Li Keyong (李克用) | 24 Histories

Overview

Li Keyong was a Late Tang warlord, military governor of Hedong, and Prince of Jin.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Temple name	Emperor Wu	武皇	Wu huang
Nickname	Li the Crow	李鸦儿

Life and dates

Death

AD 908 天祐五年正月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passages 84, 87
AD 908 二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 57
AD 908 五年正月辛卯
Died · At Yanmen burial later 雁门
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 146
AD 908 天祐五年正月
Stated as prior death
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 8
AD 908 晉王李克用卒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 18

Age

53
AD 908 五年正月辛卯 · Reckoning Sui
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 146
reached middle age
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中 · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 26

Attested activity

AD 889 龍紀元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 29
AD 882 中和二年冬
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 13
AD 908 五年正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 84
AD 907 七年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 144-145
AD 884 七月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 49
AD 895 七月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 94

Show 80 more source-backed claims

AD 896 三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passages 9-10
AD 883 三年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 30, 36
AD 896 三年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 105-110
AD 881 中和元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 25-26
AD 884 中和四年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 68
AD 884 to AD 885 中和末
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 180, passages 171-172
AD 894 乾宁元年三月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 87
AD 896 乾寧三年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 38
AD 894 to AD 898 乾寧中
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 153
AD 895 乾寧二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 111
AD 894 to AD 895 乾寧元年冬…二月
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 180, passages 219, 222
AD 897 to AD 898 乾寧末
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 8
AD 874 to AD 879 乾符中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 177
AD 883 to AD 908 事武皇
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 66, passage 125
AD 895 二年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 89-91
AD 902 二年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 133
AD 908 二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 57
AD 891 二年二月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 74
AD 882 二年十一月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 29
AD 905 五年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 136
AD 908 五年正月辛卯
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 146-147
AD 878 to AD 908 代州武皇陵; Li Keyong's own career under Tang/Jin
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 91
AD 900 光化三年
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passages 90, 93
AD 898 光化元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 114-116
AD 898 光化元年十二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 198
AD 885 光启元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 51
AD 885 to AD 888 光啟中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 3
AD 886 光啟二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 149-150
AD 886 光啟二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 44
AD 885 光啟初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 5
AD 895 八月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 96-97
AD 906 六年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 138, 142
AD 895 六月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 92
AD 896 六月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 111
AD 896 其年十二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 16
AD 889 初，克用破孟方立於邢州…時存勖在側，方五歲
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 2-3
AD 895 十一月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 99-101, 103-104
AD 872 十三年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 166-167
AD 896 十月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 112
AD 901 to AD 907 及太祖會李克用於雲中
Directly stated · History of Liao 34, passages 14-15
AD 881 to AD 885 唐中和中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passage 70
AD 884 四年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 41
AD 897 四年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 113
AD 904 四年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 135
AD 890 to AD 891 大順中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 13
AD 890 大順元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 20
AD 890 大順元年八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 27
AD 890 to AD 893 大順初至景福二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 19, passages 136-137, 139
AD 890 大顺元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 62
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 17
AD 905 天祐二年三月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 173
AD 895 太原節度使李克用奉詔討伐
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 58
AD 901 太祖下河中
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 6
AD 900 to AD 916 太祖為於越時
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 75, passages 49-50
AD 895 存勖年十一，從克用破王行瑜
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 4
AD 908 已而晉王李克用卒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 18
AD 880 广明元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 18
AD 886 收河陽時
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 88
AD 888 文德元年三月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 101
AD 895 既平王行瑜
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 168, 172
AD 873 明年，僖宗即位
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 172
AD 905 明年七月
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 34
AD 895 to AD 895 晉王李克用攻行瑜
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 48
AD 888 晉王給以田宅
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 31
AD 897 to AD 900 晉王遣使
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 71
AD 893 景福二年春
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 180, passage 201
AD 892 景福元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 82
AD 892 景福初
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 180, passages 197-198
AD 900 to AD 908 會於雲州
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 73, passage 41
AD 894 李克用
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 185, passage 145
AD 878 武皇之起雲中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 6
AD 908 武皇用為典謁
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 57, passage 5
AD 878 武皇起雲中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 144
AD 883 to AD 895 武皇鎮撫太原
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 164, 166
AD 896 歸霸擒克用子落落
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 217
AD 895 比之呂布
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 187
AD 880 to AD 884 誅黃巢
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 128
AD 883 to AD 908 郁在武皇幕，累官至檢校司空、秘書監。
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 10
AD 884 黃巢敗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 73
AD 889 龍紀元年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 49

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Spouse of Lady Zhang (張氏)
primary wife 夫人 · Primary marriage · AD 894 to AD 895 後立為夫人
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 180, passage 222
Spouse of Empress Dowager Zhenjian (貞簡皇太后)
companion-burial spouse 祔 · Widowed
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 91
Parent of Wife of Wang Yu (王郁妻)
daughter 女
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 95
Sibling of Li Kejian (李克儉)
elder brother 兄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 122
Parent of Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
eldest son 長子 · paternal line
son 子
father 父
his son 其子 · paternal line
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 1; Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 11; Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 91; New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 138, 147; Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 1; History of Liao 1, passage 57
Parent of Zhuangzong (莊宗)
father 先王 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 20
Parent of Li Luoluo (李落落)
father 父
son 子
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 153; Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passages 38, 117; Old Book of Tang 185, passage 145
Child of Li Guochang (李国昌)
son 子
father 父
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 14-15
Child of Li Guochang (李國昌)
father 父
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passages 1, 119
Parent of Li Luoluo (李落落)
his son 其子 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 110
Kin of Li Kexiu (李克修)
paternal cousin 從父弟 · paternal line
younger paternal cousin 從父弟 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 41; Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 16
Kin of Li Youjin (李友金)
paternal uncle 叔父 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 19
Sibling of Li Kerang (李克讓)
second younger brother 仲弟 · Uncertain siblings
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 1
Child of Li Guochang (李国昌)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 166
Parent of Li Cunji (李存紀)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 37
Parent of Li Cunba (李存霸)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 1
Parent of Li Cunque (李存確)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 37
Parent of Li Cunyi (李存乂)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 28
Parent of Li Cunju (李存矩)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 41
Parent of Li Cunmei (存美)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 10
Parent of Li Cunwo (存渥)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 16
Parent of Luoluo (落落)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 217
Parent of Li Cunli (李存禮)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 14
Spouse of Mother of Cunyi (存乂母)
spouse 配偶
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 28
Spouse of Mother of Zhuangzong (莊宗母)
spouse 配偶
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 51, passage 18
Sibling of Kening (克寧)
younger brother of the father 叔父 · Uncertain siblings · paternal line
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 7
Sibling of Li Kexiu (李克修)
younger brother 弟 · Full siblings · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 38, 49
Sibling of Li Keqin (李克勤)
younger brother 弟
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 122
Sibling of Li Kegong (李克恭)
younger brother 諸弟
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 58
Sibling of Li Kerou (李克柔)
younger uterine brother 母弟 · Maternal half siblings
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passages 120-121
Sibling of Li Kening (李克寧)
youngest brother 季弟
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 76

Kinship Role sons by concubines · Count 6 · six or seven treated like legitimate heirs
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 89
Kinship Role Yin Mountain tribal kin · Quantity unspecified · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 43

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Shatuo 沙陀
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 17, 21, 166
Shatuo 沙陀
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 94

Career and standing

Binzhou mobile-camp four-sides commander-in-chief 邠州行營四面都統
AD 895 乾寧二年 · Appointed · Authority Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (唐昭宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 111
military commissioner for the armies north of Yanmen 雁门以北行营节度使
AD 881 中和元年 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 26
prefect of Dai 代州刺史
AD 881 中和元年 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 26
honorary Grand Preceptor and chief councilor 检校太师兼中书令
AD 891 二年二月 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 74
co-equal grand councilor 同中书门下平章事
AD 883 京师平 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 36
honorary Grand Master of the Palace 检校司空
AD 883 京师平 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 36

Show 19 more source-backed claims

military governor of Hedong 河东节度使
AD 883 京师平 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 36
supreme commander of the four-sided Binning campaign 邠宁四面行营都统
AD 895 八月 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 97
defender of the Datong army 大同军防御使
AD 873 明年，僖宗即位 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 172
acting military governor (self-proclaimed) 留后
AD 872 十三年 · Claimed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 167
Yunzhou garrison commissioner 云州守捉使
AD 872 十三年 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 166
Military Governor of Hedong 河東節度使
AD 905 明年七月 · Held
Directly stated · History of Liao 1, passage 34
Hedong commander 武皇
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 4
Hedong military governor 河東節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 36
Taiyuan Military Commissioner 太原節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 58
military governor of Hedong 河东节度使
AD 891 二年二月 · Restored
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 74
Prince of Jin 晋王
AD 895 二年 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 100
first in merit for recovering the capital 克用功第一
AD 883 京师平 · Awarded
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 35
Meritorious, Upright, and Pacifying in Hard Times 忠正平难功臣
AD 895 二年 · Granted
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 100
Prince of Longxi 陇西郡王
AD 884 用破巢功 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 50
Prince of Jin 晉王
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 18
Prince of Longxi 陇西郡王
AD 891 二年二月 · Restored
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 74
Entered
Exile · At Tatar lands 达靼
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 21, 24
Held
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中 · High office · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 26
Martial Emperor 武皇
Deceased
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 91

Places and affiliations

AD 895 二年
Polity Jin 晋 · Relation Enfeoffed as prince
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 100
Tang 唐
Relation Served
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 181, passage 153
Polity Hedong / Jin 河東 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 4
Polity Hedong 河東 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 126, 164
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Led
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 73
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 91

