Li Maozhen (李茂貞) | 24 Histories

Overview

Li Maozhen was a warlord of Fengxiang.

Life and dates

Death

AD 924 同光二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 170

Attested activity

AD 908 天祐五年六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 89
AD 909 天祐六年秋七月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 93
AD 910 天祐七年秋七月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 99
AD 896 三年四月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 16
AD 914 to AD 915 乾化末
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 10
AD 895 乾寧二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 14

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AD 907 to AD 923 事李茂貞…後降於梁
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 73, passage 45
AD 895 二年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passages 89, 91, 95, 100
AD 901 冬十月，宦者韓全誨劫昭宗幸鳳翔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 164
AD 924 同光二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passages 11, 27
AD 903 唐天復三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 4
AD 880 to AD 907 唐末
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 73
AD 891 大順末
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passages 66-67
AD 902 天復二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 6
AD 901 天復元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 14
AD 901 天復元年冬
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 246
AD 901 to AD 904 天復初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passages 71, 74
AD 901 天復初後
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 171
AD 908 天祐五年九月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 13
AD 903 帝至自鳳翔
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 183, passage 114
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗世
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 54, passage 83
AD 901 昭宗反正
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 183, passage 196
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗時
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 96
AD 895 to AD 901 昭宗為李茂貞所迫
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 9
AD 888 to AD 894 昭宗立
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 113, passages 250, 252
AD 902 to AD 903 梁兵攻李茂貞於岐；李茂貞與梁和
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 6, 11
AD 901 to AD 907 梁兵西攻李茂貞
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 62
AD 907 to AD 915 知俊臣於李茂貞
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 15
AD 901 to AD 903 至鳳翔
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 183, passages 210, 212
AD 890 to AD 901 金州之役
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 130
AD 910 開平四年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 20, passages 62-63

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Kin of Li Jiyun (李繼筠)
clan nephew 族子 · paternal line
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 183, passage 196
Parent of Yan Gui (阎圭)
adopted son 假子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 95
Parent of Li Jizhen (李繼臻)
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 130
Parent of Dong Congshi (董從實)
adopted 所養 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 171
Parent of Sun Chenghui (孫承誨)
adopted 所養 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 171

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Fengxiang military commissioner 鳳翔節度使
AD 924 同光二年 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passages 27, 170
Military Commissioner of Fengxiang 鳳翔節度使
Held
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 113, passage 252
Military Governor of Fengxiang 鳳翔節度使
Held
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 54, passage 83
Prince of Qin 秦王
AD 924 同光二年 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passages 27, 81
King of Qi 岐王
AD 908 天祐五年九月 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 13
omitted from the amnesty edicts sent to the circuits 諸道皆賜詔，獨不及
Excluded
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 183, passage 114

Places and affiliations

Polity Fengxiang 鳳翔 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 73
Polity Qi 岐 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 152, 246
Polity Qi 岐 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 89-90, 99-100; Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passages 68, 75; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 13; New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 6
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 54, passage 83; New Book of Tang 183, passage 196
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 113, passage 252; New Book of Tang 183, passage 114; New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 89
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Warlord in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 14

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At Fengxiang 凤翔 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 89
At Fengxiang 鳳翔 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 14; Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passages 67, 71; New Book of Tang 183, passage 196
At Fengxiang 鳳翔 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 89, 99; New Book of Tang 54, passage 83; New Book of Tang 113, passage 252; New Book of Tang 183, passage 115

Events and relationships

Asked that Gong be installed
AD 895 二年 · Political · Advocate · With Wang Gong (王珙)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 89
Attacked by Liang
AD 902 to AD 903 梁兵攻李茂貞於岐 · Military · Defender · At Qi 岐
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 6
Attacked Changan with allies
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passages 89-90
Attacked Liang at Daan
AD 908 天祐五年九月 · Military · Commander · At Da'an 大安
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 13
Defeated Princes Yan and Tong
AD 896 三年四月 · Military · Commander · With Prince Yan (延王)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 16
Forged an edict calling troops
AD 901 天復元年 · Political · Forger · With Han Quanhui (韓全誨)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 14

