulletin, and offered Wang Du's head at the Grand Shrine.

甲子，車駕發汴州。 On jiazi Mingzong left Bian.

詔曰：「契丹即為凶黨，真定不是逆城，李琪罰一月俸。」 Mingzong fined Li Qi one month's salary for calling the Khitan villains and Zhending a rebel city."

庚午，車駕至自汴州。 On gengwu Mingzong arrived from Bian.

天成四年春正月壬申朔，帝御崇元殿受朝賀，仗衛如儀。 On the renshen new moon of the first month of Tiancheng 4 Mingzong received New Year congratulations at the Chongyuan Hall with the usual guard.

從璨，帝之諸子也。 Congcan was Mingzong's son.

先是，帝巡幸汴州，留從璨以警大內，從璨因遊會節園，酒酣，戲登禦榻。 While Mingzong was at Bian he had left Congcan guarding the palace; drunk in the Festival Garden Congcan climbed the imperial couch in play.

丙申，詔鄴都、幽、鎮、滄、邢、易、定等州管內百姓，除正稅外，放免諸色差配，以討王都之役，有挽運之勞也。 On bingshen Mingzong remitted extra levies in Yedu, You, Zhen, Cang, Xing, Yi, and Ding beyond regular tax after the Wang Du campaign's transport burden.

壬寅，重修廣壽殿成，有司請以丹漆金碧飾之，帝曰：「此殿經焚，不可不修，但務宏壯，不勞華侈。」 On renyin the Guangshou Hall was rebuilt; when offices asked for lacquer and gold Mingzong said: "It had been burned and must be restored grandly but not lavishly."

詔沿邊置場買馬，不許蕃部直至闕下。 Mingzong ordered border horse markets and barred tribes from coming straight to court.

五月己巳朔，帝御文明殿受朝。 On the jisi new moon of the fifth month Mingzong held court at the Wenming Hall.

詔葺天下廨宇。 Mingzong ordered government offices repaired empire-wide.

詔鄴都仍舊為魏府。 Mingzong restored Yedu's old name Weifu.

詔：「諸道節度使行軍司馬，名位雖高，或帥臣不在，其州事宜委節度副使權知。」 Mingzong ordered: "When a commissioner was away the vice commissioner should run circuit affairs."

壬戌，幸至德宮。 On renxu Mingzong visited the Zhide Palace.

詔：「京城空地，課人蓋造。 Mingzong ordered: "Vacant capital land would be taxed for people to build on.

〈（《五代會要》：天成三年十二月，史館奏：「據左補闕張昭遠狀：『嘗讀國書，伏見懿祖昭烈皇帝自元和之初，獻祖文皇帝於太和之際，立功王室，陳力國朝。 (The Five Dynasties Essentials says in the twelfth month of Tiancheng 3 the historiography office cited Zhang Zhaoyuan: "Having read the state histories, I found the honored and offering ancestors had served the Tang from Yuanhe and Taihe onward.

太祖武皇帝自咸通後來，勤王戮力，翦平多難，頻立大功，三換節旄，再安京國。 The founding martial emperor after Xiantong had repeatedly saved the capital and won great merit with three commission changes.

莊宗皇帝終平大憝，奄有中原，倘闕編修，遂成湮墜。 Zhuangzong had pacified the realm; without compilation their deeds would be lost.

四年七月，監修國史趙鳳奏：「奉敕修懿祖、獻祖、太祖、莊宗四帝實錄，自今年六月一日起手，旋具進呈。 In the seventh month of year 4, Zhao Feng, supervising compiler of state history, reported: "By edict we are compiling the Veritable Records of the four emperors Yizu, Xianzu, Taizu, and Zhuangzong, beginning on the first day of the sixth month of this year and to be presented as they are completed.

追尊冊號之帝，約文隻可紀年。 posthumously titled ancestors could only be Chronological Records.

壬辰，詔取來年二月二十一日有事於南郊。 On renchen Mingzong set the southern suburban rites for the twenty-first of the second month of next year.

戊申，帝服袞冕，禦文明殿，追冊昭宣光烈孝皇帝。 On wushen Mingzong in full regalia held audience at the Hall of Civil Splendor to posthumously ennoble Emperor Zhaoxuan Guanglie Xiao.

甲子，幸金真觀，改賜建法大師，賜紫尼智願為圓惠大師，即武皇夫人陳氏也。 On jiazi Mingzong visited Golden Truth Abbey, changed the bestowed title to Great Master Jianfa, and bestowed purple on the nun Zhiyuan as Great Master Yuanhui—Lady Chen, consort of Martial Emperor.

九月丁卯，中書奏：「據宗正寺申，懿祖永興陵、獻祖長寧陵、太祖建極陵並在代州雁門縣，皇帝追尊四廟在應州金城縣。」 On dingmao in the ninth month the Secretariat said: "The Imperial Clan Court reports Illustrious Ancestor Yongxing, Exalted Ancestor Changning, and Martial Ancestor Establishing the Utmost in Yanmen, Dai, while the four posthumous temples stand in Jincheng, Ying."

癸巳，製天下兵馬元帥、尚父、吳越國王錢鏐可落元帥、尚父、吳越國王，授太師致仕，責無禮也。 On guisi Mingzong stripped Qian Liu of Wu-Yue of marshal, imperial father, and king and made him retired grand preceptor—for lack of ritual.

己酉，製復故荊南節度使高季興官爵。 On jiyou Mingzong restored former Jingnan commissioner Gao Jixing's office and rank.

幸七星亭。 Mingzong visited the Seven Stars Pavilion.

帝曰：「善。」 Mingzong said: "Good."

朝退，帝密令左右進焉。 After court he secretly ordered attendants to bring it in.

是日，幸龍門。 That day Mingzong visited Longmen.

車駕出近郊，試夏州所進白鷹，戒左右勿令重誨知。 Mingzong went to the near suburbs to fly Xia's white hawk, warning attendants to keep it from Chonghui.

己卯，日南至，帝御文明殿受朝賀。 On jimao, the winter solstice, Mingzong held audience at the Hall of Civil Splendor for congratulation.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 42Volume 42 Book of Later Tang 18: Mingzong Annals 8 · 13 passages

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長興二年春正月庚申朔，帝御明堂殿受朝賀，仗衛如儀。 On the gengshen new moon of the first month in spring of Changxing 2 Mingzong received New Year congratulations at the Bright Hall with full ceremonial guard.

壬申，契丹東丹王突欲自渤海國率眾到闕，帝慰勞久之，錫賚加等，百僚稱賀。 On renshen the Khitan Eastern Dan prince Tuyu arrived from Bohai with his followers; Mingzong received him at length with enhanced gifts while the court congratulated.

丁酉，幸至德宮，又幸安元信、東丹王突欲之第。 On dingyou Mingzong visited the Palace of Utmost Virtue and the homes of An Yuanxin and Eastern Dan prince Tuyu.

從珂自河中失守，歸清化裏第，至是安重誨出鎮河中，帝召見，泣而謂之曰：「如重誨意，爾安得更相見耶！」 Congke had lost Hezhong and lived in Qinghua Lane; when An Chonghui left for Hezhong Mingzong summoned him weeping: "As Chonghui wished, you would never meet again!"

誅內官安希倫，以其受安重誨密指，令於內中伺帝起居故也。 Eunuch An Xilun was executed for spying on Mingzong at An Chonghui's orders.

丁酉，幸會節園，宴群臣，因幸河南府。 On dingyou Mingzong feasted officials at the Festival Garden and then visited Henan prefecture.

帝幸龍門佛寺祈雨。 Mingzong prayed for rain at Longmen temple.

五月戊午朔，帝御文明殿受朝。 On the wuwu new moon of the fifth month Mingzong held court at the Civilized Illumination Hall.

詔天下州府斷獄，先於案牘之上坐所該律令、格式及新敕，然後區分。 Mingzong ordered that in trials everywhere the governing statutes, regulations, and new decrees be placed atop the dossier before judgment.

己卯，詔不得薦銀青階為州縣官。 On jimao Mingzong forbade recommending silver-green rank for county posts.

先是，太原留後密奏，無敢言者，及詳有是奏，帝甚嘉之，改賜章服。 Earlier Taiyuan's acting commissioner had reported secretly with none daring to speak; Mingzong praised Li Xiang and granted new robes.

己丑，日南至，帝御文明殿受賀。 On jichou, winter solstice, Mingzong received congratulations at Bright Culture Hall.

乙卯，畋於西郊。 On yimao Mingzong hunted west of the capital.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Book of Later Tang 21: Emperor Min Annals 1 · 4 passages

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閔帝，諱從厚，小字菩薩奴，明宗第三子也。 Emperor Min, whose taboo name was Conghou and childhood name Pusainu, was the third son of Mingzong.

帝髫齔好讀《春秋》，略通大義，貌類明宗，尤鍾愛。 From boyhood he loved reading the Spring and Autumn Annals and had some grasp of its larger meaning. He looked like Mingzong, who cherished him above the rest.

翌日，明宗遣宣徽使孟漢瓊馳驛召帝，二十六日，明宗崩，二十九日，帝至自鄴。 The next day Mingzong sent Meng Hanqiong, Palace Attendant envoy, by express relay to summon him. On the twenty-sixth Mingzong died; on the twenty-ninth the Emperor arrived from Ye.

敬瑭以宏贄所陳以聞，弓箭庫使沙守榮、奔洪進前謂敬瑭曰：「主上即明宗愛子，公即明宗愛婿，富貴既同受，休戚合共之。 Jingtang reported what Hongzan had said. Sha Shourong and Ben Hongjin, commissioners of the Bow-and-Arrow Store, stepped forward and said to Jingtang, "The sovereign is Mingzong's beloved son, and you are Mingzong's beloved son-in-law. You have shared fortune alike—glory and peril ought to be borne together.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 51Volume 51 Book of Later Tang 27: Biographies 3: Imperial Family · 19 passages

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張乃說：「來時聞李嗣源過河，未知近事。」 Zhang then admitted, "When I set out I heard Li Siyuan had crossed the Yellow River, but I do not know what has happened since."

長興四年，明宗晏駕，唐室亂。 In Changxing 4, when Emperor Mingzong died, the Tang court collapsed into chaos.

從璟，明宗長子，性忠勇沈厚，摧堅陷陣，人罕偕焉。 Congjing, Mingzong's eldest son, was loyal, brave, and steady by nature; in smashing enemy lines few could stand beside him.

明宗在魏府為軍士所逼，莊宗詔從璟曰：「爾父於國有大功，忠孝之心，朕自明信，今為亂兵所劫，爾宜自去宣朕旨，無令有疑。」 When Mingzong at Weifu was seized by mutinous troops, Zhuangzong sent Congjing this command: "Your father has rendered great service to the state, and I trust his loyalty without question. He is now held by rebellious soldiers. Go yourself and proclaim my will so that no suspicion remains."

從莊宗赴汴州，明宗之親舊多策馬而去，左右或勸從璟令自脫，終無行意，尋為元行欽所殺。 When Zhuangzong marched toward Bianzhou, many of Mingzong's kinsmen and old friends rode away. His attendants urged Congjing to flee on his own, but he would not budge, and soon Yuan Xingqin killed him.

秦王從榮，明宗第二子也。 Prince Qin Congrong was Mingzong's second son.

明宗踐阼，天成初，授鄴都留守、天雄軍節度使。 When Mingzong took the throne, in early Tiancheng Congrong was made Protector of Ye Capital and military commissioner of the Tianxiong army.

一日，明宗謂安重誨曰：「近聞從榮左右有詐宣朕旨，令勿接儒生，儒生多懦，恐鈍誌相染。 One day Mingzong said to An Chonghui, "I have lately heard that men around Congrong are falsely speaking in my name, telling him not to receive Confucian scholars—scholars are too timid, they say, and might dull his ambition.

遂止。 Mingzong relented.

初，言事者請為親王置師傅，明宗顧問近臣，執政以從榮名勢既隆，不敢忤旨，即奏云：「王官宜委。」 Earlier, officials had urged that tutors be appointed for the prince. Mingzong consulted his close advisers, but the chief ministers, knowing Congrong's power was already formidable, dared not cross him and memorialized, "Let the prince choose his own staff."

明宗曰：「學士代予詔令，不可擬議。」 Mingzong said, "A Hanlin academician drafts my edicts; that nomination cannot stand."

〈（《通鑒·明宗紀》云：己丑，大漸，秦王從榮入問疾，帝俯首不能舉。 (The Comprehensive Mirror, annals of Mingzong, records that on jichou the emperor's illness grew grave. Prince Qin Congrong came to inquire after him, but the emperor could only bow his head and could not lift it.

《五代史補》：秦王從榮，明宗之愛子。 The Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties calls Prince Qin Congrong Mingzong's beloved son.

從璨，明宗諸子。 Congcan was one of Mingzong's sons.

明宗幸汴，留從璨為大內皇城使。 When Mingzong visited Bian, he left Congcan as commissioner of the inner imperial city.

許王從益，明宗之幼子也。 Prince Xu Congyi was Mingzong's youngest son.

明宗命王淑妃母之，嘗謂左右曰：「惟此兒生於皇宮，故尤所鍾愛。」 Mingzong appointed Consort Wang Shufei as his foster mother and once told his attendants, "Only this child was born in the palace itself, and so I cherish him above all."

淑妃臨刑號泣曰：「吾家子母何罪，吾既為契丹所立，非敢與人爭國，何不且留吾兒，每年寒食，使持一盂飯灑明宗陵寢。」 Facing execution the consort wept aloud, "What crime have mother and son committed? The Khitan installed me; I never sought to contend for the realm. Why not spare my son, so that each Cold Food he may bring one bowl of rice to Mingzong's tomb?"