Show 16 more source-backed claims

Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 8; New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 18; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 6; New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 31
Polity Jin 晋 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 133, 135
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 6; New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 36, 50, 74, 89, 97, 100, 172
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Warlord in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 68, 88
At Daizhou 代州 · Relation Tomb at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 91
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Based in
Strongly inferred · Old Book of Tang 180, passages 218, 222
At Hedong 河東 · Relation Commanded
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 180, passages 196, 198
At Hezhong 河中 · Relation Withdrew to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 57
At Puban 蒲阪 · Relation Entered · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 34
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 180, passage 171; Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 88
At Taiyuan 太原 · Relation Headquarters
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passages 4, 16
At Xincheng 新城 · Relation Occupied
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 15
At Yan and Ji 燕薊 · Relation Campaigned in · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 34
At Yanmen 雁门 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 147
At Yunzhou 云州 · Relation Seized
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 167
Organization Uighur hosts 回紇師徒 · Relation Allied through outer household · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 44

Learning and skills

Skill mounted archery 骑射 · Level renowned · could shoot down paired ducks while looking upward
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 166
Skill mounted archery 射猎 · Level renowned · hit a needle or whip at a hundred paces
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 24

Works and attributed material

AD 901 to AD 904 天復中
Letter · Purported speaker · Author Person Id Li Xiji (李襲吉) · Addressed to Liang Founder (梁祖) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passages 17-58
Letter · Author · Addressed to Zhu Wen (朱溫) · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 6
Speech · Speaker · Addressee Person Ids Li Kening (李克寧), Zhang Chengye (張承業) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 86
AD 889 初，克用破孟方立於邢州…時存勖在側，方五歲
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗) · Mode quotation Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 3
Action · Agent · silent-subject-marched-to-Wei-Bridge
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 97
Action · Agent · silent-subject-met-Abaoji
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 136

Show 11 more source-backed claims

Action · Agent · silent-subject-overran-Wei-towns
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 111
Action · Agent · silent-subject-sent-Dewei
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 144
Action · Agent · silent-subject-withdrew-army-home
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 104
Memorial · Author · With Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (唐昭宗) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 106
Proclamation · Author · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passages 153-160
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Gai Yu (蓋寓)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 171
Speech · Speaker · With Gai Yu (盖寓) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 103
I keep Hanzhi as Dong Zhuo kept Lü Bu—fierce but untrustworthy when fed.
Speech · Speaker · With Gai Yu (蓋寓) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 118-119
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Source Work Chronicle Record via Tongjian Examination of Differences 通鑒考異引紀年錄
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 151
Speech · Speaker · Quote If our line is fated to hold Taiyuan, you will not whinny. · Mode quotation Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 78
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 105

Events and relationships

Advanced to Wei Bridge
AD 895 八月 · Military · Commander · At Wei Bridge 渭桥
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 97
After pacifying Wang Xingyu turned north of the Wei; rain for sixty days; generals urged an audience
AD 895 既平王行瑜 · Military · Victor · With Wang Xingyu (王行瑜)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 168
Again dated the year Tianyou four
AD 907 七年 · Political · Actor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 145
Aided Chongrong defeated Mei sacked capital
AD 885 光启元年 · Military · Commander · With Wang Chongrong (王重榮)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 56
Appointed Xiji
Military · Commander · With Li Xiji (李襲吉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 4
Asked that Ke be installed
AD 895 二年 · Political · Advocate · With Wang Ke (王珂)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 89-90

Show 86 more source-backed claims

Attacked Liu Rengong at Anse and was crushed
AD 897 四年 · Military · Commander · With Liu Rengong (劉仁恭) · At Anse 安塞
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 113
Attacked Wang Rong at Zhenzhou
AD 891 八月 · Military · Commander · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 76
Attacked
Military · Attacker · With Wang Xingyu (王行瑜)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 48
Attacked
Military · Commander · With Wang Xingyu (王行瑜)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 177
Barely escaped broken pontoon
AD 896 其年十二月 · Accident · Survivor · At Xiayang Ford 夏陽渡
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 16
Believed forged edict and petitioned to attack Quanzhong
AD 885 光启元年 · Political · Deceived · With Wang Chongrong (王重榮)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 52-54
Besieged Helian Duo at Yunzhou
AD 891 四月 · Military · Commander · With Helian Duo (赫連鐸)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 75
Campaigned against Xing Ming Ci
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passages 43, 49
Campaigned against
AD 882 中和二年冬 · Military · Commander · With Huang Chao (黃巢) · At Shayuan 沙苑
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 13
Campaigned against
AD 896 三年 · Military · Commander · With Wang Xingyu (王行瑜)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 9
Campaigned against
Military · Commander · With Wang Xingyu (王行瑜)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 58
Campaigned against
Military · Commander · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 180, passage 198
Camped north of the Wei in sixty days rain
AD 895 二年 · Military · Commander · At north of the Wei 渭北
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 101
Defeated at Yaoer Ridge and Yu
AD 880 广明元年 · Military · Defeated · With Li Keju (李可舉)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 20
Defeated Huang Ye at Shidi Valley
AD 883 二月 · Military · Commander · With Huang Ye (黄邺)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 32
Defeated Meng Qian and sent An Jinjun against Duo
AD 890 大顺元年 · Military · Commander · With Meng Qian (孟遷)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 62
Defeated Shang Rang and Huang Ye
AD 884 四月 · Military · Commander · With Shang Rang (尚讓)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 42
Defeated Wei at Bailong Pool then lifted Guanyin Gate siege
AD 896 十月 · Military · Commander · With Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠) · At Guanyin Gate 观音门
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 112
Defeated Zhang Jun at Yindi
AD 890 十一月 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Jun (張浚)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 71
Defeated Zhao Zhang and Shang Rang
AD 883 三月 · Military · Commander · With Zhao Zhang (赵璋) · At Liangtian Slope 良田坡
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 33
Defeated
AD 889 初，克用破孟方立於邢州…時存勖在側，方五歲 · Military · Commander · With Meng Fangli (孟方立) · At Xingzhou 邢州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 2
Defeated
AD 895 存勖年十一，從克用破王行瑜 · Military · Commander · With Wang Xingyu (王行瑜)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 4
Denied imperial audience
AD 896 三年 · Court · Petitioner · At north of the Wei 渭北
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 10
Denounced ambush and posted Kexiu at Hezhong
AD 884 七月 · Political · Petitioner · With Li Kexiu (李克修)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 49
Escaped Shangyuan crisis and passed Luoyang
AD 884 中和四年 · Military · Commander · At Luoyang 洛陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 68
Escaped Weishi Gate to his army
Military · Survivor · With Guo Jingzhu (郭景铢)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 48
Executed Li Cunxiao
AD 894 乾宁元年三月 · Military · Commander · With Li Cunxiao (李存孝)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 87
Feasted at Triple Mound Ridge
AD 889 初，克用破孟方立於邢州…時存勖在側，方五歲 · Ritual · Host · At Triple Mound Ridge 三垂崗
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 2, 11
Feasted then ambushed at Shangyuan
AD 884 四年 · Diplomatic · Guest · With Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠) · At Shangyuan Posthouse 上源驿
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 46-47
Fell ill
AD 907 七年冬 · Medical · Patient
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 145
First to enter Changan and drove out Huang Chao
AD 883 三年 · Military · Commander · With Huang Chao (黃巢) · At Chang'an 长安
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 34
Fled into Tatar territory
AD 880 广明元年 · Travel · Exile · At Tatar lands 达靼
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 21
Followed Gai Yu's advice to execute Zhu Mei and remove Li Yun
AD 886 光啟二年 · Political · Advisee · With Gai Yu (蓋寓)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 150
Forced revocation of Zhang Jun chancellorship
AD 896 三年正月 · Political · Opponent · With Zhang Jun (張浚)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 105-107
Halted more than a month
AD 895 二年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 96
Held Keju at Xiongwu
AD 880 广明元年 · Military · Commander · With Li Keju (李可舉) · At Xiongwu 雄武军
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 18
Killed Duan Wenchu and seized Yunzhou
AD 872 十三年 · Military · Killer · With Duan Wenchu (段文楚) · At Yunzhou 云州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 167
Killed
Military · Leader · With Duan Wenchu (段文楚) · At Yunzhong 雲中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 6
Led 50000 to relieve Chenzhou
AD 884 四年 · Military · Commander · At Chenzhou 陈州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 41
Made primary wife
Marriage · Husband · With Lady Zhang (張氏)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 180, passage 222
Marched on Changan
AD 882 二年十一月 · Military · Commander · With Chen Jingsi (陈景思)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 29
Met Abaoji at Yunzhong and swore brotherhood
AD 905 五年 · Diplomatic · Participant · With Emperor Taizu of Liao (遼太祖) · At Yunzhong 云中
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 136
Met
Diplomatic · Participant · With Emperor Taizu of Liao (遼太祖) · At Yunzhong 雲中
Directly stated · History of Liao 34, passage 14
Mobilized forcing three circuits to withdraw
AD 895 二年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 91
Mounted commander altar and received ducal regalia
Military · Commander · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 34
Mourned
Ritual · Mourner · With Li Kerang (李克讓)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 15
Ordered to escort Wang Chucun
AD 885 光启元年 · Military · Commander · With Wang Chucun (王處存)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 51
Overran more than ten Wei towns
AD 896 六月 · Military · Commander · At Wei 魏
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 111
Overtook and defeated Huang Chao
AD 884 四年 · Military · Pursuer · With Huang Chao (黃巢)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 43-44
Personally attacked Wei and lost son Luoluo
AD 896 三年 · Military · Commander · With Li Luoluo (李落落) · At Huan River 洹水
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 110
Persuaded by Cunxu to aid Yan and stormed Luzhou
AD 906 六年 · Political · Decider · With Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗) · At Luzhou 潞州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 138, 142
Plotted against
Military · Target · With Li Keju (李可舉)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 180, passage 172
Plotted flight to Yunzhou or northern tribes
AD 902 二年 · Political · Planner · At Yunzhou 云州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 133
Plundered Taiyuan after demanding funds
AD 881 中和元年 · Military · Commander · With Zheng Congdian (郑从谠) · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 27-28
Promised but did not march against Zhu Mei
Political · Appointee · With Zhu Mei (朱玫)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 60
Reached Hezhong
AD 895 七月 · Military · Commander · At Hezhong 河中
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 94
Refused Tianyou era and kept Tianfu
AD 904 四年 · Political · Actor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 135
Rested arms five years
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中 · Military · Commander · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 35
Scarcely doubted Gai Yu despite Liang rumors
Personal · Patron · With Gai Yu (蓋寓)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 167
Sent An Jinjun to retake Heyang
Military · Patron · With An Jinjun (安金俊)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 88
Sent Kexiu against Meng Fangli
AD 883 十一月 · Military · Principal · With Li Kexiu (李克修)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 38
Sent Li Cunxiao against Huai and Meng
AD 888 文德元年三月 · Military · Commander · With Li Cunxiao (李存孝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 101
Sent Li Cunxin via Weizhou to relieve Zhu Xuan
AD 896 三年 · Military · Commander · With Li Cunxin (李存信)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 108
Sent Li Zhaosi against Hanzhi
Military · Commander · With Li Zhaosi (李昭嗣)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 199
Sent peace letter
AD 901 太祖下河中 · Diplomatic · Sender · With Zhu Wen (朱溫)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 6
Sent Zhou Dewei out Qing Mountain Pass
AD 898 光化元年 · Military · Commander · With Zhou Dewei (周德威)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 115
Sent Zhou Dewei to relieve Luzhou
AD 907 七年 · Military · Commander · With Zhou Dewei (周德威)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 144
Sought to restore relations
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中 · Diplomatic · Principal · With Liang Founder (梁祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 17
Stormed Binzhou
AD 895 十一月 · Military · Commander · With Wang Xingyu (王行瑜) · At Binzhou 邠州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 99
Suffered Shangyuan debacle
AD 885 光啟初 · Military · Victim · At Shangyuan 上源
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 5
Took Jiangzhou and beheaded Wang Yao
AD 895 六月 · Military · Commander · With Wang Yao (王瑶) · At Jiangzhou 绛州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 92
Took Youzhou and installed Liu Rengong
AD 894 乾宁元年 · Military · Commander · With Liu Rengong (劉仁恭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 88
Went from Yunzhou to meet Guochang
Military · Commander · With Li Guochang (李国昌) · At Yunzhou 云州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 14
Wept bitterly at Yu's death
AD 905 天祐二年三月 · Personal · Mourner · With Gai Yu (蓋寓)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 175
Withdrew the army that very day on Gai Yu's advice
AD 895 既平王行瑜 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 172
Withdrew army home without entering court
AD 895 二年 · Political · Declined courtier
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 103-104
Withdrew to Yunyang and asked to attack Maozhen
AD 895 二年 · Military · Commander · With Li Maozhen (李茂貞) · At Yunyang 云阳
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 100
AD 885 光啟初
Relation Estranged from · Person Liang Founder (梁祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 8
Relation Reconciled with · Person Li Maozhen (李茂貞)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 100
Relation Ally of · Person Li Hanzhi (李罕之)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 68
Relation Sworn brother of · Person Emperor Taizu of Liao (遼太祖)
Directly stated · History of Liao 75, passage 109; New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 136
Relation Ritually addressed as elder brother by · Person Li Jiepi (李戒丕)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 96
Relation Friend of · Person Fu Gong (楊復恭)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 59
Relation Clan linked to · Person Liang Founder (梁祖) · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用) Source Person Id Li Xiji (李襲吉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 21
Relation Sought peace with · Person Zhu Wen (朱溫)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 6
Relation Ritually addressed as elder brother by · Person Li Yun (李允)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 96