Show 18 more source-backed claims

Held troops in readiness and requested court audience
Political · Military governor · With Zhaozong (昭宗) · Outcome Emperor abolished the restored monopoly
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 54, passage 83
Held walls
Military · Defender · At Fengxiang 鳳翔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 6
Left guard troops in capital
AD 901 昭宗反正 · Military · Commander of guard
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 183, passages 196, 208
Made peace with Liang
Diplomatic · Party
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 12
Made peace
AD 903 李茂貞與梁和 · Diplomatic · Ruler · With Taizu of Liang (太祖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 11
Marched on capital
AD 895 乾寧二年 · Military · Commander · With Han Jian (韓建)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 14
Reconciled feud with Keyong at Zhaozong order
AD 895 二年 · Political · Reconciled · With Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 100
Relieved siege
AD 891 大順末 · Military · Reliever · At Zizhou 梓州 · With Gu Yanhui (顧彥暉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passage 67
Secretly won over
Diplomatic · Instigator · With Gu Yanhui (顧彥暉)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passage 66
Seized emperor
AD 901 天復初 · Political · Captor · With Tang Emperor (天子) · At Fengxiang 鳳翔
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passage 71
Sent Fu Daozhao with more than ten thousand to hold Wugong
AD 901 天復元年冬 · Military · Commander · With Fu Daozhao (符道昭) · At Wugong 武功
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 246
Sent troops against Ling and Xia
Military · Ally
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 99
Still sends regular tribute
Diplomatic · Tributary
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 183, passage 116
Summoned to court
AD 901 昭宗反正 · Political · Summoned warlord · With Cui Yin (崔胤)
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 183, passage 196
Three circuits invaded capital then withdrew
AD 895 二年 · Military · Commander · With Li Keyong (李克用) · At Chang’an 京师
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 4, passage 91
Relation Patron of eunuchs · Person Han Quanhui (韓全誨)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 164
Relation Commander of · Person Fu Daozhao (符道昭)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 246
Relation Pressured · Person Zhaozong (昭宗)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 54, passage 83

Assessments and attributes

Assessment ordinary talent but long-established reputation; cannot match Lord Zhu in force yet can hold his borders · Mode speech Speaker Wang Jian (王建)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 136, passage 76

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 183, passages 114, 196; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 13; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 164

References in the histories

Search passages

History

53 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15 Book of Later Liang 15: Biographies 5: Han Jian, Li Hanzhi, Feng Xingxi, Sun Dezhao, Zhao Keyu, Zhang Shensi · 4 passages

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乾寧二年，建與鳳翔李茂貞、邠州王行瑜舉兵赴闕，迫昭宗請以王珙為河中帥，害大臣於都下。 In Qianning 2 Jian joined Li Maozhen of Fengxiang and Wang Xingyu of Binzhou in marching troops to the capital. They pressured Emperor Zhaozong to appoint Wang Gong military governor of Hezhong and killed senior ministers in the capital.

三年四月，昭宗遣延王、通王率禁兵討李茂貞，為茂貞所敗，車駕幸渭橋。 In the fourth month of year 3, Emperor Zhaozong sent the Princes of Yan and Tong at the head of the palace troops to attack Li Maozhen. Maozhen defeated them, and the emperor fled to Wei Bridge.

李茂貞遣養子繼臻竊據金州，行襲攻下之，因授金州防禦使。 He took Jin from Maozhen's adopted son Jizhen and became Jin commissioner.

及承誨至鳳翔，易名繼誨，從實改名彥弼，皆為李茂貞所養。 Chenghui changed his name to Jihui and Congshi to Yanbi; both were adopted by Li Maozhen.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 20Volume 20 Book of Later Liang 20: Biographies 10: Xie Tong, Si Maye, Liu Han, Wang Jinrao, Gao Shao, Ma Sixun, Zhang Cunjin, Kou Yanqing · 1 passage

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知俊縶捍歸於鳳翔，為李茂貞所害。 Zhijun sent Han bound to Fengxiang, where Li Maozhen put him to death.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Book of Later Liang 22: Biographies 12: Yang Shihou, Niu Cunjie, Wang Tan · 1 passage