〈（《明宗紀》：閔帝有子重哲，授銀青光祿大夫、檢校工部尚書。 (The Annals of Emperor Mingzong note that Emperor Min had a son Chongzhe, appointed Silver-Glitter Grand Master of Proper Counsel and honorary Minister of Works.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 54Volume 54 Book of Later Tang 30: Biographies 6: Wang Rong, Wang Zhaohui, Wang Chuzhi · 2 passages

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明宗賜衣一襲，令脫僧服。 Emperor Mingzong granted him a suit of clothing and ordered him to remove his monk's robes.

及明宗嗣位，加中書令，然以其奪據父位，深心惡之。 When Mingzong succeeded to the throne he was promoted to Director of the Chancellery, yet because he had seized his father's position, Mingzong deeply hated him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 57Volume 57 Book of Later Tang 33: Biographies 9: Gao Chongtao · 3 passages

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明宗在鄆，音驛斷絕。 Emperor Mingzong was at Yun, and all lines of communication had been severed.

時明宗為諸道兵馬總管當行，崇韜自以宦者相傾，欲立大功以製之，乃奏曰：「契丹犯邊，北面須藉大臣，全倚總管鎮禦。 At the time Li Siyuan, as overall commander of the armies of all circuits, was slated to lead the campaign. Guo Chongtao, knowing the eunuchs were working against him, sought a great victory with which to restrain them. He memorialized: "The Khitans are raiding the frontier; the northern line must rest on a senior minister—the overall commander is needed there to hold the defense.

明宗即位，詔令歸葬，仍賜太原舊宅。 When Emperor Mingzong took the throne, he ordered Guo Chongtao reburied with honor and restored the family's former residence in Taiyuan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 62Volume 62 Book of Later Tang 38: Biographies 14: Meng Fangli, Zhang Wenli, Dong Zhang · 3 passages

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四年夏，時明宗將議郊天，遣客省使李仁矩齎詔示諭兩川，又遣安重誨馳書於璋，以征貢奉，約以五十萬為數。 In the summer of the fourth year, as Mingzong prepared for the suburban sacrifice, he sent palace envoy Li Renju with an edict to the two Chuan and dispatched An Chonghui with a letter demanding five hundred thousand in tribute from Zhang.

長興元年夏，明宗以郊禋禮畢，加璋檢校太尉。 In the summer of the first Changxing year, after Mingzong completed the suburban sacrifice, Zhang was promoted to acting Grand Marshal.

明宗方務懷柔，乃放西川進奏官蘇願、東川軍將劉澄各歸本道，別無詔旨，隻云「兩務求安」。 Mingzong pursued conciliation, released Western Chuan memorial officer Su Yuan and Eastern Chuan officer Liu Cheng to their circuits, and issued no further orders beyond the phrase "both sides seek peace."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 64Volume 64 Book of Later Tang 40: Biographies 16: Hou Yanwei, Wang Yanqiu, Dai Siyuan, Zhu Hanbin, Kong Qing, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu · 22 passages

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酒酣，莊宗舉酒屬明宗曰：「此席宴客，皆吾前歲之勁敵也，一旦與吾同宴，蓋卿前鋒之效也。」 As the wine flowed, Emperor Zhuangzong raised his cup to Emperor Mingzong and said, "Every guest at this table was a formidable enemy of mine only a year ago. That they now sit and feast with me is surely thanks to your work on the front lines."

明年，從明宗平潞州，授徐州節度使。 The following year he followed Emperor Mingzong in pacifying Luzhou and was made military governor of Xu.

契丹犯塞，莊宗以明宗為北面招討使，命彥威為副。 When the Khitan raided the border, Emperor Zhuangzong appointed Emperor Mingzong northern pacification commissioner and made Yanwei his deputy.

彥威善言論，頗能接奉，明宗尤重之。 Yanwei was an engaging speaker and knew how to win people over; Emperor Mingzong held him in particular esteem.

時趙在禮據魏州，與明宗會兵於鄴下，大軍夕亂，明宗為其所逼，彥威從入魏州。 Zhao Zaili then held Wei; he and Emperor Mingzong joined forces below Ye, but at nightfall the army mutinied and forced Emperor Mingzong in, with Yanwei following him into the city.

及出，彥威部下兵士獨全，衛護明宗至魏縣。 When they left the city, Yanwei alone kept his troops intact and escorted Emperor Mingzong to Wei County.

時明宗欲北趨常山，彥威與安重誨懇請赴闕。 Emperor Mingzong then wanted to flee north toward Changshan, but Yanwei and An Chonghui urgently persuaded him to go to the capital instead.

明年冬，賜覲於汴州，明宗接遇甚厚，累官至檢校太尉、兼中書令。 The following winter he was granted an audience at Bian, where Emperor Mingzong received him with great warmth; he rose to acting Grand Commandant and concurrent Director of the Secretariat.

奏至之日，明宗方出近郊。 When the memorial arrived, Emperor Mingzong was away on an outing in the suburbs.

皇朝乾德中，立明宗廟於洛州，詔以彥威配饗廟庭。 In the Qiande era of our dynasty, when Emperor Mingzong's temple was established at Luo, an edict made Yanwei a co-honoree in the temple rites.

鄴之亂，明宗入赴內難，晏球時在瓦橋，遣人招之。 During the Ye mutiny, Emperor Mingzong marched to answer the crisis; Yanqiu was at Waqiao and sent men to summon him.

明宗至汴，晏球率騎從至京師，以平定功授宋州節度使，上章求還本姓名。 When Emperor Mingzong reached Bian, Yanqiu followed with his cavalry to the capital; for his role in the pacification he was made military governor of Song and petitioned to restore his original name.

思遠聞之，總兵以襲魏州，至魏店，遇明宗騎軍適至，思遠乃涉洹水，陷成安，復歸楊村寨，盡率其眾，攻德勝北城。 Hearing this, Siyuan massed troops to strike Wei; at Weidian he ran into Emperor Mingzong's cavalry arriving, so he crossed the Huan River, took Chengan, withdrew to Yangjia Village, and led his full force against the north city of Desheng.

及明宗襲下鄆州，思遠罷軍權，降授宣化軍留後。 When Emperor Mingzong captured Yun, Siyuan lost his military command and was demoted to regent of Xuanhua.

明宗即位，移授洋州節度使。 When Emperor Mingzong took the throne, he was transferred to military governor of Yang.

同光四年正月，冀王朱友謙入朝，明宗居洛陽，以友謙故人，置酒於第。 In the first month of the fourth year of Tongguang, Prince Ji Zhu Youqian came to court; Emperor Mingzong was in Luoyang and, as an old friend of Youqian, held a banquet at his residence.

明宗以漢賓為右衛上將軍，樞密使安重誨方當委重，漢賓密令結托，得為婚家。 Emperor Mingzong made Hanbin senior general of the Right Guard; Palace Commissioner An Chonghui was then at the height of power, and Hanbin cultivated ties with him until their families were joined by marriage.

明宗即位之歲，詔還京師，授河陽節度使。 The year Mingzong took the throne, an edict recalled him to the capital and made him military commissioner of Heyang.

明宗即位，遷鄧州節度使。 When Mingzong took the throne, he was made military commissioner of Deng.

明宗時為總管，受降於郊外，見知裕甚喜，遙相謂曰：「周歸化今為吾人，何樂如之！」 Emperor Mingzong was then overall commander and received the surrender outside the city; seeing Zhiyu he was delighted and called out from afar, "Zhou of the Return-to-Grace Army is ours now—what could bring greater joy!"

明宗即位，移刺絳州，改淄州刺史、宿州團練使。 When Emperor Mingzong took the throne, he was transferred to Jiang, then made prefect of Zi and training commissioner of Su.

況彥威之輔明宗也，有翊戴之績； Moreover, Yanwei had the achievement of supporting Emperor Mingzong's accession;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 65Volume 65 Book of Later Tang 41: Biographies 17: Li Jianji, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong · 9 passages

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時明宗將兵助德威平燕，俄聞行珪至，率騎以禦之。 Mingzong was then assisting Dewei in the Yan campaign; when word came that Xinggui was advancing, he rode out to confront him.

明宗諭以逆順之理，行珪乃降。 Mingzong laid out the difference between rebellion and rightful service, and Xinggui submitted.

行珪遣弟行周告急於周德威，德威命明宗、李嗣本、安金全將兵援之。 Xinggui sent Xingzhou in haste to Zhou Dewei; Dewei ordered Mingzong, Li Siben, and An Jinquan to march to his relief.

明宗破行欽於廣邊軍，行欽亦降。 Mingzong routed Xingqin at Guangbian and took his surrender as well.

明宗在軍時，素知之，即位後，用為同州節度使，未幾，移鎮隴右。 Mingzong had known him in the field; once enthroned he made him commissioner of Tong, then soon moved him to Longyou.

明宗問秦州邊事，對曰：「秦州與吐蕃接境，蕃部多違法度。 Mingzong asked about the Qin frontier. He answered, "Qin marches on Tibet, and many tribesmen ignore our laws.

明宗曰：「人言思同不管事，豈及此耶！」 Mingzong said, "They say Sitong never tends to business—yet look at this!"

三年，兩川交兵，明宗慮並在一人，則朝廷難製，密詔思同相度形勢，即乘間用軍，事未行而董璋敗。 In the third year the two Sichuan warlords fought each other. Mingzong feared that if one man held both circuits the court could not restrain him, and secretly told Sitong to survey the ground and strike when a chance opened. Before the plan moved, Dong Zhang was already beaten.

明宗即位，自隨駕左右廂馬軍都指揮授忻州刺史。 When Mingzong succeeded, Zitong left his post as commander of the imperial escort's left and right horse wings to become prefect of Xin.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 66Volume 66 Book of Later Tang 42: Biographies 8: an Zhonghui, Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu Hongshi, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou, Song Lingxun · 25 passages

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重誨自明宗龍潛時得給事左右。 Chonghui had served at Mingzong's side since before he took the throne.

及鎮邢州，以重誨為中門使。 When Mingzong held Xingzhou, he appointed Chonghui Central Gate commissioner.

隨從征討，凡十餘年，委信無間，勤勞亦至。 For more than ten years he followed Mingzong on campaign; trust never wavered, and his exertions were beyond measure.

明宗踐祚，領樞密使，俄遷左領軍衛大將軍充職。 When Mingzong took the throne, Chonghui headed the Privy Council and soon also held the post of senior general of the Left Army Guard.

明宗遣回鶻侯三馳傳至其國，侯三至醴泉縣，地素僻，無驛馬，縣令劉知章出獵，不時給馬，侯三遽以聞。 Mingzong sent the Uighur envoy Hou San post-haste to his homeland. At remote Liquan County there were no relay mounts; the magistrate Liu Zhizhang was out hunting and failed to provide horses promptly, and Hou San reported the delay at once.

明宗大怒，械知章至京師，將殺之； Mingzong flew into a rage, had Zhizhang shackled and sent to the capital, and meant to put him to death;

明宗幸汴州，重誨建議欲因以伐吳，而明宗難之。 On a visit to Bianzhou, Chonghui urged using the occasion to strike Wu, but Mingzong hesitated.

明宗謂重誨曰：「聞卿樹心腹，私市兵仗，欲自討淮南，有之否？」 Mingzong told Chonghui, "I hear you have gathered partisans and bought weapons on the sly, planning to take Huainan yourself—is that true?"

明宗不悅。 Mingzong was annoyed.

重誨奏不已，明宗怒，謂曰：「放卿出，朕自有人！」 Chonghui kept petitioning until Mingzong snapped, "Go then—I have others!"

及石敬瑭領王師伐蜀，峽路艱阻，糧運不繼，明宗憂之，而重誨請行。 Shi Jingtang's expedition into Shu stalled on bad passes and broken supply lines; Mingzong worried, and Chonghui volunteered to go west.

《五代史闕文》：明宗令翟光鄴、李從璋誅重誨於河中私第，從璋奮楇擊重誨於地，重誨曰：「某死無恨，但恨不與官家誅得潞王，他日必為朝廷之患。」 (The 《Lost Texts of the History of the Five Dynasties》: Mingzong ordered Zhai Guangye and Li Congzhang to kill Chonghui at his Hedong mansion; Congzhang felled him with a mace; Chonghui said, "I die without regret—only that I did not help the Emperor kill the Prince of Lu; he will plague the court hereafter."

臣謹案：《明宗實錄》是清泰帝朝修撰，潞王即清泰帝也。 I note: the 《Veritable Records of Mingzong》 was edited under Emperor Qingtai; the Prince of Lu is Qingtai.

弘昭事明宗，在藩方為典客。 He served Mingzong as guest-reception officer in the prince's domain.

明宗親祀南郊，弘昭為大內留守，加檢校太傅。 At Mingzong's southern suburban sacrifice Hongzhao was grand inner custodian and made acting Grand Mentor.

樞密使范延光、趙延壽日夕更見，涕泣求去，明宗怒而不許。 Commissioners Fan Yanguang and Zhao Yanshou wept daily for release; Mingzong refused in anger.

同光末，從明宗討鄴城，軍亂，迫明宗為主，明宗不然。 At Tongguang's end he followed Mingzong against Ye; mutineers pressed Mingzong to rule and he refused.

明宗納其言，由是委之心膂。 Mingzong took his counsel and trusted him with his inmost thoughts.

明宗即位，加檢校司空，領富州刺史，總突騎如故。 At Mingzong's accession he became acting Minister of Works, governed Fu, and kept the Swift Cavalry.

明宗幸汴，平朱守殷，改侍衛馬軍都指揮使，領江西節度使。 At Bian he pacified Zhu Shouyin and became Horse Army commander and Jiangxi commissioner.

