Li Conghou (李從厚) | 24 Histories

Overview

Li Conghou was a prince of Song and imperial son.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Posthumous name	Emperor Min	愍皇帝	Min Huangdi
Temple name	Emperor Min	湣帝	Min Di

Life and dates

Death

AD 934 應順元年四月九日
assassinated 遇害
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 179
AD 934 戊寅
murdered 弒 · At Weizhou context 衛州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 44, 126

Attested activity

AD 930 八月丙辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 155, 182
AD 933 to AD 934 唐閔帝
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 87, passage 38
AD 927 天成二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 110
AD 929 天成四年夏四月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 41
AD 928 to AD 930 宋王從厚娶循女
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 160, 162
AD 934 应顺
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 165

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AD 934 後湣帝奔於衛州
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 104
AD 934 愍帝出奔；衞州
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 6-7
AD 933 愍帝即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 170; New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 18
AD 934 應順元年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 1
AD 934 應順元年四月九日
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 179
AD 934 應順元年閏正月丙寅
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 83
AD 934 戊寅
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 126
AD 933 明宗病 / 殺秦王立湣帝
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 34, 36
AD 934 明年正月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 39
AD 934 清泰元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passages 202, 207
AD 934 清泰元年出奔
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 173
AD 933 湣帝即位
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 127
AD 934 湣帝遣王思同
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 109
AD 931 長興二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 99
AD 933 閔帝嗣位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 136
AD 933 to AD 934 閔帝在位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 66, passage 94
AD 933 to AD 934 閔帝詔
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 119

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Spouse of Daughter of Kong Xun (孔循女)
married 娶 · Marriage · AD 928 to AD 930 宋王從厚娶循女
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 162
Child of Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
fifth son 第五子 · paternal line
father 父 · AD 931 長興二年
Emperor Min 閔帝
imperial son 皇子
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 108; Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 99; Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passages 133, 136; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 160, 162; Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 41
Spouse of Consort of Li Conghou (從厚妃)
consort 妃
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 111
Sibling of Li Congke (從珂)
elder brother 兄 · Uncertain siblings
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 129-130
Child of Mingzong (明宗)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182
Sibling of Li Congrong (李從榮)
imperial son 皇子 · Uncertain siblings
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passages 167, 182
Kin of Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
main branch 本枝 · paternal line
one family 一家
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 174; New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 37
Parent of Li Chongzhe (李重哲)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 208

Key source chapters

Career and standing

military governor of Xuanwu 宣武軍節度使
AD 928 三年 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 111
governor of Henan 河南尹
AD 927 天成二年 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 110
Xingtang intendant; formerly Zhenzhou military commissioner 興唐尹、鎮州節度使
AD 931 長興二年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 99
Beijing regent 北京留守
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 41
Zhenzhou military commissioner 鎮州節度使
AD 930 八月丙辰 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182
acting Minister over the Masses 檢校司徒
AD 927 天成二年 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 110

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Tianxiong 天雄
AD 931 二年 · Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 114
Hedong command 河東
AD 929 明年 · Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 112
Chengde command 成德
AD 930 長興元年 · Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 113
Prince of Song 宋王
AD 930 八月丙辰 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182
temple established in the Western Capital 立廟於西京
AD 939 天福四年冬十一月乙亥 · Commemorated · Authority Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 128
Emperor Min 愍皇帝
Posthumously titled · Authority Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 185
Prince of E 鄂王
AD 934 癸酉 · Demoted
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 48
Prince of Song 宋王
AD 930 長興元年 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 113
Prince of Song 宋王
AD 930 八月丙辰 · Granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182
Prince of Song 宋王
AD 931 長興二年 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 99
Fled after Congke's revolt
Flight
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 173
Formerly demoted to Prince of E · 嘗降為鄂王
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 186
emperor 愍帝
AD 933 明年，愍帝即位 · Acceded
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 170
Enthroned
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 34, 36
Succeeded
AD 933 閔帝嗣位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 136
AD 933 十二月癸卯朔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 117
AD 933 愍帝即位
Emperor
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 18
took the throne 即位
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 127