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唐天復三年，從太祖迎昭宗於岐下，李茂貞以勁兵出戰，為師厚所敗。 In Tianfu 3 he joined the Founder in bringing Emperor Zhaozong back from Qi; Li Maozhen marched out with elite troops and Shihou routed him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 23Volume 23 Book of Later Liang 23: Biographies 13: Liu Xun, He Gui, Kang Huaiying, Wang Jingren · 2 passages

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李茂貞與內官韓全誨矯詔征天下兵入援，師範覽詔，慷慨泣下，遣心腹乘虛襲取太祖管內州郡。 Li Maozhen and eunuch Han Quanhui forged an edict calling up armies everywhere; Shifan wept when he read it and sent trusted agents to raid the Founder's holdings.

時李茂貞遣大將符道昭領兵萬餘屯武功以拒，太祖命諸軍擊之，以懷英為前鋒，領眾先登，一鼓而大破之，擄甲士六千餘人，奪馬二千匹。 Li Maozhen sent Fu Daozhao with more than ten thousand men to hold Wugong; the Founder ordered an attack and made Huaiying vanguard. He led the charge, broke the enemy at one stroke, captured more than six thousand armored men, and seized two thousand horses.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 27Volume 27 Book of Later Tang 3: Zhuangzong Annals 1 · 2 passages

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六月，鳳翔李茂貞、邠州楊崇本合四川王建之師五萬，以攻長安，遣使會兵於帝，帝遣張承業率師赴之。 In the sixth month Li Maozhen of Fengxiang and Yang Chongben of Bin with fifty thousand of Wang Jian's Shu attacked Chang'an and asked Cunxu to join; he sent Zhang Chengye.

天祐七年秋七月，鳳翔李茂貞、邠州楊崇本皆遣師來會兵，同討靈、夏。 In the seventh month of Tianyou 7 Li Maozhen of Fengxiang and Yang Chongben of Binzhou both sent armies to join for a strike on Ling and Xia.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 31Volume 31 Book of Later Tang 7: Zhuangzong Annals 5 · 6 passages

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庚戌，以涇原節度使、充秦王府諸道行軍司馬、開府儀同三司、檢校太尉、兼侍中李從嚴為檢校太尉、兼中書令，依前涇原軍節度使，充秦王府諸道行軍司馬。 On gengxu Li Congyan, military governor of Jingyuan, campaign marshal for all circuits of the Prince of Qin's household, Grand Preceptor of the Palace Gate, honorary Grand Commandant, and concurrently Palace Attendant, was made honorary Grand Commandant and concurrently Director of the Secretariat, while remaining military governor of Jingyuan and campaign marshal for all circuits of the Prince of Qin's household.

鳳翔節度使、秦王李茂貞上表，請行藩臣之禮，帝優報之。 Li Maozhen of Fengxiang asked to act as a feudatory prince; Cunxu answered graciously.

以開府儀同三司、守尚書令、秦王李茂貞依前封秦王，餘如故，仍賜不拜、不名。 Li Maozhen stayed Qin Prince with exemption from bowing and from naming his name.

〈（《五代會要》：太常禮院奏：「李茂貞封冊之命，宜準故襄州節度使趙匡凝之例施行。 (The 《Institutions of the Five Dynasties》 says the sacrifice office memorialized, "For Li Maozhen's enfeoffment patent, Zhao Kuangning's precedent should be followed.

秦王受冊，自備革輅一乘，載冊犢車一乘，並本品鹵簿鼓吹如儀。」 The Qin Prince receiving the patent should himself provide one leather carriage and one calf-cart bearing the patent, with full insignia and music as prescribed."

鳳翔節度使、秦王李茂貞薨。 Li Maozhen, Fengxiang commissioner and Prince of Qin, died.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 60Volume 60 Book of Later Tang 36: Biographies 12: Li Xiji, Wang Jian, Li Jingyi, Lu Rubi, Li Dexiu, Su Xun · 1 passage

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〈（《北夢瑣言》：唐末，鳳翔判官王超，推奉李茂貞，挾曹、馬之勢，箋奏文檄，恣意翱翔。 (Northern Dreams, Trivial Tales: Late in Tang, Fengxiang aide Wang Chao backed Li Maozhen and wielded power like Cao Cao and Sima Yi; his memorials and battle letters ranged freely wherever he chose.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 64Volume 64 Book of Later Tang 40: Biographies 16: Hou Yanwei, Wang Yanqiu, Dai Siyuan, Zhu Hanbin, Kong Qing, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu · 2 passages

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乾化末，邠州留後李保衡背李茂貞以城歸梁，梁以彥威為邠州節度使。 Late in Qianhua, Li Baoheng, regent of Bin, broke with Li Maozhen and surrendered the city to Liang, which appointed Yanwei military governor of Bin.