義誠以明宗委遇，無以解退，乃令其子以弓馬事秦王以自結。 Favored by Mingzong, Yicheng could not resign; he had his son serve the Prince of Qin in archery and horsemanship to win favor.

明宗不豫，秦王諷義誠為助，義誠曲意承奉，亦非真誠。 When Mingzong fell ill, the Prince of Qin urged Yicheng to aid him; Yicheng flattered him insincerely.

及秦王既誅，明宗宴駕，閔帝即位，加檢校太尉、兼侍中，判六軍諸衛事。 After the Prince of Qin was killed, Mingzong died, and Emperor Min took the throne; Yicheng was made acting Grand Commandant and Palace Attendant and put in charge of the Six Armies and all guards.

幼以騎射事明宗，累遷至列校。 Young he rode for Mingzong and rose to company rank.

明宗踐阼，領澄州刺史、河陽馬步都將。 At Mingzong's accession he held Cheng and commanded Heyang horse and foot.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 3 passages

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明宗即位，召還，復為左丞。 When Mingzong came to the throne, Yi was recalled and restored as left vice director.

明宗即位，曆兵部吏部侍郎、秘書監、太常卿。 Under Mingzong he served in succession as vice minister of war, vice minister of personnel, director of the Palace Library, and director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.

崇韜死，明宗即位，隨任圜歸闕，圜薦之於朝，除膳部員外郎、知制誥，累遷中書舍人。 After Chongtao died and Mingzong took the throne, he followed Ren Yuan back to court. Yuan recommended him, and he was appointed vice director of the Board of Provisions and drafting commissioner, then rose to Secretariat drafting secretary.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 69Volume 69 Book of Later Tang 45: Biographies 21: Zhang Xian, Wang Zhengyan, Hu Zhuang, Cui Yisun, Meng Hu, Sun Yue, Zhang Yanlang, Liu Yanhao, Liu Yanlang · 8 passages

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既而明宗為兵眾所劫，諸軍離散，地遠不知事實，或謂憲曰：「蜀軍未至，洛陽窘急，總管又失兵權，製在諸軍之手，又聞河朔推戴，事若實然，或可濟否？」 Soon afterward Mingzong was seized by the troops, the armies scattered, and being far away they did not know the facts. Someone said to Xian, "The Shu army has not arrived; Luoyang is in dire straits; the chief commander has also lost military authority—control is in the hands of the armies. We also hear that Hebei is pushing for enthronement. If matters are indeed so, might it perhaps succeed?"

〈（《東都事略·張昭傳》：昭勸憲奉表明宗以勸進，憲曰：「吾書生也，天子委以保厘之任，吾豈苟生者乎！」 (Eastern Capital Epitome, Biography of Zhang Zhao: Zhao urged Xian to submit a memorial to Mingzong to urge his advance to the throne. Xian said, "I am a scholar. The Son of Heaven entrusted me with the charge of guarding and comforting the region—how could I cling to life!"

明宗郊禮大赦，有司請昭雪，從之。 When Mingzong performed the suburban sacrifice and proclaimed a great amnesty, the authorities requested that Xian be cleared, and it was granted.

明宗即位，正言求為平盧軍行軍司馬，因以授之，竟卒於任。 When Mingzong took the throne, Zhengyan asked to serve as acting commander of the Pinglu army and received the post; he died in that office.

明宗時，為邢洺節度使，每曲意承迎，明宗甚德之。 Under Mingzong he was military commissioner of Xing and Mo; he always curried favor obsequiously, and Mingzong was deeply grateful to him.

及孔謙專典軍賦，徵督苛急，明宗嘗切齒。 When Kong Qian monopolized military supplies and collection and requisition were harsh and urgent, Mingzong once gnashed his teeth.

鵠與延光俱魏人，厚相結托，暨延光掌樞務，援引判三司，又致節鉞，明宗知之，故以此言譏之。 Hu and Yanguang were both men of Wei and bound themselves closely in mutual support; when Yanguang took charge of military affairs he recommended Hu to judge the three departments and also secured him a military commission. Mingzong knew this, and therefore spoke these words in sarcasm.

明宗克鄆州，得延朗，復以為糧料使，後徙鎮宣武、成德，以為元從孔目官。 When Mingzong captured Yanzhou he obtained Yanlang and again made him grain supply officer; later, when he moved his command to Xuanwu and Chengde, he made him a clerical officer among his original followers.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70 Book of Later Tang 46: Biographies 22: Yuan Xingqin, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Li Yan, Li Renju, Kang Sili, Zhang Jingda · 25 passages

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時明宗為將，攻行欽於山北，與之接戰，矢及明宗馬鞍，既而以勢迫來降。 Mingzong was then a field commander. He attacked Xingqin in the northern hills, and in the fighting an arrow struck Mingzong's saddle. Soon afterward, hard pressed, Xingqin surrendered.

明宗憐其有勇，奏隸為假子，後因從征討，恩禮特隆。 Mingzong admired his courage and had him registered as an adopted son. Thereafter, on campaign after campaign, he was treated with exceptional favor.

及明宗為帥，領軍至鄴，行欽來謁於軍中，拜起之際，誤呼萬歲者再，明宗驚駭，遏之方止。 When Mingzong took command and marched to Ye, Xingqin came to pay his respects in camp. As he straightened from his bow he twice shouted "Long live the Emperor!" by mistake. Mingzong was alarmed and silenced him before he could go on.

既而明宗營於城西，行欽營於城南。 Mingzong then pitched camp west of the city and Xingqin south of it.

三月八日夜，明宗為亂軍所迫，惟行欽之軍不動，按甲以自固。 On the night of the eighth day of the third month the mutineers closed in on Mingzong. Only Xingqin's troops held their ground, keeping their armor on and standing firm.

明宗密令張虔釗至行欽營，戒之曰：「且堅壁勿動，計會同殺亂軍，莫錯疑誤。」 Mingzong secretly sent Zhang Qianzhao to Xingqin's camp with this warning: "Hold your position and do not move yet. We mean to strike the mutineers together—do not misread this and turn on us."

自知失策，且保衛州，因誣奏明宗曰：「鎮師已入賊軍，終不為國使。」 Realizing he had blundered, he held Weizhou for the moment and sent a false report accusing Mingzong: "The frontier commander has gone over to the rebels and will never serve the dynasty again."

明宗既劫出鄴城，令人走馬上章，申理其事，言：「臣且於近郡聽進止。」 Once Mingzong had been carried off from Yecheng, he dispatched a mounted courier with a memorial to explain what had happened, saying, "Your servant will wait in a nearby prefecture for further orders."

因令白從訓與明宗子繼璟至軍前，欲令見明宗，行欽縶繼璟於路。 He sent Bai Congxun and Mingzong's son Jijing to the front so they could meet Mingzong, but Xingqin seized Jijing on the way.

明宗凡奏軍機，拘留不達，故旬日之間，音驛斷絕。 Every military report Mingzong sent was held up and never delivered, and within ten days all word from him had ceased.

及莊宗出成皋，知明宗在黎陽，復令繼璟渡河召明宗，行欽即殺之，仍勸班師。 When Zhuangzong advanced from Chenggao and learned that Mingzong was at Liyang, he again ordered Jijing to cross the river and summon him. Xingqin killed Jijing on the spot and pressed for a general withdrawal.

明宗即位，詔削奪行欽在位官爵，斬於洛陽。 After Mingzong took the throne, an edict stripped Xingqin of every office and title he had held, and he was beheaded at Luoyang.

父老詣闕請留，明宗令中使諭之，方得離州。 Local elders went to court to ask that he be kept. Mingzong sent a palace envoy to reason with them, and only then was he able to leave the prefecture.

明宗討荊南，魯奇為副招討使，頃之，移鎮遂州。 When Mingzong campaigned against Jingnan, Luqi served as deputy pacification commissioner. Soon afterward he was transferred to Suizhou as military governor.

帝聞其死也，慟哭之，厚給其家，贈太師、齊國公。 When the Emperor heard of his death he wept aloud, gave his family a generous settlement, and posthumously honored him as Grand Preceptor and Duke of Qi.

洪大罵曰：「老賊，爾為天子鎮帥，何苦反耶！ Hong shouted back, "You old traitor! The Son of Heaven made you a frontier commander—why must you rebel!

今明天子付與茅土，貴為諸侯，而驅徒結黨，圖為反噬。 Now the enlightened Son of Heaven has given you a fief and raised you among the feudal lords, yet you herd servants into factions and plot to turn and bite the hand that fed you.

吾可為天子死，不能與人奴苟生！」 I can die for the Son of Heaven, but I will not live on as the lackey of another man's slave!"

明宗聞之泣下，置洪二子於近衛，給賜甚厚。 When Mingzong heard of it he wept and placed Hong's two sons in the inner guard, granting them generous rewards.

蜀平班師，會明宗即位，遷泗州防禦使兼客省使。 After Shu was pacified the army withdrew. Mingzong then took the throne, and Yan was made defender of Sizhou while keeping his post as commissioner of the Reception Bureau.

李仁矩，本明宗在藩鎮時客將也。 Li Renju had originally been a guest officer in Mingzong's household when he held a princely fief.

明宗即位，錄其趨走之勞，擢居內職，復為安重誨所庇，故數年之間，遷為客省使、左衛大將軍。 When Mingzong took the throne, he rewarded Renju for his years of service and promoted him to the inner court. Under An Chonghui's patronage he rose within a few years to commissioner of the Reception Bureau and Grand General of the Left Guard.

思立本出陰山諸部，性純厚，善撫將士，明宗素重之，故即位之始，以應州所生之地授焉。 Sili was originally from the Yinshan tribes. Pure and generous by nature, he was skilled at winning over officers and soldiers. Mingzong had long valued him, and at the start of his reign granted him his birthplace in Ying Prefecture.

明宗即位，曆捧聖指揮使、檢校尚書左僕射。 When Mingzong took the throne, he served as commander of the Pingsheng guard and acting Left Vice Director of the Secretariat.

敬達曰：「吾受恩於明宗，位曆方鎮，主上授我大柄，而失律如此，已有愧於心也。 Jingda said, "I owe my rise to Mingzong. I have held regional command, and the sovereign entrusted me with great authority. To fail so badly already shames me to the heart.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 71Volume 71 Book of Later Tang 47: Biographies 23: Ma Yu, Si Kongting, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Gao, Luo Guan, Chun Yuyan, Zhang Ge, Xu Ji, Zhou Xuanbao · 11 passages

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明宗卒以希甫為諫議大夫，復為匭函使。 Emperor Mingzong at last made him Remonstrating Grand Master and restored him as commissioner of the suggestion box.

明宗刺代州，署為軍事衙推。 When Mingzong served as military commissioner at Daizhou, he appointed Zongzhi military affairs aide.

從明宗鎮邢州，為掌書記，曆天平、宣武兩鎮節度副使。 He followed Mingzong to Xingzhou as chief secretary and later served as vice military commissioner at Tianping and Xuanwu.

明宗鎮常山，被病不從。 When Mingzong governed Changshan, illness kept Zongzhi from accompanying him.

及即位，縱之見於洛邑，安重誨怒其觀望，久無所授。 After Mingzong took the throne, Zongzhi came to Luoyang; An Chonghui resented his fence-sitting and long gave him no post.

明宗曰：「德勝用兵時，縱之饑寒相伴，不離我左右。 Mingzong said, "When I was campaigning at Desheng, Zongzhi shared hunger and cold with me and never left my side.

承業俾明宗易衣列於諸校之下，以他人詐之，而元豹指明宗於末綴言曰：「骨法非內衙太保歟！」 Chengye had Mingzong change clothes and stand among the junior officers, substituting another man to test him; Yuanbao pointed to Mingzong at the rear and said, "Isn't that the bone-structure of the Inner Palace Grand Guardian?!"

或問明宗之福壽，惟云末後為鎮州節度使，時明宗為內衙都校，才兼州牧而已。 Asked about Mingzong's fortune, he said only that in the end he would be military commissioner of Zhenzhou—though Mingzong was then merely chief inspector of the inner barracks with a prefect's title.

昭懿皇后夏氏方侍巾櫛，偶忤旨，大為明宗檟楚。 Empress Zhaoyi of the Xia clan, then attending Mingzong, once offended him and was beaten severely.

明宗赫怒因解，後其言果驗。 Mingzong's rage cooled, and later events proved him right.

明宗即位之明年，一日，謂侍臣曰：「方士周元豹，昔曾言朕諸事有征，可詔北京津置赴闕。」 The year after Mingzong took the throne he told his attendants, "The adept Zhou Yuanbao once predicted many things about me that came true—summon him from the Northern Capital to court."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 72Volume 72 Book of Later Tang 48: Biographies 24: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan, Ma Shaohong, Meng Hangqiong · 5 passages

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明宗入洛，居翰謁見於至德宮，待罪雪涕，乞歸田里，詔許之，乃辭歸長安。 When Mingzong entered Luoyang, Juhan had an audience at the Zhide Palace, confessed his faults in tears, and begged to return home. An edict granted this, and he took leave to return to Chang'an.

據《通鑒》，李嗣源為謠言所屬，危殆者數四，賴宣徽使李紹宏左右營護，以是得全。 According to the 《Zizhi Tongjian》, Li Siyuan was targeted by slander and was several times in mortal danger; he survived only because Palace Secretariat Commissioner Li Shaohong protected him on every side.

明宗鎮常山，得侍左右。 When Mingzong governed Changshan, Hanqiong came to serve at his side.

明宗即位，自諸司使累遷宣徽南院使。 When Mingzong ascended the throne, Hanqiong rose in succession from various bureau commissioner posts to Commissioner of the Southern Court of the Palace Secretariat.