Places and affiliations

Later Tang 唐
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 108, 117
Later Tang 後唐
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 202; New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 34, 36
Polity Later Tang 唐 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 179
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 83
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182
At Huiling 徽陵 · Relation Burial place
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 106

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At Weizhou 衛州 · Relation Fled to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 104
At Zhenzhou 鎮州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182
At Zhide Palace 至德宮 · Relation Visited
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 83

Works and attributed material

Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 129-130

Events and relationships

Appointed pacification commissioner
Political · Ruler · With Kang Yicheng (康義誠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 142
Assassinated when white rainbow pierced the sun
AD 934 應順元年四月九日 · Omen · Victim
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 179
Enfeoffed Prince of Song investiture day to be chosen
AD 930 八月丙辰 · Ritual · Investee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182
Executed
Political · Ruler · With Zhu Hongshi (朱洪實)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 142
Fled
Travel · Fugitive · At Weizhou 衛州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 143
Killed
AD 933 乙卯 · Political · Orderer · With Lady Kang (康氏)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 123

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Killed
AD 933 辛亥 · Political · Orderer · With Lady Wang (王氏)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 121
Kite fell dead before him
Omen · Witness · At Xingjiao Gate 興教門
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 83
Ordered killing of
Legal · Authority · With Li Chongji (李重吉) · At Songzhou 宋州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 20
Summoned Zhu Hongzhao in fear
Political · Subject
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 39

Assessments and attributes

broad and solid in build; quiet; fond of ritual; resembled Mingzong
Physical description
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 109
Item tomb in the precinct of Mingzong's Huiling 明宗徽陵域中墓 · Relation Buried in
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passages 112, 185

Source notes

Old History and Veritable Records lacked the month and day of the memorial and investiture document.
Field posthumous-title date · Mode source-criticism Source Work Xin Wudaishi
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 8, passage 187
Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 182; Old History of the Five Dynasties 139, passage 179; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 160

References in the histories

Search passages

History

71 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 40Volume 40 Book of Later Tang 16: Mingzong Annals 6 · 1 passage

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以皇子河南尹、判六軍諸衛事從厚為北京留守； Prince Conghou of Henan became Beijing regent;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Book of Later Tang 17: Mingzong Annals 7 · 1 passage

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丙辰，皇子鎮州節度使從厚封宋王，仍令擇日冊命。 On bingchen Conghou of Zhen was enfeoffed Prince of Song, with investiture day to be chosen.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 42Volume 42 Book of Later Tang 18: Mingzong Annals 8 · 1 passage

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乙亥，以鎮州節度使、宋王從厚為興唐尹，以石敬瑭為河陽天雄軍節度使，以天雄軍節度使石敬班為河陽節度使，依前六軍諸衛副使。 On yihai Conghou of Song became Xingtang intendant; Shi Jingtang took Heyang-Tianxiong; Shi Jingban took Heyang while keeping six armies deputy.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 51Volume 51 Book of Later Tang 27: Biographies 3: Imperial Family · 3 passages

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閔帝嗣位，出為亳州團練使。 When Emperor Min succeeded, he was posted out as training commissioner of Bozhou.

末帝兵起，為閔帝所害。 When the Last Emperor raised his army, Emperor Min had him killed.

〈（《明宗紀》：閔帝有子重哲，授銀青光祿大夫、檢校工部尚書。 (The Annals of Emperor Mingzong note that Emperor Min had a son Chongzhe, appointed Silver-Glitter Grand Master of Proper Counsel and honorary Minister of Works.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 66Volume 66 Book of Later Tang 42: Biographies 8: an Zhonghui, Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu Hongshi, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou, Song Lingxun · 12 passages

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閔帝即位，弘昭以為由己得立，故於庶事高下在心，及赦後覃恩，弘昭首自平章事超加中書令。 Emperor Min's accession Hongzhao credited to himself; he dictated policy; after the general amnesty he jumped from co-chief councilor to chief councilor.

潞王至陝，閔帝懼，欲奔，馳手詔弘昭圖之。 At the Prince of Lu's arrival in Shan, Emperor Min panicked and meant to flee; he sent an urgent hand edict to Hongzhao to act.

閔帝嗣位，洪實自恃領軍之功，義誠每言，不為之下。 Emperor Min's accession made Hongshi proud of commanding the troops; he would not defer to Yicheng.