其年五月，茂貞遣將劉知俊率大軍攻之，彥威固守逾年，竟不能下； That May, Maozhen sent General Liu Zhijun with a large army to attack, but Yanwei held out for more than a year and the city could not be taken;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 73Volume 73 Book of Later Tang 49: Biographies 25: Mao Zhang, Nie Yu, Wen Tao, Duan Ning, Kong Qian, Li Ye · 1 passage

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少為盜，據華原，事李茂貞，名彥韜，後降於梁，更名昭圖。 As a youth he turned bandit, seized control of Huayuan, and entered Li Maozhen's service under the name Yan Tao. He later surrendered to the Liang and took the name Zhaotu.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 136Volume 136: Biographies of Usurpers 3: Wang Jian, Meng Zhixiang · 7 passages

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李茂貞乘其有間，密構彥暉，因與茂貞連盟，關征疆吏之間，與蜀人得失。 Li Maozhen seized the opening and secretly won Yanhui over. Yanhui allied with him, and at the passes and border posts their officials and Shu agents wrestled for advantage.

大順末，建出師攻梓州，彥暉求援於鳳翔，李茂貞出師援之，建即圍解，自是秦、川交惡者累年。 Late in the Dashun reign Wang Jian attacked Zizhou. Yanhui sought help from Fengxiang, and Li Maozhen marched to his relief, forcing Wang Jian to raise the siege. From then on Qin and Shu were enemies for years.

天復初，李茂貞、韓全誨劫遷車駕在鳳翔，梁祖攻圍歷年。 Early in the Tianfu reign Li Maozhen and Han Quanhui seized the emperor and held him at Fengxiang. The Liang founder besieged them for years.

建外修好於汴，指茂貞罪狀，又陰與茂貞間使往來，且言堅壁勿和，許以出師赴援，因分命諸軍攻取興元。 Outwardly Wang Jian courted Bian while denouncing Li Maozhen's crimes. In secret he exchanged envoys with Maozhen, urging him to hold firm and refuse peace while promising relief, even as he ordered his armies to seize Xingyuan.

比及梁祖解圍，茂貞山南諸州皆為建所有，自置守將。 By the time the Liang founder lifted the siege, all of Maozhen's Shannan prefectures belonged to Wang Jian, who appointed his own garrison commanders.

及茂貞垂翅，天子遷雒陽，建復攻茂貞之秦、隴等州，茂貞削弱不能守。 When Maozhen's power collapsed and the emperor moved to Luoyang, Wang Jian again attacked his Qinzhou, Longzhou, and other holdings. Maozhen was too weak to defend them.

茂貞雖常才，然名望宿素，與朱公力爭不足，守境有餘。 Maozhen is only a man of ordinary talent, but his name is old and weighty. He cannot match Lord Zhu in force, yet he has more than enough to hold his borders.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 54Volume 54 Treatises 50: Finance and Economics 3 · 1 passage

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昭宗世，以用度不足，易京畿近鎮麴法，復榷酒以贍軍，鳳翔節度使李茂貞方顓其利，按兵請入奏利害，天子遽罷之。 Under Zhaozong, the cash-strapped court altered yeast regulations near the capital and restored the wine monopoly to fund the army. Fengxiang Military Governor Li Maozhen, who had controlled the profits, held his troops in readiness and requested an audience to argue the policy's merits. The emperor immediately canceled it.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 113Volume 113 Biographies 38: Tang, Zhang, Xu · 1 passage

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俄代李茂貞為鳳翔節度使，不得入，還為御史大夫。 He soon replaced Li Maozhen as military commissioner of Fengxiang but could not take up the post and returned as grand master of the censorate.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 183Volume 183 Biographies 108: Bi, Cui, Liu, Lu, Zheng, Zhu, Han · 5 passages

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帝至自鳳翔，大赦天下，諸道皆賜詔，獨不及李茂貞。 When the emperor returned from Fengxiang, he proclaimed a general amnesty for the empire. Every circuit received an edict except Li Maozhen.