秦王領兵至天津橋，時漢瓊與朱、馮及康義誠方會議於內庭，謀猶未決，漢瓊獨出死力，先入殿門，奏於明宗，語在《秦王傳》。 When the Prince of Qin led troops to the Tianjin Bridge, Hanqiong was meeting with Zhu, Feng, and Kang Yicheng in the inner court; the plot was still undecided. Hanqiong alone exerted himself to the utmost, entered the palace gate first, and reported to Mingzong — the account is in the 《Biography of the Prince of Qin》.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 73Volume 73 Book of Later Tang 49: Biographies 25: Mao Zhang, Nie Yu, Wen Tao, Duan Ning, Kong Qian, Li Ye · 6 passages

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明宗嗣位，錄平蜀功，授邠州節度使。 When Emperor Mingzong took the throne, Zhang's role in the conquest of Shu was formally acknowledged, and he was given Binzhou as his circuit.

明宗時，為起居舍人。 Under Emperor Mingzong he served as a diarist.

明宗在藩邸時，素聞其醜聲。 Even when Mingzong was still a prince, he had heard repeated reports of Nie's disgraceful conduct.

明宗即位，流於德州，俄賜死。 When Emperor Mingzong took the throne, he was exiled to Dezhou and soon commanded to take his own life.

明宗至洛陽，霍彥威怒其前事，與溫韜同收下獄，詔釋之，放歸田里。 When Emperor Mingzong reached Luoyang, Huo Yanwei, angry at his past conduct, had him imprisoned together with Wen Tao. An edict released them and sent them back to their homes.

《北夢瑣言》：明宗即位，誅租庸使孔謙等。 Miscellaneous Notes from Northern Dreams: When Emperor Mingzong took the throne, he executed commissioner of taxation and corvée Kong Qian and others.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 74Volume 74 Book of Later Tang 50: Biographies 126: Kang Yanxiao, Zhu Shouyin, Yang Li, Dou Tingwan, Zhang Qianzhao, Yang Yanwen · 10 passages

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明宗在鄆州，密請以覆軍之罪罪之，莊宗私於腹心，忍而不問。 Mingzong, then at Yan Prefecture, privately urged that Shouyin be punished for losing the army. Zhuangzong, speaking only with his closest confidants, let the matter pass.

迨聞凶問，乃入內，選嬪御及珍寶以歸，恣軍士劫掠京都，翌日方定，率諸校迎明宗於東郊。 Only when word of the death reached him did he enter the palace, seize concubines and treasures, and let his soldiers loot the capital at will. Order was restored only the next day, when he led his officers to welcome Mingzong at the eastern suburb.

明宗憐彥超之死，以其子承祚為洺州長史。）〉 Mingzong pitied Yanchao and appointed his son Chengzuo long secretary of Luo Prefecture.)〉

守殷驅市人閉壁以叛，明宗途次京水，聞之，親統禁軍，倍程直抵其壘，長圍夾攻，縋城甚眾。 Shouyin forced the townspeople to shut the gates and rebel. Mingzong was at Jingshui on the road; hearing the news, he led the palace guard himself, marched at double speed to the rebel stronghold, invested it on all sides, and many defenders fled down ropes from the walls.

莊宗怒，命明宗與李紹真攻討，一月拔之，生擒立及其同惡十餘人，送於闕下，皆磔於市。 Zhuangzong was furious and ordered Mingzong and Li Shaozhen to attack. Within a month the city fell. Yang Li and more than ten of his accomplices were taken alive, sent to the capital, and dismembered in the marketplace.

明宗素聞虔釗有將帥才，及即位，擢為護駕親軍都指揮使，領春州刺史。 Mingzong had long heard of Qianzhao's gifts as a commander. When he took the throne he made Qianzhao chief commander of the imperial guard and prefect of Chun.

明宗疑其詐，不欲興兵，授彥溫絳州刺史。 Mingzong suspected a ruse and refused to send troops. He appointed Yanwen prefect of Jiang.

安重誨堅請出師，即命西京留守索自通、侍衛步軍指揮使藥彥稠等帥兵攻之。 An Chonghui insisted on military action. Mingzong ordered Suo Zhitong, military governor of the western capital, Yao Yanchou, commander of the palace guard infantry, and others to attack.

初，彥稠出師，明宗戒之曰：「與朕生致彥溫，吾將自訊之。」 Before Yao Yanchou marched out, Mingzong warned him, "Bring Yanwen to me alive. I mean to question him myself."

及收城，斬首傳送，明宗深怒彥稠等。 When the city fell, they beheaded Yanwen and sent his head to court. Mingzong was furious with Yao Yanchou and his officers.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 78Volume 78 Book of Later Jin 4: Gaozu Annals 4 · 2 passages

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乙亥，詔立唐高祖、太宗及莊宗、明宗、閔帝五廟於洛陽。 On the yihai day, an edict ordered five temples established at Luoyang to Gaozu and Taizong of Tang and to Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Emperor Min.

唐明宗朝，又委端明殿學士撰錄，逐季送付史館，伏乞遵行者。 In the reign of Mingzong of Tang, the task was again entrusted to an academician of the Duanming Hall to compile and deliver each quarter to the Historiography Institute; we humbly request that this precedent be followed.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 86Volume 86 Book of Later Jin 12: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 1 passage

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〈（《五代會要》：高祖皇后李氏，唐明宗第三女。 (From the Five Dynasties Essentials: Empress Li of Gaozu was the third daughter of Mingzong of Tang.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 87Volume 87 Book of Later Jin 13: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 3 passages

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明宗即位，擢為奉聖指揮使。 When Emperor Mingzong came to the throne, Jingwei was promoted to commander of the Fengsheng Guard.

楚王重信，字守孚，高祖第二子，後唐明宗之外孫也。 Prince Chongxin of Chu, styled Shoufu, was Gaozu's second son and a maternal grandson of Later Tang's Emperor Mingzong.

重信歷事唐明宗及閔帝、末帝，不恃貴戚，能克己復禮，常恂恂如也，甚為時論所稱。 Chongxin served Emperors Mingzong, Min, and Mo of Tang. He did not trade on his noble kinship; he could restrain himself and return to propriety, always earnest and deferential, and won high praise from his contemporaries.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 96Volume 96 Book of Later Jin 22: Biographies 11: Kong Chongbi, Chen Baoji, Wang Yu, Zhang Jizuo, Zhen Ruan, Hu Rao, Liu Suiqing, Fang Gao, Meng Chenghui, Liu Jixun, Zheng Shouyi, Cheng Xun, Li Yu, Zheng Xuansu, Ma Zhongji, Chen Xuan · 6 passages

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明宗郊天，充供頓使，復除西衛上將軍。 When Emperor Mingzong sacrificed to Heaven at the suburbs, Jizuo served as provisioning commissioner and was again appointed general of the western guard.

阮有子，自幼事明宗中門使安重誨，重誨以其桀黠，愛之。 Ruan had a son who from childhood served An Chonghui, Mingzong's middle-gate commissioner. Chonghui took a liking to him for his clever boldness.

及明宗即位，擢阮至鳳翔節度副使。 When Mingzong took the throne, Ruan was promoted to deputy military governor of Fengxiang.

會唐明宗鎮其地，與部將王建立相善，明宗即位，建立領常山，奏饒為真定少尹。 When Emperor Mingzong of Tang governed the region, Rao was on good terms with the staff general Wang Jianli. After Mingzong took the throne, Jianli governed Changshan and recommended Rao as vice prefect of Zhending.

明宗即位，加檢校尚書僕射，委以西都監守。 When Mingzong took the throne he was given the honorary title of vice director of the masters of writing and charged with guarding the western capital.

明宗朝，為太原少尹，入為太府卿。 Under Mingzong he served as vice prefect of Taiyuan, then entered the capital as minister of the imperial storehouse.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 106Volume 106 Book of Later Jin 8: Biographies 3: Wang Zhou, Liu Shenjiao, Wu Hanqiu, Zhang Guan, Li Yin, Liu Zaiming, Ma Wan, Li Yancong, Guo Jin, Huang Fuli, Bai Zairong, Zhang Peng · 7 passages

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少勇健，從軍事唐莊宗、明宗，稍遷裨校，以戰功累歷郡守。 As a young man he was vigorous and daring. He served under Emperors Zhuangzong and Mingzong of Tang, rose step by step through the officer ranks, and with repeated victories held one prefectural post after another.

少拳勇，潞帥李嗣昭倚為親信，事唐莊宗、明宗，繼為禁軍裨校。 As a youth he was famed for courage in combat. Li Sizhao, military governor of Lu, trusted him as a confidant. He served under Zhuangzong and Mingzong of Tang and rose to staff officer in the palace guards.

自後唐莊宗、明宗、晉高祖朝，以偏校遞遷，歷官至檢校司徒，累為郡守。 From the reigns of Zhuangzong and Mingzong of Later Tang through Jin Gaozu he rose step by step from junior officer to honorary Minister of Works and held one prefectural post after another.

明宗時，為捧聖左廂都指揮使，領和州刺史。 Under Mingzong he commanded the left wing of the Pengsheng Guard while also holding the prefecture of Hezhou.

唐明宗之刺代州，署為牙校，從歷藩鎮。 When Emperor Mingzong of Tang governed Daizhou he appointed Li a yamen officer, and Li followed him through successive postings.

性純謹，明宗深委信之，王建立、安重誨策名委質、皆在立後。 He was upright and conscientious, and Mingzong trusted him deeply. Wang Jianli and An Chonghui both entered service only after Li had.

明宗踐阼，以立為忻州刺史。 When Mingzong took the throne he made Li prefect of Xinzhou.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 111Volume 111 Book of Later Zhou 13: Taizu Annals 2 · 2 passages

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庚寅，唐故郇國公李從益追封許王，唐明宗淑妃王氏追贈賢妃。 On gengyin day, Li Congyi, late Duke of Xun of Tang, was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Xu; and Virtuous Consort Wang of Tang Emperor Mingzong was posthumously created Worthy Consort.

壬寅，詔唐莊宗、明宗、晉高祖三處陵寢，各有守陵宮人，並放逐便。 On renyin day, an edict ordered the palace women guarding the mausoleums of Tang Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Jin Gaozu all dismissed and sent away.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 121Volume 121 Book of Later Zhou 23: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 2 passages

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莊宗沒，明宗遣歸其家，行至河上，父母迓之，會大風雨，止於逆旅數日。 After Zhuangzong's death Mingzong sent her home; on the way to the Yellow River her parents came out to meet her, but a violent storm forced them to halt at an inn for several days.

唐明宗在藩，錄其遺逸。 While still a prince, Tang Mingzong gathered up those who had been left behind.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 127Volume 127 Book of Later Zhou 29: Biographies 7: Lu Wenji, Ma Yisun, He Ning, Su Yugui, Jing Fan · 1 passage

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明宗益加器重，遷中書舍人、工部侍郎，皆充學士。 Mingzong valued him more, making him secretariat drafter and vice minister of works while retaining his Hanlin post.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 130Volume 130 Book of Later Zhou 32: Biographies 10: Wang Jun, Murong Yanchao, Yan Honglu, Cui Zhoudu · 1 passage

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宏魯事唐明宗、晉高祖，累歷事任。 Honglu served under Emperor Mingzong of Tang and the Jin founder, rising through a series of offices.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 138Volume 138: Foreign States Biographies 2: Tubo, Huihu, Goryeo, Bohai Tungusic Tribes, Heishui Tungusic Tribes, Silla, Tangut, Kunming Tribes, Yutian, Champa, Zangkeman · 9 passages

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唐長興四年，涼州留後孫超遣大將拓拔承謙及僧道士耆老楊通信等至京師，明宗拜孫超節度使。 In the fourth year of the Later Tang Changxing era, Sun Chao, acting governor of Liangzhou, sent his senior general Tuoba Chengqian together with monks, Daoists, and elders led by Yang Tongxin to the capital. Emperor Mingzong then invested Sun Chao as military governor.

明宗嘗御端明殿見其使者，問其牙帳所居，曰：「西去涇州二千里。」 Emperor Mingzong once received their envoys in the Hall of Illuminated Clarity and asked where their royal camp stood. They answered, "Two thousand li west of Jing Prefecture."

明宗賜以虎皮，人一張，皆披以拜，委身宛轉，落其氈帽，發亂如蓬，明宗及左右皆大笑。 Mingzong gave each man a tiger pelt. They draped the pelts over their shoulders to bow, writhing as they did so until their felt caps fell off and their hair spilled out like a tangled broom. Mingzong and everyone around him burst into laughter.

天成三年二月，其權知可汗仁裕遣都督李阿山等一百二十人入貢，明宗召對於崇元殿，賜物有差。 In the second month of the third year of Tiancheng, acting khan Renyu sent commissioner Li Ashan and one hundred twenty others with tribute. Mingzong received them in the Hall of Exalted Origin and bestowed gifts according to rank.

四年七月，復遣都督李未等三十人來朝，進白鶻一聯，明宗召對於廣壽殿，厚加錫齎，仍命解放其鶻。 In the seventh month of the fourth year they sent commissioner Li Wei and thirty others with a pair of white gyrfalcons. Mingzong received them in the Hall of Broad Longevity, lavished gifts upon them, and ordered the birds set free.

明宗時，詔沿邊置場市馬，諸夷皆入市中國，有回鶻、党項馬最多。 Under Mingzong the court ordered frontier horse markets established. Tribal peoples from every quarter came to trade within China, and Uyghur and Tangut horses were the most numerous.