應順元年三月辛酉，義誠將出征，閔帝幸左藏庫，親給軍士錢帛。 Yingshun 1, third month, day xinyou: Yicheng marched; the emperor visited the Left Treasury to pay the troops in person.

閔帝不能明辨，遂命誅洪實。 Emperor Min could not judge; he ordered Hongshi killed.

及秦王既誅，明宗宴駕，閔帝即位，加檢校太尉、兼侍中，判六軍諸衛事。 After the Prince of Qin was killed, Mingzong died, and Emperor Min took the throne; Yicheng was made acting Grand Commandant and Palace Attendant and put in charge of the Six Armies and all guards.

會與朱洪實議事不葉，洪實因厲聲言義誠苞藏之志，閔帝曖昧，不能明辨，而誅洪實。 He disputed strategy with Zhu Hongshi; Hongshi cried that Yicheng harbored treachery; Emperor Min, confused, could not judge and had Hongshi executed.

閔帝嗣位，與王思同攻鳳翔，為副招討使。 Under Emperor Min he attacked Fengxiang with Wang Sitong as deputy pacifier.

閔帝在藩時，補為客將，知書樂善，動皆由禮。 In the prince's domain Lingxun served as guest officer, literate and courteous in all he did.

長興中，閔帝連典大藩，遷為都押衙，參輔閫政，甚有時譽，閔帝深委之。 In Changxing the prince held great commands; Lingxun became chief adjutant, won repute in border affairs, and earned deep trust.

及閔帝嗣位，朱、馮用事，不欲閔帝之舊臣在於左右，乃出為磁州刺史。 At accession Zhu and Feng ruled and ousted old companions; Lingxun was sent to Cizhou.

閔帝蒙塵於衛，令詢日令人奔問。 In exile at Wei Lingxun sent daily runners to inquire after him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 72Volume 72 Book of Later Tang 48: Biographies 24: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan, Ma Shaohong, Meng Hangqiong · 4 passages

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秦王既誅，翌日，令漢瓊馳騎召閔帝於鄴。 After the Prince of Qin was executed, the next day Hanqiong was ordered to ride post-haste to Ye to summon Emperor Min.

〈（《通鑒》：遣漢瓊征從厚，且權知天雄軍府事。）〉 (The 《Zizhi Tongjian》: Hanqiong was dispatched to summon Conghou and was also made acting administrator of the Tianxiong military governorship.)〉

閔帝嗣位，尤恃恩寵，期月之內，累加開府儀同三司、驃騎大將軍。 When Emperor Min succeeded to the throne, Hanqiong relied especially on imperial favor. Within a single month he was repeatedly promoted to Grand Preceptor with ceremonials equal to the Three Dukes and Grand General of Agile Cavalry.

西軍既叛，閔帝急召漢瓊，欲令先入於鄴，漢瓊藏匿不行。 When the western army rebelled, Emperor Min urgently summoned Hanqiong, wishing to send him ahead into Ye first, but Hanqiong hid himself and would not go.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 74Volume 74 Book of Later Tang 50: Biographies 126: Kang Yanxiao, Zhu Shouyin, Yang Li, Dou Tingwan, Zhang Qianzhao, Yang Yanwen · 1 passage

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及末帝起於鳳翔，閔帝詔令虔釗帥部兵會王師於岐下。 When the Last Emperor rose at Fengxiang, Emperor Min ordered Qianzhao to lead his troops and join the imperial army at Qi.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 87Volume 87 Book of Later Jin 13: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 1 passage

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重信歷事唐明宗及閔帝、末帝，不恃貴戚，能克己復禮，常恂恂如也，甚為時論所稱。 Chongxin served Emperors Mingzong, Min, and Mo of Tang. He did not trade on his noble kinship; he could restrain himself and return to propriety, always earnest and deferential, and won high praise from his contemporaries.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 139Volume 139: Treatises 1 Astronomy · 1 passage

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應順元年，四月九日，白虹貫日，是時閔帝遇害。 In the first year of Yingshun, on the ninth day of the fourth month a white rainbow pierced the sun; at that time Emperor Min was assassinated.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 141Volume 141: Treatises 3 Five Elements · 1 passage

