Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)

Overview

Zhu Youqian was a Military Governor and Prince.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Li Jilin	李繼麟	Li Jilin
Changed name	Jilin	繼麟	Jilin
Courtesy name	Deguang	德光	Deguang

Life and dates

Death

AD 926 四年正月…是月二十三日
Execution · At outside Hui'an Gate 徽安門外 · Authority Zhuangzong (莊宗) · Agent Person Id Zhu Shouyin (朱守殷)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 209
AD 925 自誅郭崇韜、朱友謙之後
Cause Execution · Authority Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 122
Executed · At Hui’an Gate 徽安門 · Authority Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 85
AD 926 同光四年
Clan extermination
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 127
AD 926 同光四年正月庚辰
Executed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 174
AD 926 同光四年正月庚辰
Execution
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20

Show 4 more source-backed claims

Clan extermination
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passages 75-76
Executed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 132
Execution for treason
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 29
Killed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 49

Attested activity

AD 912 其年八月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 169, 174-175
AD 921 天祐十八年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 179
AD 924 唐同光二年二月…冀王李繼麟
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passages 47, 50
AD 920 貞明六年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 31, 44
AD 903 to AD 907 Founder era Shanzhou
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 52
AD 925 三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 191-193

Show 57 more source-backed claims

AD 907 to AD 923 依河中
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 133
AD 907 to AD 912 俱為太祖養子
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 134
AD 898 to AD 900 光化元年至三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 152, 155
AD 920 六年六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 104, 107
AD 920 to AD 923 其後，友謙叛梁降晉
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 84
AD 913 其後朱友謙叛附於晉
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 30
AD 914 十一年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 154
AD 920 十七年六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 76
AD 926 友謙見族
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 136
AD 924 同光二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 79
AD 923 同光元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 186-189
AD 926 同光四年，郭崇韜、朱友謙皆已見殺
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 49
AD 926 同光四年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 29
AD 926 同光四年正月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 122
AD 926 同光四年正月丁亥
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 29-30, 32
AD 926 同光四年正月庚辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20
AD 926 同光四年正月庚辰
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 174, 177
AD 926 同光四年正月癸亥
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 11
AD 925 唐兵伐蜀
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 75
AD 926 四年正月，繼麟入覲
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 205, 208-209
AD 907 壬午
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passages 95, 103
AD 901 to AD 904 天復末
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 158, 163
AD 926 天成元年五月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 61
AD 912 天祐九年八月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 23
AD 920 天祐十七年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 178-179, 185; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 57
AD 921 天祐十八年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 175
AD 921 天祐十八年三月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 61
AD 907 太祖即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 65
AD 912 太祖遇弒，友珪立
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 66
AD 925 密詔令史彥瓊殺朱友謙之子
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 51
AD 880 to AD 881 廣明之亂
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 148
AD 909 开平三年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 66
AD 910 to AD 918 從李嗣昭援朱友謙
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 86
AD 926 明宗即位…昭雪
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 221
AD 924 明年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 72
AD 911 明年會猗氏
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 46
AD 912 朱友珪弑逆
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 166-168
AD 926 朱友謙又見殺
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 81
AD 920 朱友謙叛，陷同州
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 90
AD 913 朱友謙叛附於晉
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 128
AD 912 朱友謙附於晉，以襲鄜州，執懷玉殺之
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 204
AD 907 梁太祖已即位
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 83
AD 913 梁末帝嗣位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 176-177
AD 907 梁祖即位於汴
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 234
AD 907 梁祖建號
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 165
c. AD 912 河中朱友謙為中書令
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 13, passage 179
AD 926 班師時
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 132
AD 925 自誅郭崇韜、朱友謙之後
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 122
AD 923 to AD 926 莊宗入洛
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 74
AD 925 to AD 926 莊宗季年…求賂於繼麟
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 194-195
AD 923 莊宗將即位於魏州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 235
AD 923 莊宗滅梁入洛
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 71
AD 920 贞明六年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 61
AD 923 郊禮畢
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 190
AD 926 郭崇韜見殺
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 76
AD 925 郭崇韜討巴、蜀…繼麟令其子令德
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 198
AD 925 to AD 926 隔歲乃族誅
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 220

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Child of Liang Founder (梁祖)
own son 己子 · Adoptive parentage · AD 901 to AD 904 編入屬籍
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 163
Descendant of Zhu Yan (朱岩)
grandfather 祖 · paternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 147
Child of Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
adopted son 子 · Adoptive parentage
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 64, 134
Sibling of Zhu Hanbin (朱漢賓)
elder brother by adoption 兄 · Adoptive siblings
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 134
Child of Zhu Cong (朱琮)
father 父
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 147
Kin of Liang Founder (梁祖)
grace exceeding father and son 恩逾父子 · Claimed parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 167
Kin of Liu Xun (劉鄩)
marriage kin 婚家
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 107
Kin of Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Prince of Ji 冀王
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 52
Parent of Jianhui (建徽)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 82
Parent of Lingxi (令錫)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 210
Parent of Zhu Lingde (朱令德)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 43; Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 178, 192, 198; New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 133; Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 29; New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 73
Parent of Zhu Lingxi (朱令錫)
son 子
Sources vary in certainty · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 181, 192; New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 73
Parent of Jianhui (建徽)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 212
Parent of Lingde (令德)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 104
Parent of Jianhui (建徽)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 51
Spouse of Lady Zhang (張氏)
wife 妻
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 87
Spouse of Lady Zhang (張氏)
wife 妻
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 215

entire clan exterminated
Kinship Role clan · Count 0 · Negated false
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 127
clan exterminated
Kinship Role clan · Count 0
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 174
Kinship Role kin · 骨肉 receive returned estates (unnamed kin collective; count not stated) · Count 0
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 61
AD 926 百口塗地
Kinship Role household-members · Count 100
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 217
Kinship Role clan members executed · Count 100
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 88
Kinship Role household · Count 200 · clan exterminated
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 137