明宗招懷遠人，馬來無駑壯皆集，而所售過常直，往來館給，道路倍費。 Mingzong sought to win over distant peoples. Whenever horses arrived, sound and unsound alike were purchased at prices above the usual rate, with lodging and supplies along the road doubling the cost.

其每至京師，明宗爲御殿見之，勞以酒食，既醉，連袂歌呼，道其土風以爲樂，去又厚以賜齎，歲耗百萬計。 Whenever they reached the capital, Mingzong received them in the imperial hall and feasted them with food and wine. Once drunk, they would link arms, sing, and shout, recounting their native customs for amusement. On departure they were lavished with gifts again, and the annual cost ran into the millions.

明宗遣靈武康福、邠州藥彥稠等出兵討之，福等擊破阿埋、韋悉、褒勒、強賴、埋廝骨尾及其大首領連香、李八薩王，都統悉那、埋摩，侍御乞埋、嵬悉逋等族。 Mingzong dispatched Kang Fu of Lingwu and Yao Yanchou of Bin Prefecture with troops to suppress them. Fu and his commanders broke the Amai, Weixi, Baole, Qianglai, and Maisigui tribes, together with their great chieftains Lianxiang and Li Basawang, commanders-in-chief Sina and Maimo, attendants Qimai and Weisibu, and other clans.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 139Volume 139: Treatises 1 Astronomy · 5 passages

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明宗天成元年，八月乙酉朔，日有蝕之。 In the first year of Tiancheng under Mingzong, on the new moon of the eighth month (yiyou), the sun was eclipsed.

明宗天成三年，十二月乙卯，月蝕。 In the third year of Tiancheng under Mingzong, on yimao of the twelfth month, there was a lunar eclipse.

唐明宗天成元年，十一月，月暈匝火、木。 In the first year of Tiancheng under Tang Mingzong, in the eleventh month the moon showed a halo ringed around the stations of Fire and Wood.

唐明宗天成三年，十月庚午夜，西南有孛，長丈餘，東南指，在牛宿五度。 In the third year of Tiancheng under Tang Mingzong, on the night of gengwu in the tenth month, a broom star more than ten feet long appeared in the southwest, its tail toward the southeast, at the fifth degree of the Ox asterism.

明宗天成元年，八月癸卯，太白犯心大星。 In the first year of Tiancheng under Mingzong, on guimao of the eighth month Venus encroached on the chief star of the Heart asterism.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 141Volume 141: Treatises 3 Five Elements · 2 passages

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明宗深嘉之，錫以三品章服。 Emperor Mingzong greatly commended the memorial and bestowed third-rank ceremonial robes upon him.

明宗謂侍臣曰：「火妖乎？」 Emperor Mingzong asked his attending ministers: "Is this a fire demon?"

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 143Volume 143: Treatises 5 Rites 2 · 8 passages

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梁朝依禮行之，至明宗郊天，又用竹冊。 The Liang dynasty followed ritual practice; by Emperor Mingzong's suburban sacrifice to Heaven, bamboo tablets were used again.

清泰元年五月，中書門下奏：「據太常禮院申，明宗聖德和武欽孝皇帝今月二十日祔廟，太尉合差宰臣攝行。 In the fifth month of Qingtai 1, the Secretariat and Chancellery memorialized: "According to the Court of Imperial Rites, the Sagely, Virtuous, Harmonious, Martial, and Filial Emperor Mingzong is to be enshrined in the temple on the twentieth of this month; a chancellor should serve as acting Grand Commandant.

八月戊申，明宗服兗冕，禦文明殿，追冊昭宣光烈孝皇帝。 On the day wushen of the eighth month, Mingzong wore the yan cap and robe, took the throne at the Hall of Civilization, and posthumously enregistered the August, Illustrious, Bright, and Majestic Filial Emperor.

今請立近朝莊宗、明宗、閔帝三廟，庶合前規。 We now request establishing three temples to the recent Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Emperor Min, thus following former regulations.

莊宗立興復之功，明宗垂光大之業，逮乎閔帝，實繼本枝，然則丕緒洪源，皆尊唐室。 Zhuangzong established the achievement of revival; Mingzong handed down the enterprise of glorious expansion; reaching Emperor Min, he truly continued the main branch—the great line and vast source all honor the Tang house.

宜立唐高祖、太宗及莊宗、明宗、閔帝五廟。」 Five temples should be established to Tang's High Ancestor, Great Ancestor, Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Emperor Min."

高祖、太宗與其後暨莊宗、明宗，凡六主在清化裏之寢宮，祭前二日，以殿中傘扇二十，迎置新廟以享祀。 The High Ancestor, Great Ancestor, and their empresses together with Zhuangzong and Mingzong—six tablets in the sleeping palace at Qinghua Lane; two days before the sacrifice, twenty palace umbrellas and fans welcome and install them in the new temple for the offering.

閔皇帝、莊宗明宗二後及魯國孔夫人神主四座，請修制祔廟，及三後請定謚法。」 Emperor Min, the two empresses of Zhuangzong and Mingzong, and Lady Kong of Lu—four spirit tablets—we request drafting regulations for enshrinement in the temple, and fixing posthumous title procedures for the three empresses."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 144Volume 144: Treatises 6 Music 1 · 1 passage

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明宗聖德和武欽孝皇帝廟室酌獻，舞《雍熙之舞》。 For the libation offering at the temple chamber of Mingzong, the Sheng De, He Wu, Qin Xiao Emperor, the Dance of Harmonious Splendor was performed.

History of Liao, Chapter 1Volume 1 Annals 1: Taizu 1 · 1 passage

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秋八月，李存遣李嗣源等救幽州，曷魯等以兵少而還。 In the eighth autumn month Li Cunxu sent Li Siyuan and others to relieve Youzhou; Helu and the others, finding their forces too few, withdrew.

History of Liao, Chapter 2Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 1 passage

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是月，唐養子李嗣源反，郭存謙弑其主存，<四>嗣源遂即位。 That month Li Siyuan, Tang's adopted son, rose in rebellion; Guo Cunqian murdered his master Cun, <4> and Siyuan seized the throne.

History of Liao, Chapter 72Volume 72 Biographies 2: Imperial Family: Yi Zongbei, the Foreign Emperor Zhang Su, Shun Zongjun, Jin Wangaoluwo · 4 passages

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唐明宗聞之，遣人跨海持書密召倍。 When Tang Emperor Mingzong heard of it, he sent envoys across the sea with a secret letter inviting Bei.

至汴，見明宗。 On reaching Bian he was received by Emperor Mingzong.

明宗以莊宗后夏氏妻之，賜姓東丹，名之曰慕華。 Mingzong gave him Zhuangzong's consort, Lady Xia, in marriage and granted the surname Eastern Dan, naming him Muhua.

後明宗養子從珂弒其君自立，倍密報太宗曰：「從珂弒君，盍討之。」 Later Mingzong's adopted son Congke murdered his sovereign and seized power; Bei secretly informed Taizong, "Congke has murdered his lord—we ought to punish him."

History of Liao, Chapter 76Volume 76 Biographies 6: Yelu Jieli, Yelu Balide, Yelu Shuogu, Yelu Lubugu, Zhao Yanshou, Gao Mohan, Zhao Siwen, Yelu Oulisi, Zhang Li · 2 passages

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唐明宗先以女妻之，及即位，封其女為興平公主，拜延壽駙馬都尉、樞密使。 Emperor Mingzong of Tang had already married a daughter to him; when he came to the throne he enfeoffed her as Princess of Xingping and appointed Yanshou imperial son-in-law commandant and commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs.

明宗子從榮恃權跋扈，內外莫不震懾，延壽求補外避之，出為宣武軍節度使。 Mingzong's son Congrong wielded power arrogantly, and everyone inside and outside the court trembled before him; Yanshou asked for a provincial post to keep clear of him and was sent out as military governor of the Xuanwu army.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Later Tang Annals 2: Zhuangzong 2 · 14 passages

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十四年，契丹寇新州，遂寇幽州，李嗣源擊走之。 In the fourteenth year the Khitan struck Xinzhou and pushed on to Youzhou; Li Siyuan beat them back.

三月，河中節度使朱友謙、昭義軍節度使李嗣昭、橫海軍節度使李存審、義武軍節度使王處直、安國軍節度使李嗣源、鎮州兵馬留後張文禮、領天平軍節度使閻寶，大同軍節度使李存璋、振武軍節度使李存進、匡國軍節度使朱令德，請王即皇帝位，王三辭，友謙等三請，王曰：「予當思之。」 In the third month Zhu Youqian of Hezhong, Li Sizhao of Zhaoyi, Li Cunshen of Henghai, Wang Chuzhi of Yiwu, Li Siyuan of Anguo, Zhang Wenli acting at Zhenzhou, Yan Bao holding Tianping, Li Cunzhang of Datong, Li Cunjin of Zhenwu, and Zhu Lingde of Kuangguo begged the king to take the throne. He refused thrice; they pressed thrice; he said, “I will think on it.”

十月，梁戴思遠攻德勝北城，李嗣源敗之於戚城。 In the tenth month Dai Siyuan of Liang struck Desheng’s north citadel; Li Siyuan routed him at Qi City.

壬寅，李嗣源取鄆州。 On the renyin day Li Siyuan seized Yanzhou.

九月戊辰，李嗣源及王彥章戰於遞坊，敗之。 On the wuchen day of the ninth month Li Siyuan met Wang Yanzhang at Difang and broke him.

後唐太祖置義兒軍如李嗣昭等甚眾，初皆賜姓名，而不全若子，故書李嗣源者，書其所賜姓名爾，不以子書也，與友文、從珂異。 Later Tang Taizu created an “adopted-sons army,” including many men such as Li Sizhao. They were originally granted surnames and personal names, but were not all sons in the full sense. Thus “Li Siyuan” records only the bestowed name, not a filial status, unlike Youwen and Congke.

戊寅，幸李嗣源第。 On wuyin, he called at Li Siyuan’s house.

丙寅，李嗣源克潞州。 On bingyin, Li Siyuan captured Luzhou.

甲辰，成德軍節度使李嗣源討趙在禮。 On jiachen, Li Siyuan of Chengde took the field against Zhao Zaili.

李嗣源反。 Li Siyuan turned rebel.

龍驤指揮軍使姚彥溫以前鋒軍叛降於李嗣源。 Yao Yanwen of the Dragon Soar Direct Guard led the vanguard in mutiny and went over to Li Siyuan.

嗣源入於汴州。 Siyuan entered Bian.

帝至萬勝鎮，聞嗣源已入汴州，乃還。 When the emperor reached Wansheng Garrison, he heard that Li Siyuan had already entered Bian Prefecture and turned back.

帝尸為伶人焚之，明宗入洛，得其骨燼。 The emperor’s body was burned by actors; when Mingzong entered Luoyang, he found the bones and ashes.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 7Volume 7 Later Tang Annals 4: Deposed Emperors · 15 passages

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乙未，朱弘昭、馮赟獻錢助作山陵。 On yiwei Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun offered funds toward Mingzong’s mausoleum.

愍皇帝，明宗第五子從厚也。 Emperor Min was Conghou, the fifth son of Mingzong.

為人形質豐厚，寡言好禮，明宗以其貌類己，特愛之。 He was broad and solid in build, quiet, and fond of ritual. Mingzong loved him especially because he looked like him.

明宗病甚，遣宦者孟漢瓊召王于鄴，而明宗崩，祕其喪六日。 When Mingzong became gravely ill, he sent the eunuch Meng Hanqiong to summon the prince from Ye. Mingzong then died, and his death was kept secret for six days.

廢帝，鎮州平山人也，本姓王氏，其世微賤，母魏氏，少寡，明宗為騎將，過平山，掠得之。 Feidi came from Pingshan in Zhenzhou. His original surname was Wang, and his family was humble. His mother, Lady Wei, was widowed young; Mingzong seized her when he passed through Pingshan as a cavalry officer.

魏氏有子阿三，已十餘歲，明宗養以為子，名曰從珂。 Lady Wei already had a boy called Asan, past ten. Mingzong adopted him and gave him the name Congke.

及長，狀貌雄偉，謹信寡言，而驍勇善戰，明宗甚愛之。 Grown to manhood he was tall and formidable—quiet, dutiful, and few of words—yet a terror in the field. Mingzong doted on him.

明宗討趙在禮，自魏反兵而南，從珂率戍兵自曲陽、孟縣馳出常山以追明宗。 When Mingzong marched south from Wei against Zhao Zaili, Congke swept down from Quyang and Meng county through Changshan to join him.

明宗之南也，兵少，得從珂兵在後，而軍聲大振。 Mingzong’s column was thin on the road south, but Congke’s detachment in the rear made the host seem suddenly vast.

明宗入立，拜從珂河中節度使，封潞王。 After Mingzong seized the throne he made Congke military governor of Hezhong and created him Prince of Lu.

是時，明宗春秋已高，王於諸子次最長，樞密使安重誨患之，乃矯詔河中裨將楊彥溫使圖之。 Mingzong was old by then, and the Prince of Lu outranked every other son. An Chonghui, who controlled the Bureau of Military Affairs, grew alarmed and forged orders for Yang Yanwen, a Hezhong subordinate, to move against him.

明宗召王還京師，居之清化裏第。 Mingzong recalled him to Luoyang and housed him in the mansion on Qinghua Lane.

重誨數請行軍法，明宗不聽，後重誨見殺，乃起王為左衛大將軍、西京留守。 Chonghui pressed again and again for court-martial; Mingzong refused. After Chonghui’s fall the prince was restored as Left Guard grand general and defender of Luoyang.