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應順元年閏正月丙寅辰時，唐閔帝幸至德宮，初出興教門，有飛鳶自空而落，死於御前，是日，大風晦冥。 At the chen hour on the bingyin day of the intercalary first month of the first year of Yingshun, Emperor Min of Later Tang visited Zhide Palace. As he first passed through Xingjiao Gate, a kite fell from the sky and died before him. That day brought fierce wind and murky darkness.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 143Volume 143: Treatises 5 Rites 2 · 4 passages

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今請立近朝莊宗、明宗、閔帝三廟，庶合前規。 We now request establishing three temples to the recent Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Emperor Min, thus following former regulations.

莊宗立興復之功，明宗垂光大之業，逮乎閔帝，實繼本枝，然則丕緒洪源，皆尊唐室。 Zhuangzong established the achievement of revival; Mingzong handed down the enterprise of glorious expansion; reaching Emperor Min, he truly continued the main branch—the great line and vast source all honor the Tang house.

宜立唐高祖、太宗及莊宗、明宗、閔帝五廟。」 Five temples should be established to Tang's High Ancestor, Great Ancestor, Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Emperor Min."

閔皇帝、莊宗明宗二後及魯國孔夫人神主四座，請修制祔廟，及三後請定謚法。」 Emperor Min, the two empresses of Zhuangzong and Mingzong, and Lady Kong of Lu—four spirit tablets—we request drafting regulations for enshrinement in the temple, and fixing posthumous title procedures for the three empresses."

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 7Volume 7 Later Tang Annals 4: Deposed Emperors · 14 passages

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應順元年春正月壬申朔，視朝於廣壽殿。 In the first year of Yingshun, on the new moon of the first month of spring, the Min Emperor held audience in Guangshou Hall.

戊辰，如衛州。 On wuchen the Min Emperor withdrew to Weizhou.

愍皇帝，明宗第五子從厚也。 Emperor Min was Conghou, the fifth son of Mingzong.

從厚妃，孔循女也，安重誨怒循以女妻從厚，三年，罷循樞密使，出從厚為宣武軍節度使。 Conghou’s consort was Kong Xun’s daughter. An Chonghui was angered that Kong Xun had married her to Conghou; in the third year, Xun was removed as privy commissioner and Conghou was sent out as military governor of Xuanwu.

長興元年，封從厚宋王，徙鎮成德。 In Changxing 1, Conghou was made Prince of Song and transferred to the Chengde command.

明宗病甚，遣宦者孟漢瓊召王于鄴，而明宗崩，祕其喪六日。 When Mingzong became gravely ill, he sent the eunuch Meng Hanqiong to summon the prince from Ye. Mingzong then died, and his death was kept secret for six days.

不書帝崩者，當於廢帝紀書弒鄂王也。 The text does not say here that the emperor died because the event belongs in Feidi’s annals as the murder of the Prince of E.

王子重吉自明宗時典禁兵，為控鶴指揮使，湣帝即位，朱弘昭、馮赟用事，乃罷重吉兵職，出為亳州團練使。 Congke’s son Chongji had held the inner army since Mingzong’s reign as Crane Control commander. Once Conghou took the throne, Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun stripped him of command and posted him to Bozhou as training commissioner.

湣帝遣王思同會諸鎮兵討之，思同戰敗走，諸鎮兵皆潰。 Conghou sent Wang Sitong to rally the provincial hosts. Sitong was routed, and every allied column broke apart.

愍帝出居於衛州。 The Min Emperor was sent to live at Weizhou.

癸酉，以太后令降天子為鄂王，命王監國。 On guiyou the empress dowager’s edict demoted Conghou to Prince of E and put Congke in charge of the realm as regent.

戊寅，弒鄂王，義與「弒濟陰王」同。 On wuyin, the Prince of E was murdered; the wording has the same force as “murdered the Prince of Jiyin.”

義誠叛于愍帝，罪宜曰「誅」，而廢帝同惡相殺，故書曰「殺」。 Kang Yicheng rebelled against Mindi, so his crime should have been recorded as execution. But Feidi and Yicheng were partners in evil who killed each other, so the text says “killed.”