Assessments and attributes

Assessment compared Hanzhi to Lü Bu under Dong Zhuo: hawk-like, flies when fed · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 119
Assessment especially cherished Ke Ning among brothers · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 80
Assessment fierce, violent, delighted in killing · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 96, passage 179
Assessment knew men when he compared Hanzhi to Lü Bu · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 187
Assessment military-power-flourishing · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 180, passage 171
Assessment rose from Yin Mountains; dynasty short-lived; kin not properly enfeoffed · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 123

Show 3 more source-backed claims

Assessment stern and exacting; the slightest offense brought punishment · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 164
Assessment the one Liang feared and the reason Jin could match Liang · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 20
blind in one eye
Physical description
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 23

Source notes

Main biographies name Ke Rang, Ke Xiu (cousin), Ke Gong, Ke Ning; Xin Tangshu table and other sources name Ke Jian, Ke Rou, Ke Qin with partial mismatch
Field brothers
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passages 119, 122
Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 58; Old History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 91; Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 16; History of Liao 34, passage 14; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 1; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 6
Value historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 4
did not usurp a princely title and so was not styled prince
Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 173

References in the histories

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History

204 passages

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 185Volume 181 Biographies 131: Shi Xiancheng, Zi Xiaozhang, He Jintao, Han Yunzhong, Li Yanzhen, Luo Hongxin · 1 passage

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李克用子落落時為鐵林軍使，為從周所擒，乃退歸。 Li Keyong's son Luoluo, then commander of the Iron Forest Army, was captured by Congzhou, and the Taiyuan army withdrew.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Book of Later Liang 12: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 3 passages

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唐中和中，太祖會並帥李克用攻圍華州，賊將黃鄴固守甚堅。 In Tang Zhonghe the Founder and Li Keyong besieged Hua prefecture, where the rebel Huang Ye held the walls stubbornly.

俄有一人登陴大詈，克用令北騎連射，終不能中，命友裕射之，應弦而斃。 A man on the wall shouted abuse; Keyong's northern archers could not bring him down, but You Yu's arrow killed him on the first shot.

大軍喜噪，聲震山谷，克用因以良弓百矢遺焉。 The army roared until the hills echoed; Keyong rewarded him with a hundred fine bows.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15 Book of Later Liang 15: Biographies 5: Han Jian, Li Hanzhi, Feng Xingxi, Sun Dezhao, Zhao Keyu, Zhang Shensi · 11 passages

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是歲，李克用脫上源之難，斂軍西歸，路由洛陽，罕之迎謁，供帳館待甚優，因與克用厚相結托。 That year he lavishly hosted Keyong passing through Luoyang and bonded with him.

罕之與言收合其眾，求援於太原，李克用遣澤州刺史安金俊率騎助之，遂收河陽。 Hanzhi and Yan begged Taiyuan; Keyong sent An Jinjun and they retook Heyang.

克用表罕之為節度、同平章事； Keyong made Hanzhi commissioner and chief minister;

罕之奔於太原，李克用表為澤州刺史，仍領河陽節度使。 Fleeing to Taiyuan, Keyong made him Ze prefect while he still claimed Heyang.

三月，克用遣其將李存孝率師三萬助之，來攻懷、孟。 Month 3 Keyong sent Li Cunxiao with thirty thousand against Huai and Meng.

乾寧二年，李克用出師以拒邠、鳳，營於渭北，天子以克用為邠州行營四面都統，克用乃表罕之為副。 In Qianning 2 Li Keyong marched out against Binzhou and Fengxiang and camped north of the Wei River. The emperor appointed him commander-in-chief of the Binzhou campaign, and Keyong then petitioned for Hanzhi to serve as his deputy.

寓為言之，克用不對。 Gai Yu pleaded; Keyong was silent.

克用曰：「吾於罕之，豈惜一鎮； Keyong said, "It is not that I begrudge him a post;

光化元年十二月，晉之潞帥薛誌勤卒，罕之乘其喪，自澤州率眾徑入潞州，自稱留後，以狀聞於克用曰：「聞誌勤之喪，新帥未至，慮為他盜所窺，不俟命，已屯於潞矣。」 Guanghua 1, month 12, after Xue Zhiqin died as Lu commander, Hanzhi marched from Ze into Lu, declared himself commissioner, and told Keyong, "With Zhiqin dead and no successor yet, I feared raiders and garrisoned Lu without orders."

克用怒，遣李昭嗣討之，罕之執其守將馬溉、伊鐸、何萬友，沁州刺史傅瑤等，遣其子顥拘送於太祖以求援焉。 Keyong sent Li Zhaosi against him; Hanzhi seized Ma Gai, Yi Duo, He Wanyou, Fu Yao, and others and sent his son Hao to the Founder for help.

罕之負驍雄之氣，蓄向背之謀，武皇比之呂布，斯知人矣。 Hanzhi possessed a fierce, heroic spirit but harbored schemes of changing allegiance. The Martial Emperor compared him to Lü Bu; in this he truly knew the man.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16 Book of Later Liang 16: Biographies 6: Ge Congzhou, Xie Yanzhang, He Zhen, Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou, Zhang Guibian · 4 passages

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大順元年八月，並帥圍潞州，太祖遣從周率敢死之士，夜銜枚犯圍而入，會王師不利於馬牢川，即棄上黨而歸。 Dashun 1, month 8, he slipped into besieged Lu; after defeat at Malaichuan the army abandoned Shangdang.

三年五月，並帥以大軍侵魏，遣其子落落率二千騎屯洹水，從周以馬步二千人擊之，殺戮殆盡，擒落落於陣，並帥號泣而去。 Month 5, year 3, he destroyed Luoluo's two thousand cavalry at Huan River and captured Keyong's son.

光化元年四月，率師經略山東，時並帥以大軍屯邢、洺，從周至钜鹿與並軍遇，大破之，並帥遁走。 Guanghua 1, month 4, he routed the Jin army at Julu in Shandong.

又佐葛從周與晉軍戰於洹水，生獲克用愛子落落。 At Huan River he helped capture Keyong's son Luoluo.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 18Volume 18 Book of Later Liang 18: Biographies 8: Zhang Wenyu, Xue Yiju, Zhang Ce, Du Xiao, Jing Xiang, Li Zhen · 1 passage

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及行瑜反，太原節度使李克用奉詔討伐，行瑜敗死，邠州平。 When Xingyu rebelled, Li Keyong of Taiyuan marched under imperial orders; Xingyu was defeated and killed, and Binzhou was pacified.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 19Volume 19 Book of Later Liang 19: Biographies 9: Shi Shucong, Zhu Yougong, Wang Zhongshi, Zhu Zhen, Li Si'an, Deng Jiyun, Huang Wenjing, Hu Gui, Li Dang, Li Zhongyin, Fan Jushi · 2 passages

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及黃巢敗，珍與並帥李克用追至冤句而還。 After Huang Chao's defeat Zhen pursued with Li Keyong of Bing as far as Yuanqu, then turned back.