王子重吉自明宗時典禁兵，為控鶴指揮使，湣帝即位，朱弘昭、馮赟用事，乃罷重吉兵職，出為亳州團練使。 Congke’s son Chongji had held the inner army since Mingzong’s reign as Crane Control commander. Once Conghou took the throne, Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun stripped him of command and posted him to Bozhou as training commissioner.

使明宗為有知，其有愧於重誨矣，哀哉！ If Mingzong could know from beyond the grave, he would blush for Chonghui—how lamentable!

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 8Volume 8 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu · 14 passages

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敬瑭為人沈厚寡言，明宗愛之，妻以女，是為永寧公主，由是常隸明宗帳下，號左射軍。 Jingtang was grave and taciturn. Mingzong favored him, married him to a princess—Princess Yongning—and kept him in his personal train as commander of the Left Shooter Army.

十五年，莊宗戰於胡柳，前鋒周德威戰死，敬瑭以左射軍從明宗復擊敗梁兵。 In year fifteen Zhuangzong fought at Huliu; Zhou Dewei, his vanguard, fell. Jingtang and the Left Shooter Army followed Mingzong in a counter-stroke and broke the Liang line.

明宗戰胡盧套、楊村，為梁兵所敗，敬瑭常脫明宗於危。 At Hulu Tao and Yangcun Mingzong met defeat; again and again Jingtang pulled him out of the killing ground.

趙在禮之亂，明宗討之，至魏而兵變，明宗初欲自歸於天子，明己所以不反者。 When Zhao Zaili rebelled Mingzong marched to suppress him; at Wei the troops mutinied. Mingzong at first meant to go back to court and swear he had not risen in revolt.

明宗然之，與之驍騎三百，渡黎陽為前鋒，明宗遂入汴。 Mingzong agreed and lent him three hundred picked riders. Jingtang crossed Liyang in the van; Mingzong entered Bian on his heels.

莊宗西還，明宗以敬瑭為前鋒趣汜水，且收其散卒。 Zhuangzong withdrew westward. Mingzong sent Jingtang ahead to Sishui to round up the stragglers.

莊宗遇弒，明宗入立，拜敬瑭保義軍節度使，賜號「竭忠建策興復功臣」，兼六軍諸衛副使。 After Zhuangzong’s murder Mingzong took the throne. He made Jingtang governor of Baoyi, titled him “Loyal Architect of Restoration,” and named him deputy over the Six Armies and palace guards.

是時，諸侯多不奉法，鄧州陶玘、亳州李鄴皆以贓汙論死，明宗下詔書褒廉吏普州安崇阮、洺州張萬進、耀州孫嶽等以諷天下，而以敬瑭為首。 Feudatories then flouted the law wholesale; Tao Qi of Deng and Li Ye of Bo died for graft. Mingzong published an edict holding up honest governors—An Chongruan, Zhang Wanjin, Sun Yue, and the rest—with Jingtang first among them.

明宗數責大臣問誰可行者，範延光、趙延壽等卒以敬瑭為請，乃拜河東節度使、大同彰國振武威塞等軍蕃漢馬步軍總管，落六軍副使，乃行。 Mingzong upbraided his council again and again for a suitable man. Fan Yanguang and Zhao Yanshou at last proposed Jingtang. He received Hedong and command over Han and tribal forces of Datong, Zhangguo, Zhenwu, Weisai, and the rest, shed the Six Armies deputy title, and marched.

明年，明宗崩，愍帝即位，加中書令。 The following year Mingzong died; when Mindi came to the throne, Jingtang was given the additional title Director of the Secretariat.

天福元年五月，徙鎮天平，敬瑭果不受命，謂其屬曰：「先帝授吾太原使老焉，今無故而遷，是疑吾反也。 In the fifth month of Tianfu 1 the court ordered him to Tianping. Jingtang defied the transfer. He told his staff: “The late emperor set me in Taiyuan to end my days; a move without cause means they think me a traitor.

乃上表論廢帝不當立，請立許王從益為明宗嗣。 He memorialized that Congke had usurped the throne and urged enthroning Prince of Xu Congyi as Mingzong’s heir.

愍帝附于明宗徽陵域中，無陵名，故曰「墓」，晉高祖即位，追謚為愍皇帝。 Emperor Min had been buried in the precinct of Mingzong's Huiling and had no separate mausoleum name, so the text says "tomb." After Gaozu of Jin took the throne, he gave him the posthumous title Emperor Min.

冬十一月乙亥，立唐高祖、太宗、莊宗、明宗、湣帝廟於西京。 On yihai of the eleventh month shrines to Tang Gaozu, Taizong, Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Emperor Min were raised in the Western Capital.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 9Volume 9 Later Jin Annals 2: the Emperor That Fled · 1 passage

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五代之亂，至此七君，而不得其死者五，明宗雖善終，而愍帝不克葬，至廢帝時始克葬，故皆不書。 In the turmoil of the Five Dynasties, seven rulers had appeared by this point, and five did not die properly. Mingzong died peacefully, but Mindi could not be buried until Feidi’s reign, so those burials were not recorded.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu, Emperor Yin · 1 passage

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與晉高祖俱事明宗為偏將，明宗及梁人戰德勝，晉高祖馬甲斷，梁兵幾及，知遠以所乘馬授之，復取高祖馬殿而還，高祖德之。 He and Gaozu of Jin served Mingzong as subordinate commanders. At Desheng, Gaozu’s horse armor broke and Liang soldiers nearly reached him; Zhiyuan gave Gaozu his own mount, then took Gaozu’s horse and guarded the rear. Gaozu was grateful.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Later Zhou Annals 3: Shizong, Emperor Gong · 1 passage

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唐亡无辞，庄宗之弑，唐已亡矣，而明宗又称唐，愍帝之奔，唐又亡矣，而废帝又称唐，其亡也不可以屡书，故不书也。 Later Tang’s end cannot be repeated: after Zhuangzong’s murder Mingzong still claimed Tang; after Min-di’s flight the deposed emperor did too. The annals cannot record every death, so they omit them.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 14Volume 14: Taizu of Later Tang's Family · 2 passages

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李嗣源兵反，向京師，莊宗再幸汜水，徙存霸北京留守，存渥河中節度使，宣麻未訖，郭從謙反，攻興教門，存渥從莊宗拒賊。 When Li Siyuan marched on the capital, Zhuangzong went to Sishui, made Cunba northern regent and Cunwo governor of Hezhong; before the edict was read Guo Congqian struck; Cunwo fought at his side.

明宗詔河南府及諸道：「諸王出奔，所至送赴闕； Mingzong ordered the provinces: “Fugitive princes are to be sent to court;

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15: Mingzong of Later Tang's Family · 54 passages

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明宗三后一妃：和武憲皇后曹氏生晉國公主；昭懿皇后夏氏生秦王從榮、湣帝；宣憲皇后魏氏，潞王從珂母也；淑妃王氏，許王從益之慈母也。 Mingzong had three empresses and one consort: Empress Hewuxian, Lady Cao, bore the Jin State Princess; Empress Zhaoyi, Lady Xia, bore Congrong, Prince of Qin, and the Last Emperor; Empress Xuanxian, Lady Wei, was mother of Congke, Prince of Lu; Chaste Consort Lady Wang was foster mother to Congyi, Xu Wang.

夏氏無封爵，明宗未即位前卒。 Lady Xia bore no noble title and died before Mingzong ascended.

明宗天成元年，封楚國夫人曹氏為淑妃，追封夏氏晉國夫人。 In Mingzong's first year Tiancheng, Lady Cao of Chu was made Chaste Consort and Lady Xia was posthumously enfeoffed Lady of Jin.

明宗為騎將，掠平山，得其子母以歸。 As a cavalry commander Mingzong raided Pingshan and brought the mother and child away.

明宗時，從珂已王，乃追封魏氏為魯國夫人。 Once Congke was already a prince under Mingzong, Lady Wei was posthumously enfeoffed Lady of Lu.

明宗和武憲皇后曹氏昭懿皇后夏氏 Mingzong; Empress Hewuxian, Lady Cao; and Empress Zhaoyi, Lady Xia

是時，明宗夏夫人已卒，方求別室，有言王氏於安重誨者，重誨以告明宗而納之。 Lady Xia had just died and Mingzong sought a new consort; word of Wang reached An Chonghui, who brought her to Mingzong’s notice, and he took her in.

王氏素得鄩金甚多，悉以遣明宗左右及諸子婦，人人皆為王氏稱譽，明宗益愛之。 Wang had amassed a great fortune from Yan and lavished it on Mingzong’s staff and his daughters-in-law; praise for her spread, and Mingzong’s affection deepened.

明宗即位，議立皇后，而曹氏當立，曹氏謂王氏曰：「我素多病，而性不耐煩，妹當代我。」 When Mingzong became emperor, the court debated the empress; Cao was the rightful choice. She told Wang: “I have been sick for years and cannot endure the burden—sister, you should take my place.”

妃事皇后亦甚謹，每帝晨起，盥櫛服御，皆妃執事左右，及罷朝，帝與皇后食，妃侍，食徹乃退，未嘗少懈，皇后心亦益愛之。 The consort served the empress with equal devotion: each dawn she attended Mingzong’s washing, combing, and dressing; after court she waited at their meals and withdrew only when they finished—never once slackening—and the empress came to love her in return.

明宗病，妃與宦者孟漢瓊出納左右，遂專用事，殺安重誨、秦王從榮，皆與焉。 When Mingzong sickened, the consort and the eunuch Meng Hanqiong controlled who saw him; she ruled alone thereafter, and had a hand in the deaths of An Chonghui and Congrong, Prince of Qin.

初，明宗後宮有生子者，命妃母之，是為許王從益。 When a consort in Mingzong’s harem bore a son, he entrusted the boy to the consort to raise—this was Congyi, Xu Wang.

從益乳母司衣王氏，見明宗已老而秦王握兵，心欲自托為後計，乃曰：「兒思秦王。」 Congyi’s wet nurse, wardrobe attendant Lady Wang, saw Mingzong aging and the Prince of Qin commanding troops; scheming for her own future, she said: “The child longs for the Prince of Qin.”

明宗遣乳嫗將兒往來秦府，遂與從榮私通，從榮因使王氏伺察宮中動靜。 Mingzong sent the nurse to bring the boy to and from the Prince of Qin’s residence; she then colluded with Congrong, who set her to watch the palace.

太常議立莊宗、明宗、湣帝三室，以至德宮為廟； The Ministry of Rites proposed three ancestral tablets—for Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and the Last Emperor—with Zhide Palace as the shrine;

德光見明宗畫像，焚香再拜，顧妃曰：「明宗與我約為弟兄，爾吾嫂也。」 Deguang saw Mingzong’s portrait, burned incense, and bowed twice; turning to the consort he said: “Mingzong and I swore brotherhood—you are my sister-in-law.”

何不留吾兒，使每歲寒食持一盂飯灑明宗墳上。」 Why not spare my son, so each Cold Food Festival he may bring one bowl of rice to Mingzong’s grave?”

明宗子 Mingzong's Sons

明宗四子，曰從璟、從榮、從厚、從益。 Mingzong had four sons: Congjing, Congrong, Conghou, and Congyi.

明宗軍變於魏，莊宗謂從璟曰：「爾父於國有大功，忠孝之心，朕自明信。 When Mingzong’s army mutinied at Wei, Zhuangzong told Congjing: “Your father has served the realm with great merit; I know his loyalty and filial heart for myself.

莊宗聞明宗已渡黎陽，復欲遣從璟通問。 Hearing Mingzong had crossed Liyang, Zhuangzong meant to send Congjing again as envoy.

明宗即位，贈太保。 When Mingzong succeeded, he posthumously made Congjing Grand Guardian.

自將相大臣皆患之，明宗頗知其非而不能裁制。 Generals and ministers alike were alarmed; Mingzong knew his faults but could not check him.

從榮嘗侍側，明宗問曰：「爾軍政之餘，習何事業？」 Once while Congrong stood beside him, Mingzong asked: "Apart from military duties, what do you study?"

明宗曰：「經有君臣父子之道，然須碩儒端士，乃可親之。吾見先帝好作歌詩，甚無謂也。汝將家子，文章非素習，必不能工，傳於人口，徒取笑也。吾老矣，於經義雖不能曉，然尚喜屢聞之，其餘不足學也。」 Mingzong said: "The classics teach the bonds of lord and subject, father and son, but only great upright scholars are fit company. I saw the late emperor dote on verse—to no purpose. You are a soldier's son; letters are not your trade and you will not excel; let them circulate and you become a laughingstock. I am old; I may not grasp the classics, yet I still like to hear them—the rest is not worth your time."

是時明宗已病，得澤書不悅，顧左右曰：「群臣欲立太子，吾當養老於河東。」 Mingzong was already ill; He’s petition angered him, and he told those at his side: “If the court wants a crown prince, I can go grow old in Hedong.”

明宗曰：「此羣臣之欲爾。」 Mingzong said: “That is what the ministers want.”

明宗曰：「學士代予言，不可也。」 Mingzong said: “Academicians speak for me—they cannot serve you.”

惟延光、延壽陰有避禍意，數見明宗，涕泣求解樞密，二人皆引去，而從榮之難作。 Only Yanguang and Yanshou, hoping to dodge the blow, wept before Mingzong again and again to leave the Bureau of Military Affairs; both stepped down—and Congrong’s disaster began.

十一月戊子，雪，明宗幸宮西士和亭，得傷寒疾。 On wuzi of the eleventh month it snowed; Mingzong went to Shihe Pavilion west of the palace and caught a chill.

己丑，從榮與樞密使朱弘昭、馮赟入問起居於廣壽殿，帝不能知人。 On jichou Congrong came with Bureau commissioners Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun to ask after Mingzong in Guangshou Hall; the Emperor knew no one.