及湣帝之亡也，穴於徽陵，其土一壟，路人見者，皆為之悲。 When the Min Emperor died he was laid in a shallow grave at Huiling, a single mound of earth; travelers who passed by all mourned for him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 8Volume 8 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu · 6 passages

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明年，明宗崩，愍帝即位，加中書令。 The following year Mingzong died; when Mindi came to the throne, Jingtang was given the additional title Director of the Secretariat.

潞王從珂反於鳳翔，愍帝出奔，遇敬瑭于道，敬瑭殺帝從者百餘人，幽帝于衞州而去。 When Prince Congke of Lu rebelled at Fengxiang, Mindi fled. Jingtang met him on the road, killed more than a hundred of his attendants, confined him at Weizhou, and departed.

四年春正月，盜發唐愍皇帝墓。 In the first month of the fourth year, robbers broke into the tomb of Emperor Min of Tang.

愍帝附于明宗徽陵域中，無陵名，故曰「墓」，晉高祖即位，追謚為愍皇帝。 Emperor Min had been buried in the precinct of Mingzong's Huiling and had no separate mausoleum name, so the text says "tomb." After Gaozu of Jin took the throne, he gave him the posthumous title Emperor Min.

五代諸帝謚號不可為法，皆不足道，惟愍帝宜書者，嫌嘗降為鄂王也。 The posthumous titles of the Five Dynasties rulers are not models and generally need not be discussed. Emperor Min alone should be named, since he had once been demoted to Prince of E and that could cause ambiguity.

冬十一月乙亥，立唐高祖、太宗、莊宗、明宗、湣帝廟於西京。 On yihai of the eleventh month shrines to Tang Gaozu, Taizong, Zhuangzong, Mingzong, and Emperor Min were raised in the Western Capital.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 9Volume 9 Later Jin Annals 2: the Emperor That Fled · 1 passage

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五代之亂，至此七君，而不得其死者五，明宗雖善終，而愍帝不克葬，至廢帝時始克葬，故皆不書。 In the turmoil of the Five Dynasties, seven rulers had appeared by this point, and five did not die properly. Mingzong died peacefully, but Mindi could not be buried until Feidi’s reign, so those burials were not recorded.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu, Emperor Yin · 2 passages

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潞王從珂反，愍帝出奔，高祖自鎮州朝京師，遇愍帝于衞州，止傳舍，知遠遣勇士石敢袖鐵槌侍高祖以虞變。 When Prince Congke of Lu rebelled and Mindi fled, Gaozu came from Zhenzhou toward the capital and met Mindi at Weizhou, where they stopped at the courier lodge. Zhiyuan sent the warrior Shi Gan to wait on Gaozu with an iron mallet hidden in his sleeve in case matters turned dangerous.

高祖與愍帝議事未決，左右欲兵之，知遠擁高祖入室，敢與左右格鬬而死，知遠即率兵盡殺愍帝左右，留帝傳舍而去。 When Gaozu and Mindi could not settle matters, the emperor’s attendants moved to seize Gaozu. Zhiyuan bundled Gaozu into an inner room. Shi Gan fought the attendants and died, and Zhiyuan then led troops in, killed all of Mindi’s attendants, left the emperor at the lodge, and went away.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Later Zhou Annals 3: Shizong, Emperor Gong · 1 passage

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唐亡无辞，庄宗之弑，唐已亡矣，而明宗又称唐，愍帝之奔，唐又亡矣，而废帝又称唐，其亡也不可以屡书，故不书也。 Later Tang’s end cannot be repeated: after Zhuangzong’s murder Mingzong still claimed Tang; after Min-di’s flight the deposed emperor did too. The annals cannot record every death, so they omit them.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16: Family of the Tang Deposed Emperor · 3 passages

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愍帝即位，不欲重吉掌親兵，乃出重吉為亳州團練使，居幼澄於禁中，又徙廢帝北京。 When the Min emperor acceded, unwilling to let Chongji command the personal guard, he posted Chongji to Bozhou as regimental commissioner, kept Youcheng in the inner palace, and transferred the deposed emperor to the northern capital.

愍帝遣人殺重吉于宋州，幼澄亦死。 The Min emperor sent agents to kill Chongji at Songzhou, and Youcheng died as well.