克用見之甚喜，釋縛，待以賓禮，俄典戎事。 Keyong was delighted, freed him, entertained him as a guest, and soon put him in charge of troops.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 33Volume 33 Book of Later Tang 9: Zhuangzong Annals 7 · 1 passage

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初卜山陵，帝欲祔於代州武皇陵，奏議：「天子以四海為家，不當分其南北。」 At first the Emperor wished to bury her beside the Martial Emperor's tomb at Daizhou; memorial debate said: "The Son of Heaven takes the four seas as his home and should not divide north and south."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 50Volume 50 Book of Later Tang 26: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 31 passages

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克讓，武皇之仲弟也。 Ke Rang was Li Keyong's second younger brother.

武皇之起雲中，殺段文楚，朝議罪之，命加兵於我，懼，將逃歸，天子詔巡使王處存夜圍親仁坊捕克讓。 When Li Keyong rose in Yunzhong and killed Duan Wenchu, the court condemned him and ordered troops sent against the clan. Fearing arrest, he prepared to flee north, and the emperor ordered the commissioner Wang Chucun to surround Qinren Ward by night and capture Ke Rang.

明年，武皇昭雪，克讓復入宿衛。 The following year, after Li Keyong was cleared of the charges against him, Ke Rang returned to palace guard service.

中和二年冬，武皇入關討賊，屯沙苑。 In the winter of Zhonghe 2, Li Keyong marched through the passes against the rebels and encamped at Shayuan.

武皇燔偽詔，還其使，盡誅諸僧，為克讓發哀行服，悲慟久之。 Li Keyong burned Huang Chao's forged edict, sent the envoy away, had all the monks executed, and for Ke Rang observed mourning and wore funeral dress, grieving for a long while.

克修，字崇遠，武皇從父弟也。 Ke Xiu, styled Chongyuan, was Li Keyong's younger cousin.

克修少便弓馬，從父征討，所至立功，武皇節制雁門，以克修為奉誠軍使，從入關為前鋒，破黃揆於華陰，敗尚讓於梁田坡，蹙黃巢於光順門，每戰皆捷，勇懾諸軍。 Ke Xiu was skilled with bow and horse from youth. On his father's campaigns he distinguished himself wherever he fought. When Li Keyong took command of Yanmen, he appointed Ke Xiu commissioner of the Fengcheng Army. Marching into the passes as vanguard, Ke Xiu defeated Huang Kui at Huayin, routed Shang Rang at Liangtian Slope, and drove Huang Chao back at Guangshun Gate. He won every engagement, and his boldness overawed the other armies.

其年十月，潞州牙將安居受來乞師，請復昭義軍，武皇遣大將賀公雅、李筠、安金俊等以兵從。 In the tenth month of that year, the Lu garrison officer An Jushou came to request aid in restoring the Zhaoyi command. Li Keyong sent the senior generals He Gongya, Li Jun, An Jinjun, and others with an army in support.

與孟方立戰於銅鞮，不利，武皇乃令克修將兵繼進。 The allied force fought Meng Fangli at Tongdi without success, so Li Keyong ordered Ke Xiu to advance with reinforcements.

及李罕之來歸，武皇授以澤州刺史，與克修合勢進攻河陽，連歲出師，以苦懷、孟。 When Li Hanzhi defected to Li Keyong, he was made prefect of Zezhou and joined Ke Xiu in a combined offensive against Heyang. Campaigning year after year, they wore down the Huai and Meng factions.

龍紀元年，武皇大舉以伐邢、洺，及班師，因撫封於上黨。 In Longji 1, Li Keyong mounted a major campaign against Xing and Ming. When the army returned, he rewarded and enfeoffed his followers at Shangdang.

武皇怒其菲薄，笞而詬之，克修慚憤發疾； Li Keyong, angry at his austerity, had him flogged and berated him. Ke Xiu, mortified and embittered, fell ill;

克恭，武皇之諸弟也。 Ke Gong was one of Li Keyong's younger brothers.

時武皇初定邢、洺三州，將有事於河朔，大搜軍實。 Li Keyong had just secured Xing, Ming, and the third prefecture and was preparing for operations in Hebei, so he made a sweeping levy of military supplies.

潞州有後院軍，兵之雄勁者，克恭選其五百人獻於武皇，軍使安居受惜其兵。 Lu maintained a Rear Court Army of its toughest troops. Ke Gong selected five hundred of them and sent them to Li Keyong. The army commissioner An Jushou resented losing his best men.

武皇令李元審將兵擊之，與霸戰於沁水，不利，元審戰傷，收軍於潞。 Li Keyong ordered Li Yuanshen to attack them. Yuanshen fought Feng Ba at Qinshui without success, was wounded, and withdrew to Lu.

初，孟方立之亂，居受以澤、潞歸於武皇，至是孟遷以邢、洺納降，復任為牙將，居受懼其圖己，乃叛，殺克恭以結汴人。 During Meng Fangli's rebellion Jushou had surrendered Ze and Lu to Li Keyong. Now Meng Qian surrendered Xing and Ming and was reappointed a garrison officer. Fearing that Meng Qian would move against him, Jushou rebelled, killed Ke Gong, and sought an alliance with the Liang.

武皇令康君立討之，汴將葛從周來援霸。 Li Keyong ordered Kang Junli to suppress him. The Liang general Ge Congzhou marched to Feng Ba's relief.

九月，李存孝急攻潞州，汴軍夜遁，獲霸等誅之，武皇乃以康君立為昭義節度使。 In the ninth month Li Cunxiao pressed the attack on Luzhou. The Liang army fled by night, Feng Ba and his fellows were captured and executed, and Li Keyong appointed Kang Junli military commissioner of Zhaoyi.

克寧，武皇之季弟也。 Ke Ning was Li Keyong's youngest brother.

初從起雲中，為奉誠軍使，赫連鐸之攻黃花城也，克寧奉武皇及諸弟登城，血戰三日，力盡備竭，殺賊萬計。 He had followed Li Keyong from the first rising in Yunzhong and served as commissioner of the Fengcheng Army. When Helian Duo attacked Huanghua Fort, Ke Ning helped Li Keyong and his brothers onto the walls. For three days they fought hand to hand until strength and supplies were spent, killing rebels by the tens of thousands.

凡征行無不衛從，於昆弟之間，最推仁孝，小心恭謹，武皇尤友愛之。 On every campaign he marched at Li Keyong's side. Among the brothers he was the most noted for kindness and filial devotion, careful and deferential in manner, and Li Keyong cherished him above the rest.

及鎮太原，授遼州刺史，累至雲州防禦使。 When Li Keyong held Taiyuan, Ke Ning was made prefect of Liaozhou and later promoted to defender of Yunzhou.

乾寧初，改忻州刺史，從入關討王行瑜，充馬步軍都將，以功授檢校司徒。 Early in the Qianning era he was made prefect of Xinzhou. He followed Li Keyong through the passes against Wang Xingyu as commander-in-chief of horse and foot and, for his service, was appointed acting minister of education.

五年正月，武皇疾篤，克寧等侍疾，垂泣辭訣。 In the first month of the fifth year Li Keyong fell gravely ill. Ke Ning and the others kept vigil at his bedside, weeping as they bade him farewell.

初，武皇獎勵軍戎，多畜庶孽，衣服禮秩如嫡者六七輩，比之嗣王，年齒又長，各有部曲，朝夕聚謀，皆欲為亂。 Li Keyong had long rewarded his officers by raising many sons by concubines. Six or seven of them were dressed and honored like legitimate heirs. They were older than the designated successor and each commanded his own following. Day and night they met to plot rebellion.

〈（案《新唐書·宰相世係表》：嗣昭，國昌有子四人：克恭、克儉、克用、克柔。 (According to the 《New Book of Tang·Tables of Chancellor Lineages》: Sizhao—Guochang had four sons: Ke Gong, Ke Jian, Ke Yong, and Ke Rou.

薛史《李嗣昭傳》云：武皇母弟代州刺史克柔之假子也。 The Xue History 《Biography of Li Sizhao》 says he was the adopted son of Li Keyong's younger uterine brother Ke Rou, prefect of Daizhou.

是克柔為武皇母弟。 Thus Ke Rou was Li Keyong's younger uterine brother.

《新唐書·沙陀傳》：武皇有弟克勤，《通鑒》引《紀年錄》有兄克儉，而薛史俱無傳，疑有闕文。）〉 The 《New Book of Tang·Biography of the Shatuo》 records a younger brother Ke Qin. The 《Comprehensive Mirror》 cites the 《Chronicle Record》 as mentioning an elder brother Ke Jian, yet the Xue History has biographies for neither; text may be missing.)〉

史臣曰：昔武皇發跡於陰山，莊宗肇基於河朔，雖奄有天下，而享國日淺，眷言枝屬，空秀棣華，固未及推帝堯敦敘之恩，廣成王封建之義。 The historiographer writes: The Martial Emperor rose from the Yin Mountains and Emperor Zhuangzong founded his rule in Hebei. Though they briefly held the realm, their dynasties were short-lived. Their kinsmen bloomed like catalpa blossoms yet bore no fruit—they never attained Emperor Yao's generous ordering of kin or broadly extended King Cheng's principles of enfeoffment.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 51Volume 51 Book of Later Tang 27: Biographies 3: Imperial Family · 3 passages

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永王存霸，武皇子，莊宗第二弟，同光三年封。 Prince Yong Cunba, a son of the Martial Emperor and Zhuangzong's second younger brother, received his princely title in Tongguang 3.

邕王存美，武皇子，莊宗第三弟，同光三年封。 Prince of Yong Cunmei, a son of the Martial Emperor and Zhuangzong's third younger brother, received his title in Tongguang 3.