從榮等去，乃遷於雍和殿，宮中皆慟哭。 Congrong and the rest withdrew; Mingzong was moved to Yonghe Hall, and the palace wept.

至夜半後，帝蹶然自興於榻，而侍疾者皆去，顧殿上守漏宮女曰：「夜漏幾何？」 Past midnight Mingzong suddenly sat up; his attendants had all gone; he asked the maid keeping the water clock: “What watch is it?”

帝即唾肉如肺者數片，溺涎液斗餘。 He spat up several pieces of flesh like lung and voided more than a peck of phlegm.

守漏者曰：「大家省事乎？」 The maid asked: “Does Your Majesty feel easier?”

有頃，六宮皆至，曰：「大家還魂矣！」 Soon the whole inner palace gathered: “His Majesty has come back from death!”

其入問疾也，見帝已不知人，既去，而聞宮中哭聲，以謂帝已崩矣，乃謀以兵入宮。 On his sick visit he found Mingzong unrecognizing; leaving, he heard weeping in the palace, took the Emperor for dead, and plotted to march in with troops.

因私謂處鈞曰：「聖上萬福，王宜竭力忠孝，不可草草。」 Privately they told Chujun: “His Majesty still lives; serve him with loyalty and filial piety—do nothing rash.”

赟即馳入內，見義誠及弘昭、漢瓊等坐中興殿閣議事，赟責義誠曰：「主上所以畜養吾徒者，為今日爾！ Feng Yun galloped in at once; finding Yicheng, Hongzhao, and Hanqiong in council at Zhongxing Hall, he rebuked Yicheng: “His Majesty kept us for this day!

今安危之機，間不容發，奈何以子故懷顧望，使秦王得至此門，主上安所歸乎？ Life and death hang on a breath—how can you waver for your son and let the Prince of Qin reach this gate? Where will His Majesty go?

明宗問弘昭等曰：「實有之乎？」 Mingzong asked Hongzhao and the others: “Is it true?”

明宗以手指天泣下，良久曰：「義誠自處置，毋令震動京師。」 Mingzong pointed heavenward and wept; after a long silence he said: “Let Yicheng deal with it—do not shake the capital.”

潞王子重吉在側，明宗曰：「吾與爾父起微賤，至取天下，數救我危窘。 Chongji, son of the Prince of Lu, stood beside him; Mingzong said: “Your father and I rose from nothing and took the realm; again and again he pulled me from danger.

明宗聞從榮已死，悲咽幾墮於榻，絕而蘇者再。 When he heard Congrong was dead, Mingzong wept until he nearly fell from the couch; twice he fainted and came back.

馮道率百寮入見，明宗曰：「吾家事若此，慚見群臣！」 Feng Dao led the hundred officials in; Mingzong said: “My house has come to this—I am ashamed to face you!”

後六日而明宗崩。 Six days later Mingzong died.

明宗兄弟皆不見于世家，而有姪四人，曰：從璨、從璋、從溫、從敏。 Mingzong's brothers are missing from the genealogies, but four nephews are recorded: Congcan, Congzhang, Congwen, and Congmin.

明宗兄弟皆不見於世家，而有侄四人，曰從璨、從璋、從溫、從敏。 Mingzong’s brothers are missing from the genealogies, but four nephews are recorded: Congcan, Congzhang, Congwen, and Congmin.

明宗幸汴州，以從璨為大內皇城使。 When Mingzong visited Bian, he made Congcan grand envoy of the inner imperial city.

莊宗時，將兵戍常山，聞明宗兵變于魏，乃亦起兵據邢州。 Under Zhuangzong he garrisoned Changshan; hearing of Mingzong's mutiny at Wei, he too raised troops and seized Xingzhou.

明宗即位，以為捧聖左廂都指揮使，改皇城使，領饒州刺史，拜彰國軍節度使，徙鎮義成。 When Mingzong succeeded he was made commander of the Sacred Guard's left wing, then imperial city envoy, prefect of Raozhou, governor of Zhangguo, and later transferred to Yicheng.

明宗幸汴州，從璋欲率民為貢獻，其從事諫以為不可，從璋怒，引弓欲射之，坐罷為右驍衞上將軍。 When Mingzong visited Bian, Congzhang meant to lead the people in tribute; his aide protested; Congzhang drew his bow in rage and was demoted to senior general of the Right Martial Guard.

明宗諸子八人，至晉出帝時六已亡歿，惟從溫、從敏在，太后常曰：「吾惟有一兄，豈可繩之以法！」 Of Mingzong’s eight sons, six were dead by the Deposed Emperor’s day; only Congwen and Congmin remained; the empress dowager often said: “I have only this one elder kinsman—how can I punish him by law!”

初從莊宗為馬步軍都指揮使兼行軍司馬，明宗入立，遷皇城使、保義軍節度使，與討王都。 He first served Zhuangzong as commander of horse and foot and army marshal; when Mingzong succeeded he became imperial city envoy and governor of Baoyi and joined the campaign against Wang Du.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16: Family of the Tang Deposed Emperor · 1 passage

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唐太祖、莊宗為一家，明宗、湣帝為一家，廢帝為一家； Later Tang thus falls into three bloodlines: Taizu and Zhuangzong; Mingzong and the short-reigned Min emperor; and the deposed emperor alone.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 26Volume 26 Later Tang Biographies 6: Fu Xi, Wu Zhen, Kong Qian, Zhang Yanlang, Li Yan, Li Renju, Mao Zhang · 17 passages

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習未至魏，而明宗兵變，習不敢進。 Before Xi reached Wei, Mingzong’s army turned on him. Xi halted and would not go on.

明宗遣人招之，習見明宗於胙縣，而以明宗舉兵不順，去就之意未決，霍彥威紿習曰：「主上所殺者十人，公居其四，復何猶豫乎？」 Mingzong sent for him. Xi met him at Zuo county, but Mingzong’s rebellion still left him torn. Huo Yanwei lied to him: “The emperor killed ten men—and you were four of them. What is there to hesitate over?”

平盧監軍楊希望聞習為明宗所召，乃以兵圍習家屬，將殺之。 Yang Xiwang, the Pinglu army monitor, heard Xi had gone over to Mingzong. He surrounded Xi’s family with troops and meant to kill them.

明宗乃以房知溫代習鎮平盧，拜公儼登州刺史。 Mingzong replaced Xi with Fang Zhiwen at Pinglu and made Gongyan prefect of Deng.

習素為安重誨所不悅，希其旨者上言習厚斂汴人，乃以太子太師致仕，歸昭慶故里，明宗以其子令謙為趙州刺史以奉養之。 An Chonghui had never liked Xi. Men eager to please Chonghui accused him of bleeding Bian dry. Xi was made Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent and sent home to Zhaqing. Mingzong made his son Lingqian prefect of Zhao to provide for him.

明宗聞其名，擢拜河北道副招討使，領寧國軍節度使，代房知溫戍於盧臺軍。 Mingzong heard of him, made him deputy Hebei pacification commissioner and military governor of Ningguo, and sent him to Lutai in Fang Zhiwen’s place.

明宗立，下詔暴謙罪，斬於洛市，籍沒其家。 When Mingzong took the throne he published Qian’s crimes, beheaded him in the Luoyang market, and seized his property.

明宗克鄆州，得延朗，復以為糧料使，後徙鎮宣武、成德，以為元從孔目官。 When Mingzong took Yunzhou he kept Yanlang as grain commissary. Later, at Xuanwu and Chengde, he made him clerical officer to the original followers.

明宗即位，為莊宅使、宣徽北院使、忠武軍節度使。 At Mingzong’s accession he became palace-estate commissioner, northern Xuanwei commissioner, and military governor of Zhongwu.

明宗入立，誅租庸使孔謙而廢其使職，以大臣一人判戶部、度支、鹽鐵，號曰判三司。 When Mingzong seized the throne he executed Kong Qian and abolished the grain-and-corvée commission. One great minister then judged Household, Fiscal Affairs, and Salt Iron—the “three bureaus.”

明宗常出遊幸，召延朗共食，延朗不至，附使者報曰：「三司事忙，無暇。」 Mingzong often went touring and asked Yanlang to dine with him. Yanlang stayed away and sent word: “The three bureaus are buried in work. I have no time.”

嚴還，明宗以為泗州防禦使，客省使如故。 When Yan returned, Mingzong made him defense commissioner of Sizhou and kept him as guest bureau commissioner.

即擒斬之，明宗不能詰也，知祥由此遂反。 He seized Yan and killed him. Mingzong could not call him to account. From that day Zhixiang turned rebel.

少事明宗為客將，明宗即位，以為客省使、左衛大將軍。 As a young man he served Mingzong as guest general. When Mingzong took the throne he was made commissioner of the guest bureau and Left Guard grand general.

明宗祀天南郊，東、西川當進助禮錢，使仁矩趣之。 When Mingzong sacrificed to Heaven at the southern suburb, East and West Circuit owed ritual aid money. Renju was sent to collect it.

明宗聞而惡之，召為金吾上將軍。 Mingzong heard and loathed it. He recalled Zhang to be Grand General of the Golden Guard.

明宗乃遣人追還廷赟，並璋下御史獄。 Mingzong sent men to bring Tingyun back and threw Zhang into the censor’s prison.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 27Volume 27 Later Tang Biographies 7: Zhu Hongzhao, Liu Yanlang, Kang Sili, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou · 31 passages

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少事明宗為客將，明宗即位，為文思使。 As a young man he served Mingzong as a guest officer. When Mingzong became emperor, he was made commissioner of the Bureau of Literary Thought.

孟知祥反，石敬瑭伐蜀，久無功，明宗遣安重誨督軍。 When Meng Zhixiang rebelled, Shi Jingtang’s campaign against Shu dragged on without success. Mingzong sent An Chonghui to take charge of the army.

重誨以弘昭厚己，酒酣，具言蒙天子厚恩，而所以讒間之端，因泣下。 Hongzhao had been lavish toward him. Deep in wine, Chonghui spoke of the emperor’s kindness and of how slander had come between them—and wept.

是時，明宗已病，而秦王從榮禍起有端，唐諸大臣皆欲引去以避禍。 Mingzong was ill, and the Prince of Qin Congrong’s rebellion was taking shape. Tang’s senior ministers all wanted to leave court to escape what was coming.

樞密使範延光、趙延壽日夕更見，涕泣求去，明宗怒而不許。 Fan Yanguang and Zhao Yanshou pleaded day and night, weeping to be released; Mingzong refused in anger.

明宗叱之曰：「公等皆不欲在吾目前邪？ Mingzong snapped: “Do you all refuse to remain in my sight?

其父璋，事明宗為閽者。 His father Zhang had been a gatekeeper in Mingzong’s service.

赟為兒時，以通黠為明宗所愛。 As a boy Yun’s quick wit won Mingzong’s favor.

明宗為節度使，以赟為進奏官。 While Mingzong was still a military governor, he made Yun his memorial courier.

明宗即位，即為客省使、宣徽北院使。 At Mingzong’s accession Yun became commissioner of the Guest Bureau and of the Northern Palace Secretariat.

明宗病甚，大臣稀復進見，而孟漢瓊、王淑妃用事，弘昭及赟並掌機務於中，大事皆決此四人。 Mingzong lay dying; ministers seldom gained audience. Meng Hanqiong and Consort Wang ran affairs. Hongzhao and Yun held the inner councils, and these four decided everything of weight.

於是決反，使專美作檄書，言：「朱弘昭、馮赟幸明宗病，殺秦王而立湣帝。帝年少，小人用事，離間骨肉，將問罪於朝！」 He then rebelled and had Zhuanmei draft a proclamation: “Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun exploited Mingzong’s illness, killed the Prince of Qin, and enthroned Emperor Min. The boy emperor is ruled by petty men who divide the clan—they mean to bring us to court in chains!”

帝入京師，即位之日，受冊明宗柩前。 He entered the capital and, on his enthronement day, received investiture before Mingzong’s coffin.

初，帝與晉高祖俱事明宗，而心不相悅。 The emperor and the Jin High Ancestor had both served Mingzong, yet they never liked each other.

敬瑭上書，言帝非明宗子，而許王從益次當立。 Jingtang’s memorial claimed the emperor was not Mingzong’s son and that Prince Xu Congyi should reign.

明宗即位，歷應嵐二州刺史、宿州團練使、昭武軍節度使，徙鎮保義，皆有善政。 Under Mingzong he governed Ying and Lan, commanded Suzhou’s regiments, and held Zhaowu and Baoyi with a reputation for good rule.

從明宗討趙在禮，至魏而軍變，義誠前陳莊宗過失，勸明宗南嚮。 He followed Mingzong against Zhao Zaili; at Wei the army mutinied. Yicheng listed Zhuangzong’s faults and urged Mingzong south.

明宗即位，遷捧聖指揮使，領汾州刺史。 When Mingzong became emperor, Yicheng was made commander of the Sacred Support and prefect of Fenzhou.

明宗病，從榮謀以兵入宮，唐大臣朱弘昭、馮赟等皆以為不可，而義誠獨持兩端。 Mingzong lay ill; Congrong planned to march on the palace. Zhu Hongzhao, Feng Yun, and the rest forbade it; Yicheng alone straddled both camps.

從榮已舉兵，至天津橋，弘昭等入，以反白，明宗涕泣召義誠，使自處置，而義誠卒不出兵。 Congrong’s troops reached the Tianjin Bridge. Hongzhao reported treason inside. Mingzong wept and told Yicheng to act—but Yicheng never marched.

嶽至，義誠乘亂，使人射之，嶽走至通利坊見殺，明宗不能詰。 Yue came; in the chaos Yicheng had him shot. Yue ran to Tongli Ward and died. Mingzong could not pursue the matter.