胤聞，召鳳翔李茂貞入朝，使留族子繼筠宿衛。 When Yin heard of this, he summoned Li Maozhen of Fengxiang to court and had Maozhen's clansman Li Jiyun remain behind as an inner guard.

初以衛兵檢中人，今敕使、衛兵為一，臣竊寒心，願詔茂貞還其衛軍。 At first the guard troops were used to keep watch over the inner attendants. Now the edict-envoys and the guards have become one body, and I am privately filled with dread. I beg that an edict be issued ordering Maozhen to withdraw his guard troops.

及胤召朱全忠討全誨，汴兵將至，偓勸胤督茂貞還衛卒。 When Yin summoned Zhu Quanzhong to attack Quanhui and the Bian armies were about to arrive, Wo urged Yin to press Maozhen to withdraw his guard troops.

若茂貞不如詔，即許全忠入朝。 and if Maozhen did not obey the edict, then Quanzhong should be permitted to enter the capital.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 4Volume 4 Later Tang Annals 1: Zhuangzong 1 · 4 passages

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二年，河中王重盈卒，其诸子珂、珙争立，克用请立珂，凤翔李茂贞、邠宁王行瑜、华州韩建请立珙。 In the second year Wang Chongying of Hezhong died and his sons Ke and Gong fought over the circuit. Keyong backed Ke; Li Maozhen of Fengxiang, Wang Xingyu of Binning, and Han Jian of Huazhou backed Gong.

茂贞等怒，三镇兵犯京师，闻克用亦起兵，乃皆罢去。 Maozhen and his allies marched on Chang’an, then dispersed when word came that Keyong was mobilizing too.

谋奉天子幸邠州，茂贞假子阎圭亦谋劫幸凤翔，京师大乱，昭宗出居于石门。 Court factions schemed to move the emperor to Binzhou while Maozhen’s adopted son Yan Gui plotted to drag him to Fengxiang. Chang’an erupted in chaos and Zhaozong retreated to Shimen.

克用还军云阳，请击茂贞，昭宗慰劳克用，使与茂贞解仇以纾难，拜克用「忠正平难功臣」，封晋王。 Keyong withdrew to Yunyang and asked leave to attack Maozhen. Zhaozong praised him, brokered peace with Maozhen to end the emergency, granted him the title “Meritorious, Upright, and Pacifying in Hard Times,” and enfeoffed him Prince of Jin.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Later Tang Annals 2: Zhuangzong 2 · 1 passage

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九月，蜀王王建、岐王李茂貞及楊崇本攻梁大安，晉亦遣周德威攻其晉州，敗梁軍於神山。 In the ninth month Wang Jian of Shu, Li Maozhen of Qi, and Yang Chongben struck Liang at Da’an. Jin sent Zhou Dewei against Jinzhou and beat Liang at Spirit Mountain.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Later Liang Biographies 2: Kang Huaiying, Liu Xun, Niu Cunjie, Zhang Guiba, Wang Zhongshi, Xu Huaiyu · 2 passages

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梁兵攻李茂貞於岐，以懷英為先鋒，至武功，擊殺岐兵萬餘人，太祖喜曰：「邑名武功，真武功也。」 When Liang attacked Li Maozhen at Qi, Huaiying led the vanguard. At Wugong he killed more than ten thousand Qi troops. Taizu was delighted: “The place is called Wugong—and true martial deeds were done there!”

李茂貞與梁和，昭宗還京師，賜懷英「迎鑾毅勇功臣」。 Li Maozhen made peace with Liang; Zhaozong returned to Chang’an; Huaiying was titled "Meritorious Brave of Welcoming the Chariot."