薛王存禮，武皇子，同光三年封。 Prince Xue Cunli, a son of the Martial Emperor, was enfeoffed in Tongguang 3.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 54Volume 54 Book of Later Tang 30: Biographies 6: Wang Rong, Wang Zhaohui, Wang Chuzhi · 3 passages

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大順中，武皇將李存孝既平邢、洺，因獻謀於武皇，欲兼並鎮、定，乃連年出師以擾鎮之屬邑。 During the Dashun era the Martial Emperor's general Li Cunxiao, having pacified Xing and Ming, proposed to the Martial Emperor that Zhen and Ding be seized together, and for years thereafter led campaigns harassing the counties under Zhen.

〈（《舊唐書》云：時天子蒙塵，九州鼎沸，河東節度使李克用虎視山東，方謀吞據。 (The 《Old Book of Tang》 states: At that time the emperor was in exile and the realm seethed; Li Keyong, military governor of Hedong, eyed Shandong like a tiger and was plotting to seize it.

鎔既失燕軍之援，會武皇出師以逼真定，鎔遣使謝罪，出絹二十萬匹，及具牛酒犒軍，自是與鎔俱修好如初。 Having lost Yan military support, Rong found the Martial Emperor marching toward Zhending. He sent envoys to apologize, offered two hundred thousand bolts of silk, and supplied cattle and wine to reward the army; from then on he and the Jin were reconciled as before.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 55Volume 55 Book of Later Tang 31: Biographies 7: Kang Junli, Xue Zhiqin, Shi Jiantang, Li Chengsi, Shi Yan, Gai Yu, Yi Guang, Li Chengxun, Shi Jingrong · 23 passages

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以便騎射給事於武皇。 He served the Martial Emperor as a mounted attendant skilled in riding and archery.

自武皇入定三輔，誅黃巢，每出師皆從。 From the time the Martial Emperor secured the three capitals and killed Huang Chao, he followed on every campaign.

武皇起雲中，寓與康君立等推轂佐佑之，因為腹心。 When the Martial Emperor rose in Yunzhong, Yu joined Kang Junli and others in raising and supporting him and became one of his closest confidants.

武皇節制雁門，署職為都押牙，領嵐州刺史。 When the Martial Emperor took command of Yanmen, Yu was appointed chief guard officer and prefect of Lanzhou.

洎移鎮太原，改左都押牙、檢校左僕射。 When the Martial Emperor moved his headquarters to Taiyuan, Yu became left chief guard officer and acting Left Vice Director.

武皇與之決事，言無不從，凡出征伐，靡不衛從。 The Martial Emperor consulted him on every decision and never refused his counsel. He accompanied him on every campaign.

〈（《通鑒》：光啟二年，駕幸興元，大將蓋寓說克用曰：「鑾輿播遷，天下皆歸咎於我，今不誅朱玫，黜李煴，無以自湔洗。」 (The Comprehensive Mirror states: In the second year of Guangqi the emperor went to Xingyuan. Great general Gai Yu said to Li Keyong, "The imperial carriage has been driven into exile, and the realm blames us for it. Unless we execute Zhu Mei and remove Li Yun, we cannot clear our name."

克用從之。 Li Keyong followed his advice.

又，《通鑒考異》引《紀年錄》云：偽使至太原，太祖詰其事狀，曰：「皆朱玫所為。」 The Examination of Differences in the Comprehensive Mirror also cites the Chronicle Record: When a false envoy reached Taiyuan, the Founder questioned him about the affair and said, "Zhu Mei did it all."

太祖燔偽詔，械其使，馳檄喻諸鎮曰：「今月二十日，得襄王偽詔及朱玫文字，云：『田令孜脅遷鑾駕，播越梁、洋，行至半塗，六軍變擾，遂至蒼黃而晏駕，不知弑逆者何人。 The Founder burned the false edict, put the envoy in fetters, and sent a rapid proclamation to the commands: "On the twentieth of this month I received the false edict of the Prince of Xiang and documents from Zhu Mei stating: 'Tian Lingzi coerced the removal of the imperial carriage into exile in Liang and Yang. Halfway on the road the Six Armies mutinied, and the emperor died in sudden confusion. No one knows who murdered him.

武皇性嚴急，左右難事，無委遇者，小有違忤，即置於法，惟寓承顏希旨，規其趨向，婉辭順意，以盡參裨。 The Martial Emperor was stern and exacting. Those around him found him hard to serve, and none enjoyed his full trust. The slightest offense brought punishment. Only Yu read his mood, anticipated his wishes, and with gentle words guided him, serving as his closest adviser.

武皇或暴怒將吏，事將不測，寓欲救止，必佯佐其怒以責之，武皇怡然釋之。 When the Martial Emperor flew into a rage against an officer and the man's fate hung in the balance, Yu would feign to join the anger and reproach the victim, and the Martial Emperor would calmly relent.

有所諫諍，必征近事以為喻，自武皇鎮撫太原，最推親信，中外將吏，無不景附，朝廷藩鄰，信使結托，先及武皇，次入寓門； When he remonstrated, he always cited recent events as examples. From the time the Martial Emperor secured Taiyuan, Yu was his most trusted intimate. Generals within and without looked to him with admiration. Envoys from court and neighboring commands sought him out—first the Martial Emperor, then Yu's door;

既總軍中大柄，其名振主，梁祖亦使奸人離間，暴揚於天下，言蓋寓已代李，聞者寒心，武皇略無疑間。 and once he held the army's greatest authority, his name overshadowed even his lord's. The Founder of Liang sent agents to spread rumors through the realm that Gai Yu had already replaced Li Keyong. Men who heard it were chilled with fear, yet the Martial Emperor scarcely doubted him.

初，武皇既平王行瑜，旋師渭北，暴雨六十日，諸將或請入覲，且云：「天顏咫尺，安得不行覲禮。」 After the Martial Emperor had pacified Wang Xingyu, he turned his army north of the Wei. Rain poured for sixty days. Some generals asked to enter the capital for an audience, saying, "The emperor is within reach. How can we fail to pay our respects?"

武皇意未決，寓白曰：「車駕自石門還京，寢未安席，比為行瑜兄弟驚駭乘輿，今京師未寧，奸宄流議，大王移兵渡渭，必恐復動宸情。 The Martial Emperor hesitated. Yu said, "Since the emperor returned from Shimen to the capital, he has not yet rested secure on his throne. Wang Xingyu and his brothers have just terrified the court. The capital is not yet settled, and malicious talk circulates. If you cross the Wei with your army, you will surely alarm the throne again.

武皇笑曰：「蓋寓尚阻吾入覲，況天下人哉！」 The Martial Emperor laughed and said, "Even Gai Yu blocks my going to court—how much more would the realm!"

天祐二年三月，寓病篤，武皇日幸其第，手賜藥餌。 In the third month of the second year of Tianyou Yu fell gravely ill. The Martial Emperor visited his house daily and personally sent him medicine.

初，寓家每事珍膳，窮極海陸，精於府饌，武皇非寓家年獻不食，每幸寓第，其往如歸，恩寵之洽，時我與比； Yu's household prepared delicacies from land and sea, cuisine fit for the palace. The Martial Emperor would eat no New Year's offering except from Yu's kitchen. Whenever he visited Yu's house he came as to his own home. None at the time could compare in favor;

遇天下大亂，乃委質於武皇。 When the empire fell into chaos he submitted to the Martial Emperor.

時武皇主盟，諸侯景附，軍機締結，聘遺旁午，廣奉使稱旨，累遷至檢校司徒。 The Martial Emperor then presided over the alliance, and lords flocked to him. Military affairs and diplomatic ties multiplied, and envoys with gifts crossed paths without cease. Guang served on missions to general approval and rose to acting Minister of Education.

乾寧四年，從征劉仁恭，武皇之師不利於成安寨，廣歿於賊。 In the fourth year of Qianning he joined the campaign against Liu Rengong. The Martial Emperor's army met defeat at Chengan stockade, and Guang died fighting the enemy.

事武皇為帳中綱紀，甚親任之。 He served the Martial Emperor as steward of headquarters and enjoyed his deep trust.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 57Volume 57 Book of Later Tang 33: Biographies 9: Gao Chongtao · 2 passages

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克修卒，武皇用為典謁，奉使鳳翔稱旨，署教練使。 After Kexiu's death, Emperor Wu appointed him Master of Ceremonies. On an embassy to Fengxiang he fulfilled his mission to the emperor's satisfaction and was made Training Commissioner.

舊僚有幹進者，崇韜謂之曰：「公雖代邸之舊，然家無門閥，深知公才技，不敢驟進者，慮名流嗤餘故也。」 When an old colleague sought promotion, Guo Chongtao told him, "You are indeed an old companion from the Prince of Dai's camp, but your family lacks a great lineage. I know well what you can do, yet I dare not advance you hastily for fear the eminent would laugh at me."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 60Volume 60 Book of Later Tang 36: Biographies 12: Li Xiji, Wang Jian, Li Jingyi, Lu Rubi, Li Dexiu, Su Xun · 7 passages

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襲吉訪舊至太原，武皇署為府掾，出宰榆社。 Xiji followed old ties to Taiyuan, where the Martial Emperor Li Keyong named him a headquarters aide and later sent him out to govern Yushe county.

光啟初，武皇遇難上源，記室歿焉，既歸鎮，辟掌奏者，多不如旨。 Early in the Guangqi reign the Martial Emperor suffered the Shangyuan debacle, and his chief recorder died in the affair. Back in his headquarters he tried one memorialist after another, but few could satisfy him.

自武皇上源之難，與梁祖不協，乾寧末，劉仁恭負恩，其間論列是非，交相聘答者數百篇，警策之句，播在人口，文士稱之。 From the Shangyuan crisis through the rupture with the Liang Founder and, late in Qianning, Liu Rengong's betrayal, Xiji drafted hundreds of letters debating blame and merit between the rival camps. His sharpest lines passed from mouth to mouth, and men of letters spoke of him with admiration.

及師還渭北，武皇不獲入覲，為武皇作違離表，中有警句云：「穴禽有翼，聽舜樂以猶來； When the army withdrew north of the Wei, the Martial Emperor was denied an imperial audience. Xiji wrote his master's petition of separation, with lines that ran: "Even a bird that nests in caves will spread its wings; hearing the music of Shun, it would still return;

〈（《北夢瑣言》：習吉從李克用至渭南，令其入奏，帝重其文章，授諫議大夫，使上事北省以榮之。）〉 (Northern Dreams, Trivial Tales: Xiji accompanied Li Keyong to Weinan and was sent to present a memorial at court. The emperor prized his prose, named him Remonstrance Grand Master, and had him report to the northern secretariat as a mark of honor.)