是時，明宗山陵未畢，帑藏空虛。 Mingzong’s tomb was unfinished and the treasury bare.

自梁以宣武軍建國，因其舊制，有在京馬步軍都指揮使，後唐因之，至明宗時，始更為侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使。 Liang founded its dynasty on the Xuanwu army and kept the old form: a capital commander of horse and foot. Later Tang copied it. Under Mingzong the title became commander of the Personal Guard’s horse and foot.

親軍之號，始於明宗，其後又有殿前都指揮使，亦親軍也，皆不見其更置之始。 The Personal Guard title began under Mingzong. Later came the Palace Front commander—also imperial troops—and the books do not say when those offices were first refashioned.

初為騎將，明宗即位，拜澄州刺史。 He began as a cavalry officer. At Mingzong’s accession he became prefect of Chengzhou.

以彥稠為招討使，明宗疑彥溫有所說，戒彥稠得彥溫毋殺，將訊之。 Yanchou was made pacification commissioner. Mingzong suspected coaching and told Yanchou to take Yanwen alive for questioning, not kill him.

彥稠希重誨旨，殺彥溫以滅口，明宗大怒，然不之罪也。 Yanchou pleased Chonghui, killed Yanwen to seal his lips, and Mingzong raged but did not punish him.

長興中，為靜難軍節度使，党項阿埋、屈悉保等族抄掠方渠，邀殺回鶻使者，明宗遣彥稠與靈武康福會兵擊之，阿埋等亡竄山谷。 In Changxing he governed Jingnan. Tangut chiefs Amai and Quxinbao raided Fangzhou and killed a Uyghur envoy. Mingzong sent Yanchou and Kang Fu of Lingwu against them; the Tangut fled to the hills.

明宗以謂党項知懼，可加約束而綏撫之。 Mingzong thought the Tangut were frightened enough to accept restraint and peace.

明宗謂其使者曰：「吾誅党項，非有所利也。 Mingzong told the messenger: “I strike the Tangut for no gain.

已而彥稠以党項所掠回鶻進奉玉兩團及遺秦王金裝胡錄等來獻，明宗曰：「吾已語彥稠矣，不可失信。」 Soon Yanchou sent up Uyghur jade the Tangut had seized and a gold-mounted barbarian register left by the Prince of Qin. Mingzong said: “I have told Yanchou—do not break faith.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 29Volume 29 Later Jin Biographies 9: Sang Weihan, Jing Yanguang, Wu Luan · 1 passage

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明宗时，朱守殷以汴州反，晋高祖为六军副使，主诛从守殷反者。 Under Mingzong, Zhu Shouyin rebelled at Bian. The Jin High Ancestor commanded punishment of the rebels.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 32Volume 32 Biographies of Martyrs to Virtue 12: Wang Yanzhang · 1 passage

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莊宗又遣明宗往諭之，彥章病創，臥不能起，仰顧明宗，呼其小字曰：「汝非邈佶烈乎？ Zhuangzong sent Mingzong to persuade him. Yanzhang’s wounds were too grave to rise. He looked up at Mingzong and called his childhood name: "Are you not Miaojilie?

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 33Volume 33 Biographies of Martyrs to Service 13: Zhang Yuande, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Wang Sitong, Zhang Jingda, Di Jinzong, Shen Bin, Wang Qing, Shi Yanchao, Sun Cheng · 11 passages

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徙鎮忠武，河陽之人遮留不得行，父老詣京師乞留，明宗遣中使往諭之，魯奇乃得去。 Transferred to Zhongwu; Heyang’s people blocked his road; elders petitioned the capital; Mingzong sent an envoy to reason with them before Luqi could go.

今天子用爾為節度使，何苦反邪？ The Son of Heaven made you a governor—why rebel?

明宗聞之泣下，錄其二子，而厚卹其家。 Mingzong wept when he heard; he enrolled Hong’s two sons and richly comforted the family.

明宗時，以久次為匡國軍節度使，徙鎮雄武。 Under Mingzong, after long service he governed Kuangguo, then Xiongwu.

居五年，來朝，明宗問以邊事，思同指畫山川，陳其利害。 After five years he came to court; Mingzong asked about the border; Sitong traced the mountains and explained every advantage and risk.

思同去，明宗顧左右曰：「人言思同不管事，能若是邪？」 As Sitong left, Mingzong told his attendants, “They say Sitong cannot govern—yet see this!"

應順元年二月，潞王從珂反鳳翔，馳檄四鄰，言奸臣幸先帝疾病，賊殺秦王而立幼嗣，侵弱宗室，動搖藩方，陳己所以興兵討亂之狀。 In Yingshun’s first year, second month, Prince of Lu Congke rebelled at Fengxiang and circulated proclamations accusing treacherous ministers of murdering the Prince of Qin during the late emperor’s illness, enthroning a child, weakening the clan, and shaking the realm—and stating why he had taken arms.

從珂兵弱而守甚堅，外兵傷死者眾，從珂登城呼外兵而泣曰：「吾從先帝二十年，大小數百戰，甲不解體，金瘡滿身，士卒固嘗從我矣。 Congke was weak but held firm; besiegers died in droves; he mounted the wall weeping: “Twenty years I followed the late emperor, hundreds of battles, armor never off, scars over my body—you marched with me!

今先帝新棄天下，而朝廷信用奸人，離間骨肉，我實何罪而見伐乎？」 The late emperor has just died, and the court’s wicked men sunder kin—what crime is mine that you attack me?"

思同曰：「非不知從王而得生，恐終死不能見先帝於地下。」 Sitong said, “I knew following you meant life—but I feared I could never face the late emperor in the grave.”

明宗時，為河東馬步軍都指揮使，領欽州刺史，累遷彰國、大同軍節度使，徙鎮武信、晉昌。 Under Mingzong he commanded Hedong horse and foot and governed Qin, rose to governor of Zhangguo and Datong, then Wuxin and Jinchang.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 34Volume 34 Biographies of Recluses 14: Zhen Gao, Shi Ang, Cheng Fuyun, Li Zilun · 2 passages

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唐明宗祖廟諱遨，故世行其字。 Mingzong’s ancestral taboo forbade the character ao, so the world used his courtesy name.

唐明宗時以左拾遺、晉高祖時以諫議大夫召之，皆不起，即賜號為逍遙先生。 Mingzong summoned him as Left Reminder, Gaozu as Grand Master of Remonstrance—he refused both and was named Master Free Wanderer.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 35Volume 35 Biographies 15: Zhan Wenyu, Yang She, Zhang Ce, Zhao Guangfeng, Xue Yiju, Su Xun · 1 passage

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明宗即位，大臣欲理其駁謚之罪，以憂死。 When Mingzong took the throne, ministers wished to punish his posthumous-title crime; he died of anxiety.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 37Volume 37 Biographies 17: · 2 passages

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李嗣源兵反，嚮京師，莊宗東幸汴州，而嗣源先入。 Li Siyuan’s army rose and marched on the capital; Zhuangzong hurried east to Bianzhou—but Siyuan was already inside.

嗣源入洛，得其骨，葬新安之雍陵。 Siyuan entered Luoyang, recovered his remains, and buried them at Yongling in Xin’an.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 38Volume 38 Biographies 18: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan · 11 passages

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魏王破蜀，王衍朝京師，行至秦川，而明宗軍變於魏。 When the Prince of Wei conquered Shu, Wang Yan set out for the capital; at Qinchuan, Mingzong's troops mutinied at Wei.

莊宗遇弒，居翰見明宗於至德宮，求歸田里。 After Zhuangzong was assassinated, Juhan met Mingzong at Zhide Palace and asked to return home to the fields.

是時，明宗自鎮州入覲，奉朝請於京師。 Mingzong had come from Zhenzhou to court and waited in the capital as a mere courtier.

莊宗頗疑其有異志，陰遣紹宏伺其動靜，紹宏反以情告明宗。 Zhuangzong suspected him and sent Shaohong to spy; Shaohong warned Mingzong instead.

明宗自魏而反，天下皆知禍起於魏，孰知其啟明宗之二心者，自紹宏始也！ When Mingzong rebelled from Wei the world blamed Wei—few knew Shaohong planted the seed.

當此之時，舉唐之精兵皆在蜀，使崇韜不死，明宗入洛，豈無西顧之患？ Tang’s best troops were still in Shu; had Chongtao lived, would Mingzong have dared march on Luoyang without glancing west?

及明宗入立，又詔天下悉捕宦者而殺之。 Mingzong’s first order was another empire-wide slaughter of eunuchs.

明宗晚而多病，王淑妃專內以幹政，宦者孟漢瓊因以用事。 Mingzong aged and fell ill; Consort Wang Shufei ruled within, and eunuch Meng Hanqiong seized the levers.

秦王入視明宗疾已革，既出而聞哭聲，以謂帝崩矣，乃謀以兵入宮者，懼不得立也。 The Prince of Qin visited the dying emperor; leaving, he heard lamentation, thought his father dead, and plotted to storm the palace lest he lose the throne.

大臣朱弘昭等方圖其事，議未決，漢瓊遽入見明宗，言秦王反，即以兵誅之，陷秦王大惡，而明宗以此飲恨而終。 Ministers Zhu Hongzhao and others still debated; Hanqiong rushed to the sickbed, cried treason, and had the Prince of Qin killed—loading him with guilt so that Mingzong died in bitterness.

明宗非佚君，而猶若此者，蓋其在位差久也。 Mingzong was no wastrel—yet even he fell prey, perhaps because he reigned too long.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Miscellaneous Biographies 23: Shi Shucong, Li Yanwei, Li Zhen, Pei Di, Wei Zhen, Kong Xun, Sun Dezhao, Wang Jingrao, Jiang Yin · 6 passages

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明宗自魏兵反而南，莊宗東出汜水，循持兩端，遣迎明宗於北門，迎莊宗於西門，供帳牲餼，其禮如一，而戒其人曰：「先至者入之。」 Mingzong rebelled in Wei and marched south while Zhuangzong came east from Sishui. Xun sat on the fence. He sent parties to welcome Mingzong at the north gate and Zhuangzong at the west, laid out the same feast and fodder for both, and told his men: “Whoever gets here first—open the gate for him.”

明宗先至，遂納之。 Mingzong came first. Xun let him in.

明宗即位，以為樞密使。 When Mingzong took the throne, Xun was made commissioner of the Palace Secretariat.

明宗幸汴州，循留守東都，民有犯麴者，循族殺其家，明宗知其冤，因詔天下除麴禁，許民得造麴。 When Mingzong went to Bian, Xun stayed at the eastern capital. A man broke the mash-wine ban and Xun wiped out his family. Mingzong saw the injustice and lifted the ban empire-wide so people could brew mash again.

明宗嘗欲以皇子娶重誨女，重誨以問循，循曰：「公為機密之臣，不宜與皇子婚。」 Mingzong once wanted a prince to marry Chonghui's daughter. Chonghui asked Xun, who said: "You are a confidential minister—you should not marry into the imperial house."

而循陰使人白明宗，求女妻皇子，明宗即以宋王從厚娶循女。 But Xun secretly told Mingzong he wanted his daughter to marry a prince, and Mingzong had Prince Song Conghou wed Xun's daughter.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 49Volume 49 Miscellaneous Biographies 29: Di Guangye, Feng Hui, Huang Fuhui, Tang Jingsi, Wang Jin, Chang Si, Sun Fangjian · 6 passages

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光鄴時年十歲，為晉兵所掠，明宗愛其穎悟，常以自隨。 Guangye was ten when Jin soldiers carried him off. Mingzong prized his sharp mind and kept him close.

從明宗討楊立、魏王繼岌平蜀，累遷夔、興二州刺史。 He followed Mingzong against Yang Li and joined the Prince of Wei Jiji in pacifying Shu, rising to prefect of Kui and Xing.

靈武自唐明宗已後，市馬糴粟，招來部族，給賜軍士，歲用度支錢六千萬，自關以西，轉輸供給，民不堪役，而流亡甚眾。 Since Mingzong, Lingwu had traded for horses and grain, drawn tribes in, and paid the troops—sixty million a year from the treasury. West of the Pass the convoys broke the people, and exiles swarmed.

及明宗入魏，遂與在禮合謀，莊宗之禍自暉始。 When Mingzong entered Wei, Fuhui plotted on with Zaili, and Zhuangzong’s ruin began with Fuhui.

明宗即位，暉自軍卒擢拜陳州刺史，終唐世常為刺史。 Mingzong raised him from the ranks to prefect of Chen, and through Tang he often held a prefecture.

彥超鎮安遠軍，軍中有變，遣進馳奏京師，明宗怪其來速，嘉其足力，以隸寧衞指揮。 Yanchao held Anyuan army when the camp mutinied. He sent Jin racing to the capital. Mingzong marveled at his speed and praised his legs, then assigned him to the Ningwei Guard.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 53Volume 53 Miscellaneous Biographies 33: Wang Jinchong, Zhao Suwan, Murong Yanchao · 3 passages

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唐明宗鎮邢州，以為牙將，其後嘗從明宗，隸麾下。 When Emperor Mingzong of Tang governed Xingzhou, Jingchong was made a personal guard officer; later he followed Mingzong and served in his entourage.

明宗即位，拜通事舍人，歷引進閤門使，馳詔方鎮、監軍征伐，必用景崇。 When Mingzong came to the throne, Jingchong was made communications attendant and then introducer usher; whenever edicts were rushed to regional commands or supervising armies on campaign, Jingchong was always the man sent.

少事唐明宗為軍校，累遷刺史。 In youth he served Emperor Mingzong of Tang as a military officer and rose through several prefectural posts.