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 35Volume 35 Biographies 15: Zhan Wenyu, Yang She, Zhang Ce, Zhao Guangfeng, Xue Yiju, Su Xun · 1 passage

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昭宗時，王行瑜、李茂貞兵犯京師，昭宗殺讓能於臨臯以自解。 Under Zhaozong, Wang Xingyu and Li Maozhen attacked the capital; Zhaozong killed Rangneng at Linhao to excuse himself.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 38Volume 38 Biographies 18: Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan · 1 passage

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及昭宗為李茂貞所迫，將出奔太原，乃先遣承業使晉以道意，因以為河東監軍。 When Zhaozong, harried by Li Maozhen, prepared to escape to Taiyuan, he sent Chengye ahead to Jin with his message and appointed him Hedong army supervisor.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Miscellaneous Biographies 23: Shi Shucong, Li Yanwei, Li Zhen, Pei Di, Wei Zhen, Kong Xun, Sun Dezhao, Wang Jingrao, Jiang Yin · 1 passage

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是時，崔胤方欲誅唐宦官，外交梁以為恃，而宦官亦倚李茂貞為扞蔽，梁、岐交爭。 Cui Yin was plotting to kill the Tang eunuchs and courted Liang for backing, while the eunuchs leaned on Li Maozhen of Qi. Liang and Qi were at odds.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 6 passages

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知俊遂叛，臣於李茂貞，以兵攻雍、華，執劉捍送於鳳翔。 Zhijun rebelled, submitted to Li Maozhen, struck Yong and Hua, seized Liu Han, and sent him to Fengxiang.

太祖遣劉鄩、牛存節攻知俊，知俊遂奔於茂貞，茂貞地狹，無以處之，使之西攻靈武。 Zhu Wen sent Liu Yun and Niu Cunjie against him. Zhijun fled to Maozhen, whose lands were too narrow to hold him; Maozhen sent him west against Lingwu.

韓遜告急，太祖遣康懷英、寇彥卿等攻邠寧以牽之。 Han Xun cried for help. The Founder sent Kang Huaiying, Kou Yanqing, and others against Bin and Ning to tie Maozhen down.

茂貞大喜，以知俊為涇州節度使，使攻興元，取興、鳳，圍西縣。 Maozhen rejoiced, made Zhijun governor of Jing, and sent him against Xingyuan. He took Xing and Feng and besieged Xi county.

已而茂貞左右忌知俊功，以事間之，茂貞奪其軍。 Soon men at Maozhen’s ear envied Zhijun’s fame and whispered against him; Maozhen took his army away.

知俊乃奔於蜀，王建以為武信軍節度使，使返攻茂貞，取秦、鳳、階、成四州。 Zhijun fled to Shu. Wang Jian made him governor of Wuxin and sent him back against Maozhen; he took Qin, Feng, Jie, and Cheng.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Miscellaneous Biographies 25: Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian, Yuan Xiangxian, Zhu Hanbin, Duan Ning, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu, Lu Siduo · 1 passage

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梁兵西攻李茂貞，太祖往來過陜，友謙奉事尤謹，因請曰：「仆本無功，而富貴至此，元帥之力也。 Liang marched west on Li Maozhen; the Founder passed through Shaan again and again. Youqian waited on him like a shadow and said: “I had no merit. Everything I am, Marshal, is your doing.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 69Volume 69: Hereditary House of Nanping · 2 passages

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天復二年，梁兵攻鳳翔，李茂貞堅壁不出，太祖議欲收軍還河中，季興獨進曰：「天下豪傑窺此舉者一歲矣，今岐人已憊，破在旦夕，而大王之所慮者，閉壁以老我師，此可以誘致之也。」 In the second year of Tianfu, Liang forces besieged Fengxiang while Li Maozhen held the walls and refused to give battle. The Founding Emperor considered withdrawing to Hezhong, but Jixing alone stepped forward and said, "For a year the empire's strongmen have watched this campaign. The Qi forces are worn out now and will fall any day. What worries you, my lord, is their strategy of shutting the gates to exhaust our army—that is something we can lure them out of."

茂貞後與梁和，昭宗出，贈景官，謚曰忠壯。 Maozhen later made peace with Liang. When Emperor Zhaozong was released, he granted Jing a posthumous office and the posthumous title Loyal and Stalwart.