其年十二月，師還太原，王珂為浮梁於夏陽渡，襲吉從軍，時笮斷航破，武皇僅免，襲吉墜河，得大冰承足，沿流七八里，還岸而止，救之獲免。 That December, as the army marched back to Taiyuan, Wang Ke threw a pontoon bridge across the Xiayang ford and Xiji went with the column. The bridge cables snapped mid-crossing; the Martial Emperor barely escaped with his life. Xiji plunged into the river, caught a great slab of ice underfoot, and drifted seven or eight li downstream before he could claw his way ashore and be pulled out alive.

天復中，武皇議欲修好於梁，命襲吉為書以貽梁祖，書曰： During the Tianfu reign the Martial Emperor resolved to reopen relations with Liang and charged Xiji to draft a letter to the Liang Founder. It read:

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 62Volume 62 Book of Later Tang 38: Biographies 14: Meng Fangli, Zhang Wenli, Dong Zhang · 8 passages

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大順元年，遷執王虔裕等乞降，武皇令安金俊代之。 In 890 Qian seized Wang Yuyu and his men and offered surrender; the Martial Emperor sent An Jinjun to take over.

時天子在西，河、關雲擾，方立擅地，而李克用窺潞州，徽度朝廷未能製，乃固讓昌圖。 The emperor was then in the west, the Yellow River region in chaos, Fangli holding his own ground, and Li Keyong eyeing Luzhou. Wang Hui concluded the court could not enforce its will and firmly declined in favor of Changtu.

會克用為河東節度使，昭義監軍祁審誨乞師求復昭義軍； When Keyong became Hedong military governor, Zhaoyi army supervisor Qi Shenhui appealed for troops to restore the Zhaoyi command;

克用遣賀公雅、李筠、安金俊三部將擊潞州，為方立所破。 Keyong sent He Gongya, Li Jun, and An Jinjun against Luzhou, but Fangli defeated them.

克修，字崇遠，克用從父弟。 Kexiu, courtesy name Chongyuan, was Li Keyong's paternal cousin.

克用以安金俊為邢州刺史招撫之。 Keyong appointed An Jinjun prefect of Xingzhou to pacify the region.

會契丹攻鐸師失期，忠信三分其兵，鼓而行，克用伏兵於險，忠信前軍沒，既戰，大敗，執忠信，餘眾走脫，歸者才十二。 When Khitan raids delayed Duo's army, Zhongxin split his force in three columns and marched with drums beating; Keyong ambushed him in a pass, destroyed his vanguard, and routed the main body; Zhongxin was captured, and only twelve men made it back.

龍紀元年，克用使李罕之、李存孝擊邢，攻磁、洺，方立戰琉璃陂，大敗，禽其二將，被斧鑕，徇邢壘，呼曰：「孟公速降，有能斬其首者，假三州節度使。」 In 889 Keyong sent Li Hanzhi and Li Cunxiao against Xingzhou and into Ci and Ming; Fangli met them at Liuli Dam, was crushed, and lost both generals; the captives were shackled and displayed before the walls of Xing with the cry, "Lord Meng, surrender at once! Whoever brings me his head shall govern the three prefectures."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 65Volume 65 Book of Later Tang 41: Biographies 17: Li Jianji, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong · 3 passages

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建及少事李罕之為紀綱，光啟中，罕之謁武皇於晉陽，因選部下驍勇者百人以獻，建及在籍中。 As a young man Jianji served Li Hanzhi as a camp officer. During the Guangqi reign Hanzhi called on the Martial Emperor at Jinyang and presented a hundred picked warriors from his command; Jianji was among them.

幼事武皇於雲中，從平黃巢，討王行瑜，自行間漸升為小將。 As a youth he served the Martial Emperor at Yunzhong, followed him against Huang Chao and Wang Xingyu, and slowly rose from the ranks to junior command.

會劉守光攻仁恭於大安山，思同以部下兵歸太原，時年十六，武皇命為飛騰指揮使。 When Liu Shouguang besieged Rengong at Mount Da'an, Sitong brought his men over to Taiyuan. He was sixteen; the Martial Emperor made him commander of the Feiteng guard.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 66Volume 66 Book of Later Tang 42: Biographies 8: an Zhonghui, Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu Hongshi, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou, Song Lingxun · 1 passage

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少以騎射事武皇，從莊宗入魏博，補突騎使，累遷本軍都指揮使。 Young he rode for the Martial Emperor; entering Weibo with Zhuangzong he became a Swift Cavalry officer and rose to command the household guard.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70 Book of Later Tang 46: Biographies 22: Yuan Xingqin, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Li Yan, Li Renju, Kang Sili, Zhang Jingda · 2 passages

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少善騎射，事武皇為爪牙，署河東親騎軍使。 In youth he excelled at mounted archery, served Emperor Wu as a trusted fighter, and was appointed commander of the Hedong Personal Cavalry.

父審，素有勇，事武皇為列校，曆廳直軍使，同光初，卒於軍。 His father Shen was brave by nature, served Emperor Wu as a column commander, rose to Hall Direct army commander, and died in service early in the Tongguang era.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 71Volume 71 Book of Later Tang 47: Biographies 23: Ma Yu, Si Kongting, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Gao, Luo Guan, Chun Yuyan, Zhang Ge, Xu Ji, Zhou Xuanbao · 2 passages

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郁在武皇幕，累官至檢校司空、秘書監。 In Li Keyong's service he rose through the ranks to honorary Minister of Works and Director of the Imperial Library.

武皇與莊宗禮遇俱厚，給賜優異。 Li Keyong and his son Zhuangzong both honored him richly and showered him with exceptional rewards.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 96Volume 96 Book of Later Jin 22: Biographies 11: Kong Chongbi, Chen Baoji, Wang Yu, Zhang Jizuo, Zhen Ruan, Hu Rao, Liu Suiqing, Fang Gao, Meng Chenghui, Liu Jixun, Zheng Shouyi, Cheng Xun, Li Yu, Zheng Xuansu, Ma Zhongji, Chen Xuan · 2 passages

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乾符中，後唐武皇自太原率師攻王行瑜，路出於蒲中，時元侍湯藥，武皇甚重之。 During Qianfu, Later Tang's martial emperor marched from Taiyuan against Wang Xingyu and passed through Pu. Yuan attended him with medicines, and the martial emperor held him in high regard.

武皇性剛暴，樂殺人，無敢言者。 The martial emperor was fierce and violent by nature and delighted in killing; no one dared remonstrate with him.

History of Liao, Chapter 1Volume 1 Annals 1: Taizu 1 · 3 passages

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唐河東節度使李克用遣通事康令德乞盟。 Li Keyong, Tang's Hedong governor, sent his interpreter Kang Lingde to sue for an alliance.

冬十月，太祖以騎兵七萬會克用於雲州，宴酣，克用借兵以報劉仁恭木瓜澗之役，太祖許之。 That winter, in the tenth month, Taizu brought seventy thousand horsemen to meet Keyong at Yunzhou. Over wine Keyong asked for troops to settle the score with Liu Rengong at Mugua Ravine, and Taizu consented.

河東李克用卒，子存勗襲，遣使吊慰。 Li Keyong of Hedong died; his son Li Cunxu took his place, and Taizu sent envoys with condolences.

History of Liao, Chapter 34Volume 34 Treatises 4: Military 1 · 1 passage

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及太祖會李克用於雲中，以兵三十萬，盛矣。 When the Taizu met Li Keyong at Yunzhong his host numbered three hundred thousand—a formidable army.

History of Liao, Chapter 73Volume 73 Biographies 3: Yelu Helu, Xiao Dilu, Yelu Xieniechi, Yelu Yuwen, Yelu Haili · 1 passage

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太祖會李克用於雲州，時曷魯侍，克用顧而壯之曰：「偉男子為誰？」 Taizu met Li Keyong at Yunzhou with Helu in attendance. Keyong looked him over and said in admiration, "Who is this imposing man?"

History of Liao, Chapter 75Volume 75 Biographies 5: Yelu Dilie, Yelu Duozhen, Wang Yu, Yelu Tulujiong · 4 passages

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會李克用於雲州，古侍，克用異之曰：「是兒骨相非常，不宜使在左右。」 He met Li Keyong at Yunzhou while attending the emperor; Keyong remarked in wonder, "This boy's bearing is extraordinary—he should not be kept close at hand."

梁與晉王克用絕好，表處直為義武軍節度使。 Liang broke with Li Keyong of Jin and memorialized Chuzhi as military governor of the Yiwu Army.

晉王克用妻以女，用為新州防禦使。 Li Keyong of Jin gave him his daughter in marriage and appointed him defender of Xinzhou.

以太祖嘗與李克用約為兄弟故也。 This was because Emperor Taizu had once sworn brotherhood with Li Keyong.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 4Volume 4 Later Tang Annals 1: Zhuangzong 1 · 69 passages

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国昌子克用，尤善骑射，能仰中双凫，为云州守捉使。 Guochang’s son Keyong was a master of horseback archery, famed for shooting down paired ducks on the wing. He held the Yunzhou garrison post.

国昌已拒命，克用乃杀大同军防御使段文楚，据云州，自称留后。 Once Guochang refused the transfer, Keyong killed Duan Wenchu, defender of Datong, took Yunzhou, and proclaimed himself acting governor.

拜克用大同军防御使。 Keyong was named defender of Datong.

克用闻之，自云州往迎国昌，而云州人亦闭关拒之。 Keyong set out from Yunzhou to join his father, only to find the Yunzhou garrison had shut the passes against them.

国昌父子无所归，因掠蔚、朔间，得兵三千，国昌入保蔚州，克用还据新城。 With nowhere to go, father and son plundered through Yu and Shuo, gathering three thousand men. Guochang seized Yu Prefecture for a base while Keyong fell back on Xincheng.