唐太祖、莊宗為一家，明宗、湣帝為一家，廢帝為一家； Later Tang thus falls into three bloodlines: Taizu and Zhuangzong; Mingzong and the short-reigned Min emperor; and the deposed emperor alone.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 27Volume 27 Later Tang Biographies 7: Zhu Hongzhao, Liu Yanlang, Kang Sili, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou · 11 passages

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及殺秦王而立湣帝，益自以為功。 After killing the Prince of Qin and raising Emperor Min, they counted the deed their greatest triumph.

是時，弘昭、赟遣漢瓊至魏，召湣帝入立，而留漢瓊權知後事。 Hongzhao and Yun sent Hanqiong to Wei to bring Emperor Min to the throne, with Hanqiong left to govern in their absence.

從珂兵已東，湣帝大懼，遣人召弘昭計事。 Congke’s host was eastward bound. Emperor Min, terrified, sent for Hongzhao.

初，湣帝即位，徙廢帝為北京留守，不降制書，遣供奉官趙處愿促帝上道。 When Emperor Min took the throne, he made the Deposed Emperor Defender of the Northern Capital without a formal edict and sent palace attendant Zhao Chuyuan to hurry him on his way.

於是決反，使專美作檄書，言：「朱弘昭、馮赟幸明宗病，殺秦王而立湣帝。帝年少，小人用事，離間骨肉，將問罪於朝！」 He then rebelled and had Zhuanmei draft a proclamation: “Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun exploited Mingzong’s illness, killed the Prince of Qin, and enthroned Emperor Min. The boy emperor is ruled by petty men who divide the clan—they mean to bring us to court in chains!”

潞王從珂反於鳳翔，湣帝遣王思同等討之，思立有捧聖、羽林屯兵千五百人，乃以羽林千人屬思同。 When the Prince of Lu Congke rebelled at Fengxiang, Emperor Min sent Wang Sitong against him. Sili had fifteen hundred Sacred Support and Feathered Forest troops and lent Sitong a thousand of the Feathered Forest.

湣帝即位，弘實常以誅從榮功自負，義誠心益不平。 When Emperor Min took the throne, Hongshi often boasted of the merit of killing Congrong, and Yicheng’s resentment deepened.

湣帝大怒，謂朱弘昭等曰：「朕新即位，天下事皆出諸公，然於事兄，未有失範，諸公以大計見迫，不能獨違，事一至此，何方轉禍？ Emperor Min raged at Hongzhao and the rest: “I am new on the throne; you run the realm. I have not failed my brother in duty. You forced this plan on me. Now catastrophe is here—how do we turn it aside?

湣帝以為然，幸左藏庫，親給將士人絹二十匹，錢五千。 The emperor agreed, opened the Left Treasury, and gave each soldier twenty bolts of silk and five thousand cash.

湣帝召兩人，爭於前，帝不能決，遂斬弘實，以義誠為招討使，悉將禁軍以西。 The emperor called them in; they quarreled to his face and he could not judge. He killed Hongshi, made Yicheng pacification commissioner, and sent the palace army west.

湣帝奔衛州。 The emperor fled to Weizhou.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 38Volume 38 Biographies 18: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan · 1 passage

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後湣帝奔於衛州，漢瓊西迎廢帝於路，廢帝惡而殺之。 Later, when Emperor Min fled to Weizhou, Hanqiong went west to meet the deposed emperor on the road; the deposed emperor despised him and had him killed.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Miscellaneous Biographies 23: Shi Shucong, Li Yanwei, Li Zhen, Pei Di, Wei Zhen, Kong Xun, Sun Dezhao, Wang Jingrao, Jiang Yin · 2 passages

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明宗嘗欲以皇子娶重誨女，重誨以問循，循曰：「公為機密之臣，不宜與皇子婚。」 Mingzong once wanted a prince to marry Chonghui's daughter. Chonghui asked Xun, who said: "You are a confidential minister—you should not marry into the imperial house."

而循陰使人白明宗，求女妻皇子，明宗即以宋王從厚娶循女。 But Xun secretly told Mingzong he wanted his daughter to marry a prince, and Mingzong had Prince Song Conghou wed Xun's daughter.