广明元年，招讨使李琢会幽州李可举、云州赫连铎击沙陀，克用与可举相拒雄武军。 In Guangming 1 (880) Li Zhuo, Li Keju of Youzhou, and Helian Duo of Yunzhou combined against the Shatuo while Keyong held Keju at Xiongwu.

其叔父友金以蔚、朔州降于琢，克用闻之，遽还。 Keyong’s uncle Youjin yielded Yu and Shuo to Zhuo, and Keyong turned back at once on hearing the news.

沙陀大溃，克用父子亡入达靼。 The Shatuo army broke and scattered. Father and son escaped into Tatar territory.

克用少骁勇，军中号曰「李鸦儿」； From boyhood Keyong had been a daring fighter; the troops nicknamed him “Li the Crow.”

其一目眇，及其贵也，又号「独眼龙」，其威名盖于代北。 He had lost an eye, and in his days of power men also called him “One-Eyed Dragon.” His fame dominated the country north of Dai.

景思念沙陀非克用不可将，乃以诏书召克用于达靼，承制以为代州刺史、雁门以北行营节度使。 Jingsi decided the Shatuo would fight for no one but Keyong. He recalled him from the Tatars with an imperial order and, acting on emergency authority, named him prefect of Dai and commander of the armies north of Yanmen.

节度使郑从谠与之钱千缗、米千石，克用怒，纵兵大掠而还。 The military governor Zheng Congdian offered a thousand strings of cash and a thousand piculs of grain. Keyong flew into a rage, unleashed his men to sack the city, and marched away.

二年十一月，景思、克用复以步骑万七千赴京师。 In the eleventh month of the second year (882) Jingsi and Keyong again took seventeen thousand foot and horse toward Chang’an.

是时，诸镇兵皆会长安，大战渭桥，贼败走入城，克用乘胜追之，自光泰门先入，战望春宫升阳殿，巢败，南走出蓝田关。 By then the provincial armies had massed at Chang’an. At Wei Bridge they met the rebels in a great battle, drove them into the city, and Keyong chased hard—entering first through Guangtai Gate, fighting through Wangchun Palace and Shengyang Hall. Chao broke and ran south by Lantian Pass.

京师平，克用功第一。 When Chang’an was recovered, Keyong’s service stood first.

天子拜克用检校司空、同中书门下平章事、河东节度使，以国昌为雁门以北行营节度使。 The emperor made Keyong honorary Grand Master of the Palace, co-equal grand councilor, and military governor of Hedong, and gave Guochang command north of Yanmen.

四年，克用以兵五万救陈州，出天井关，假道河阳，诸葛爽不许，乃自河中渡河。 In the fourth year Keyong led fifty thousand men to save Chenzhou, marched out by Tianjing Pass, and sought a road through Heyang. Zhuge Shuang barred the way, so he forded the Yellow River from Hezhong.

巢且走且战，至中牟，临河未渡，而克用追及之，贼众惊溃。 Chao fought as he fled. At Zhongmou he reached the river before he could cross; Keyong overtook him and the rebel ranks collapsed in terror.

比至封丘，又败之，巢脱身走，克用追之，一日夜驰二百里，至于冤朐，不及而还。 Keyong struck him again at Fengqiu. Chao escaped on foot while Keyong chased two hundred li in a single day and night to Yuanqu, then gave up and returned.

过汴州，休军封禅寺，朱全忠飨克用于上源驿。 On the march he halted at Bianzhou and rested at Fengchan Temple. Zhu Quanzhong entertained him at Shangyuan Posthouse.

夜，酒罢，克用醉卧，伏兵发，火起，侍者郭景铢灭烛，匿克用床下，以水醒面而告以难。 That night, after the drinking ended, Keyong fell asleep in his cups. Quanzhong’s men attacked and set the lodge ablaze. Attendant Guo Jingzhu snuffed the lamps, pulled Keyong under the bed, dashed water on his face, and warned him of the ambush.

会天大雨灭火，克用得从者薛铁山、贺回鹘等，随电光，缒尉氏门出，还军中。 A thunderstorm doused the flames. With Xue Tieshan, He Huihu, and a handful of guards Keyong slipped out by rope through the Weishi Gate in the lightning and rejoined his troops.

僖宗和解之，用破巢功，封克用陇西郡王。 Xizong imposed a truce. For crushing Huang Chao, Keyong was made Prince of Longxi.

光启元年，河中王重荣与宦者田令孜有隙，徙重荣兖州，以定州王处存为河中节度使，诏克用以兵护处存之镇。 In Guangqi 1 (885) Wang Chongrong of Hezhong clashed with the eunuch Tian Lingzi. Chongrong was ordered to Yanzhou and Wang Chucun of Dingzhou was named military governor of Hezhong; Keyong was told to march troops escorting Chucun into the circuit.

重荣使人绐克用曰：「天子诏重荣，俟克用至，与处存共诛之。」 Chongrong sent an agent to trick Keyong: “The emperor has instructed me that once you arrive, Chucun and I are to kill you together.”

克用不僭号，故不称王。 Keyong had not taken a princely title, so he was not styled “prince.”

因伪为诏书示克用曰：「此朱全忠之谋也。」 He produced a forged edict and told Keyong, “Quanzhong is behind this.”

克用信之，八上表请讨全忠，僖宗不许，克用大怒。 Keyong believed him, petitioned eight times to attack Quanzhong, and raged when Xizong refused.

克用反以兵助重荣，败玫于沙苑，遂犯京师，纵火大掠。 Keyong turned his arms to Chongrong’s side, routed Mei at Shayuan, then stormed the capital, burning and looting the city.

天子出居于兴元，克用退屯河中。 The emperor fled to Xingyuan; Keyong pulled back to Hezhong.

僖宗念独克用可以破玫而不能使也，当破黄巢长安时，天下兵马都监杨复恭与克用善，乃遣谏议大夫刘崇望以诏书召克用，且道复恭意，使进兵讨玫等。 Xizong knew only Keyong could crush Mei—and also knew he would not move without persuasion. During the campaign against Huang Chao, Chief Overseer Yang Fugong had befriended him. The court now sent Liu Chongwang with an edict recalling Keyong, repeating Fugong’s appeal, and commanding him to march against Mei.

克用阳诺而不行。 Keyong promised and did nothing.

大顺元年，克用击破孟迁，取邢、洺、磁三州，乃遣安金俊攻赫连铎于云州。 In Dashun 1 (890) Keyong overthrew Meng Qian and seized Xing, Ming, and Ci, then sent An Jinjun against Helian Duo at Yunzhou.

于是匡威、铎及朱全忠皆请因其败伐之。 Kuangwei, Duo, and Quanzhong alike petitioned the court to strike Keyong while he was down.

昭宗以克用破黄巢功高，不可伐，下其事台、省四品官议，议者多言不可。 Zhaozong, mindful of Keyong’s service against Huang Chao, was reluctant to move against him. He put the question to senior Secretariat and Chancellery officials; most advised against war.

军容使杨复恭，克用所善也，亦极谏以为不可，昭宗然之，诏谕全忠等。 Army Commissioner Yang Fugong, Keyong’s ally, argued just as hard against the campaign. Zhaozong sided with him and sent edicts calming Quanzhong and his allies.

唐以京兆尹孙揆为昭义军节度使，克用遣李存孝执揆于长子，又遣康君立取潞州。 The court named Capital Magistrate Sun Kui military governor of Zhaoyi. Keyong had Li Cunxiao capture Kui at Changzi and Kang Junli recover Lu.

十一月，浚及克用战于阴地，浚军三战三败，浚、建遁归。 In the eleventh month Jun met Keyong at Yindi, lost three engagements in a row, and fled with Han Jian.

克用兵大掠晋、绛，至于河中，赤地千里。 Keyong’s soldiers ravaged Jin and Jiang all the way to Hezhong until the countryside was stripped bare for a thousand li.

克用上表自诉，其辞慢侮，天子为之引咎，优诏答之。 Keyong memorialized in his own defense with words both insolent and contemptuous. The emperor accepted blame and replied with a conciliatory edict.

二年二月，复拜克用河东节度使、陇西郡王，加检校太师兼中书令。 In the second month of the second year he was restored as military governor of Hedong and Prince of Longxi and promoted to honorary Grand Preceptor and chief councilor.

克用栅常山西，以十餘骑渡滹沱觇敌，遇大雨，平地水深数尺。 He camped west of Mount Chang and rode out with barely a dozen men to scout across the Hutuo. A downpour flooded the plain several feet deep.

镇人袭之，克用匿林中，祷其马曰：「吾世有太原者马不嘶。」 Zhenzhou troops closed in. Keyong took cover in a grove and whispered to his horse, “If our line is fated to hold Taiyuan, you will not whinny.”

李匡威救镕，克用还军邢州。 Li Kuangwei marched to relieve Rong, and Keyong pulled back to Xingzhou.

八月，李匡威攻云州，以牵克用之兵，克用潜入于云州，返出击匡威，匡威败走。 In the eighth month Li Kuangwei hit Yunzhou to pin Keyong down. Keyong stole into the city, wheeled out, and routed Kuangwei.

二年，存孝求援于王镕，克用出兵井陉击镕，且以书招镕，而急攻其平山，镕惧，遂与克用通和，献帛五十万匹，出兵助攻邢州。 The next year Cunxiao called on Wang Rong for help. Keyong drove through Jingxing against Rong, sent letters inviting him to yield, and hammered Pingshan until Rong, terrified, made peace, sent five hundred thousand bolts of silk, and joined the siege of Xingzhou.

二年，河中王重盈卒，其诸子珂、珙争立，克用请立珂，凤翔李茂贞、邠宁王行瑜、华州韩建请立珙。 In the second year Wang Chongying of Hezhong died and his sons Ke and Gong fought over the circuit. Keyong backed Ke; Li Maozhen of Fengxiang, Wang Xingyu of Binning, and Han Jian of Huazhou backed Gong.

昭宗初两难之，乃以宰相崔胤为河中节度使，既而许克用立珂。 Zhaozong hesitated, named Chief Councillor Cui Yin military governor of Hezhong, then yielded to Keyong and recognized Ke.

茂贞等怒，三镇兵犯京师，闻克用亦起兵，乃皆罢去。 Maozhen and his allies marched on Chang’an, then dispersed when word came that Keyong was mobilizing too.

六月，克用攻绛州，斩刺史王瑶。 In the sixth month Keyong took Jiangzhou and beheaded the prefect Wang Yao.

克用军留月余不进，昭宗遣延王戒丕、丹王允兄事克用，且告急。 Keyong camped for more than a month without advancing. Zhaozong sent the Prince of Yan, Jiepi, and the Prince of Dan, Yun, to treat him as an elder brother and plead for urgent aid.

八月，克用进军渭桥，以为邠宁四面行营都统。 In the eighth month he marched to Wei Bridge and was named supreme commander of the campaign against Binning.

十一月，克用击破邠州，王行瑜走至庆州，见杀。 In the eleventh month Keyong stormed Binzhou. Wang Xingyu fled to Qingzhou, was captured, and executed.

克用还军云阳，请击茂贞，昭宗慰劳克用，使与茂贞解仇以纾难，拜克用「忠正平难功臣」，封晋王。 Keyong withdrew to Yunyang and asked leave to attack Maozhen. Zhaozong praised him, brokered peace with Maozhen to end the emergency, granted him the title “Meritorious, Upright, and Pacifying in Hard Times,” and enfeoffed him Prince of Jin.

是时，晋军渭北，遇雨六十日，或劝克用入朝，克用未决，都押衙盖寓曰：「天子还自石门，寝未安席，若晋兵渡渭，人情岂复能安？ The Jin army was then camped north of the Wei, lashed by rain for sixty days. Some urged Keyong to go to court; he hesitated. His chief military adjutant Gai Yu said, “The emperor has only just come back from Shimen—he has not even had time to rest. If Jin troops cross the Wei, who in the capital will feel safe?

克用笑曰：「盖寓犹不信我，况天下乎！」 Keyong laughed. “If even Gai Yu doubts me, what hope is there with the rest of the empire!”

三年正月，昭宗复以张浚为相，克用曰：「此朱全忠之谋也。」 In the first month of the third year Zhaozong again named Zhang Jun chief councillor. Keyong said, “Quanzhong is behind this.”

朱全忠之攻兖、郓也，克用遣李存信假道魏州以救朱宣等。 While Quanzhong was attacking Yan and Yun, Keyong sent Li Cunxin through Weizhou to relieve Zhu Xuan and his allies.

克用自将击魏，战于洹水，亡其子落落。 Keyong took the field himself against Wei, fought on the Huan River, and lost his son Luoluo in the battle.

四年，刘仁恭叛晋，克用以兵五万击仁恭，战于安塞，克用大败。 In the fourth year Liu Rengong turned on Jin. Keyong marched on him with fifty thousand troops, met him at Anse, and suffered a crushing defeat.

克用遣周德威出青山口，遇从周于张公桥，德威大败。 Keyong sent Zhou Dewei out the Qing Mountain Pass. Congzhou caught him at Zhanggong Bridge and smashed his force.

克用大惧，谋出奔云州，又欲奔匈奴，未决，梁军大疫，解去，周德威复取汾、慈、隰三州。 Keyong was terrified, plotted flight to Yunzhou, then weighed throwing himself on the northern tribes—he could not choose. Plague broke out in the Liang camps; they lifted the siege, and Zhou Dewei won back Fen, Ci, and Xi.

克用以谓劫天子以迁都者梁也，天祐非唐号，不可称，乃仍称天复。 Keyong held that Liang had coerced the emperor into moving the capital, that Tianyou was no true Tang era, and refused to use it—he still dated events to Tianfu.

克用恨仁恭反覆，欲不许，其子存勖谏曰：「此吾复振之时也。 Keyong, bitter over Rengong’s betrayals, meant to refuse. His son Cunxu urged him: “This is when we can rally.

克用以为然，乃为燕出兵攻破潞州，梁围乃解去，以李嗣昭为潞州留后。 Keyong was persuaded, marched for Yan, stormed Luzhou, and broke the Liang siege. Li Sizhao was left to hold the city.

遣周德威救潞州，军于乱柳。 Keyong dispatched Zhou Dewei to relieve the city; Dewei camped at Luanliu.

冬，克用疾，是岁，梁灭唐，克用复称天祐四年。 That winter Keyong took to his bed. The same year Liang ended Tang; Keyong dated the year as Tianyou four.

五年正月辛卯，克用卒，年五十三。 On the xinmao day of the first month in the fifth year Keyong died, aged fifty-three.

子存勖立，葬克用于雁门。 His son Cunxu took the succession and buried Keyong at Yanmen.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Later Tang Annals 2: Zhuangzong 2 · 6 passages

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存勖，克用長子也。 Cunxu was the eldest son of Li Keyong.

初，克用破孟方立於邢州，還軍上黨，置酒三垂崗，伶人奏《百年歌》，至於衰老之際，聲甚悲，坐上皆淒愴。 Long before, after Keyong routed Meng Fangli at Xingzhou, he marched back to Shangdang and feasted at Triple Mound Ridge. Players sang the “Song of a Hundred Years”; at the lines on growing old the music turned so bleak that every guest at the table wept.

時存勖在側，方五歲，克用慨然捋須，指而笑曰：「吾行老矣，此奇兒也，後二十年，其能代我戰於此乎！」 Cunxu stood beside him, just five. Keyong sighed, tugged his beard, pointed at the boy, and said with a laugh: “I am old. Here is a wonder—will he stand in my stead on this field twenty years hence?”

存勖年十一，從克用破王行瑜，遣獻捷於京師，昭宗異其狀貌，賜以鸂鶒卮、翡翠盤，而撫其背曰：「兒有奇表，後當富貴，無忘予家。」 At eleven Cunxu rode with Keyong against Wang Xingyu and carried the victory dispatch to court. Emperor Zhaozong was struck by his bearing, gave him a mandarin-duck goblet and a jade dish, and patting his back said: “You have the look of greatness; fortune will find you—do not forget our house.”

二月，執而戕之，且以先王之喪、叔父之難告周德威，德威自亂柳還軍太原。 In the second month he arrested and executed Kening, then sent word to Zhou Dewei of his father’s death and his uncle’s revolt. Dewei broke camp at Luanliu and marched back to Taiyuan.

乃出兵趨上黨，行至三重崗，嘆曰：「此先王置酒處也！」 He marched for Shangdang. At Triple Mound Ridge he stopped and said: “Here my father once feasted!”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 8Volume 8 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu · 1 passage

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其後，晉王李克用起於雲、朔之間，臬捩雞以善騎射，常從晉王征伐有功，官至洺州刺史。 When Li Keyong, Prince of Jin, raised his banners in Yun and Shuo, Niezhji rode with him as a crack horse-archer, won repeated credit in the field, and rose to prefect of Ming.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Later Liang Biographies 2: Kang Huaiying, Liu Xun, Niu Cunjie, Zhang Guiba, Wang Zhongshi, Xu Huaiyu · 4 passages

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已而晉王李克用卒，莊宗召周德威還。 Then Li Keyong died and Zhuangzong called Zhou Dewei home.

莊宗謂德威曰：「晉之所以能敵梁，而彼所憚者，先王也。 Zhuangzong told Dewei: “Jin can stand against Liang only because they fear my father.

今聞吾王之喪，謂我新立，未能出兵，其意必怠，宜出其不意以擊之，非徒解圍，亦足以定霸也。」 Now they hear he is dead and think me too new to march. They will grow careless. Strike before they expect it—not only to break the siege but to settle the balance of power.”

晉人攻魏，歸霸從葛從周救魏，戰洹水，歸霸擒克用子落落以與魏人。 When Jin attacked Wei, Guiba followed Ge Congzhou to the relief; they fought at the Huan River, and Guiba captured Keyong's son Luoluo and gave him to the Wei garrison.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 35Volume 35 Biographies 15: Zhan Wenyu, Yang She, Zhang Ce, Zhao Guangfeng, Xue Yiju, Su Xun · 1 passage

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晉王李克用攻行瑜，策與婢肩輿其母東歸，行積雪中，行者憐之。 When the Prince of Jin Li Keyong attacked Xingyu, Ce with a maid carried his mother east in a sedan through deep snow; passersby pitied them.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Miscellaneous Biographies 21: Lu Guangchou, Tan Quanbo, Lei Man, Zhong Chuan, Zhao Kuangning · 2 passages

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太祖攻兗州，朱瑾求救於晉，晉遣史儼等將兵數千救瑾，瑾敗，與儼等奔於淮南。 When Zhu Wen attacked Yan Prefecture, Zhu Jin begged Jin for aid; Jin sent Shi Yan and others with several thousand troops to rescue Zhu Jin. Zhu Jin was defeated and fled with Yan and the rest to Huainan.

晉王李克用遣人以書幣假道於匡凝，以聘於楊行密，求歸儼等。 Li Keyong of Jin sent envoys with letters and gifts to ask passage through Kuangning’s lands and an audience with Yang Xingmi, seeking Yan and his men back.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Miscellaneous Biographies 23: Shi Shucong, Li Yanwei, Li Zhen, Pei Di, Wei Zhen, Kong Xun, Sun Dezhao, Wang Jingrao, Jiang Yin · 1 passage

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太祖下河中，取晉、絳，晉王遣使致書太祖求成，太祖以晉書詞嫚，乃遣叔琮與賀德倫等攻之。 The Founder marched on Hezhong and seized Jin and Jiang. Li Keyong sent envoys with a letter asking for peace. Zhu Wen read insolence in the wording and sent Shucong, He Delun, and others against him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Miscellaneous Biographies 25: Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian, Yuan Xiangxian, Zhu Hanbin, Duan Ning, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu, Lu Siduo · 1 passage

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初，全義為李罕之所敗，其弟全武及其家屬為晉兵所得，晉王給以田宅，待之甚厚，全義常陰遣人通問於太原。 When Hanzhi beat him once, his brother Quanwu and kin fell to Jin. Li Keyong gave them land and kept them well. Quanyi still sent quiet word to Taiyuan.