Show 9 more source-backed claims

Kinship Role household · Count 200 · two hundred of his kin put to death
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 34
Kinship Role commands held by one family · Count 3
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 193
Kinship Role generals · Count 5 · five or six generals exterminated with him
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 76
AD 926 友謙妻張氏率其家屬二百餘口
Kinship Role family-members · Quantity more than two hundred
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 215
AD 926 命夏魯奇誅其族於河中
Kinship Role clan-members · Quantity whole clan
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 214, 225
Kinship Role clan members · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20
Kinship Role sons serving as prefects · Quantity six or seven
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 193
Kinship Role sons · Quantity Lingxi and others
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 181
Kinship Role sons · Quantity more than ten including officers as prefects
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 73

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

granted the imperial surname and enrolled in the imperial clan register
AD 925 三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 191
same clan as Liang Founder 與梁祖同宗
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 161

Career and standing

military governor and princely vassal 節度使、王
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 165, 193
commissioner for planning revenue and monopoly salt of the Anyi and Jie county pools 制置度支安邑、解縣兩池榷鹽使
AD 924 兼充制置度支安邑、解縣兩池榷鹽使 · Appointed concurrently
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50
successor to Li Fan at Shaan 代璠
Appointed · Authority Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 61
Palace Attendant 侍中
Appointed · Authority Yougui (友珪)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 66
acting governor of Shanzhou 陝州留後
AD 900 光化三年 · Appointed · At Shanzhou 陝州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 155
military governor of Hua Prefecture 滑州節度使
AD 926 同光四年正月庚辰 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20

Show 49 more source-backed claims

military governor of Huazhou 滑州節度使
AD 926 四年正月…是月二十三日 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 208
Guardian Grand Commandant 守太尉
AD 920 天祐十七年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 185
acting Grand Preceptor and Director of the Secretariat 守太師、尚書令
AD 924 明年 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 72
Acting Grand Commandant 檢校太尉
AD 907 梁祖建號 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 165
military governor of Hezhong 河中節度使
AD 907 梁祖建號 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 165
Minister of the Central Secretariat 中書令
AD 907 梁祖建號 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 165
Guardian Grand Preceptor 守太師
AD 923 郊禮畢 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 190
Minister of the Imperial Secretariat 尚書令
AD 923 郊禮畢 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 190
eastern Tongzhou campaign commander 同州东面行营招讨使
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 66
Grand Councilor / Director of the Imperial Secretariat 中書令
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 65
Secretariat Director 中書令
Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 13, passage 179
Tongzhou military commissioner 同州節度使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 31, 44
Grand Councilor 平章事
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 157
Hezhong military commissioner 河中節度使
AD 924 同光二年 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 31, passage 79
military governor of the Huguo Army at Hezhong 河中護國軍節度使
AD 926 同光四年正月庚辰 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 174
military governor of the Baoyi Army 保義軍節度使
AD 907 壬午 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passages 95, 103
military governor of Hezhong 河中節度使
AD 921 天祐十八年三月 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 61
military commissioner of Hezhong 河中節度使
AD 924 河中節度使冀王李繼麟 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50
acting Grand Mentor 守太師
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20
concurrent Director of the Secretariat 兼尚書令
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20
garrison officer of Shaan 陜州軍校
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 59
late Wanzhou registrar 故萬州司戶
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 61
military governor of Hezhong 河中節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 11, 20; New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 61
Held
Labels Huguo Army deputy military commissioner and acting commissioner 河中護國軍節度副大使、知節度事, commissioner for Revenue and Jie county salt ponds 製置度支解縣池場等使, acting Grand Preceptor 守太保, Secretariat Director 兼中書令
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 31
military governor with banner and axe 旄鉞
AD 900 光化三年九月 · Invested
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 156
Huguo military commissioner, Grand Preceptor, Director of Secretariat, Hedong/Hezhong prefect 護國軍節度使、守太師、兼尚書令、河中尹
Posthumously restored
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 61
Acting Palace Attendant 檢校侍中
AD 901 to AD 904 天復末 · Promoted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 160
army / regimental commander 軍校
Reached
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 150
Secretariat Director 中書令
Refused
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 13, passage 180
military governor of Hezhong 徙鎮河中
AD 907 太祖即位 · Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 65
military governor of Yicheng 義成軍節度使
Transferred
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 85
fief of 18,000 households 食邑萬八千戶
AD 923 郊禮畢 · Increased
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 190
imperial surname grant and clan enrollment 賜姓編入屬籍
AD 925 三年 · Received
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 191
Prince of Xiping 西平王
AD 920 天祐十七年 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 185
Prince of Ji 冀王
AD 907 梁祖建號 · Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 165
Prince of Ji 冀王
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 65
Prince of Ji 冀王
AD 924 冀王李繼麟 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50
Prince Ji 冀王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 122
Prince of Ji 冀王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 31; Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 52; New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 66
Prince of Western Pacification 西平王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 29
Prince of Xiping 西平王
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20
Prince of Xiping 西平王
Posthumously restored
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 61
Submitted
AD 913 梁末帝嗣位 · Vassal
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 177
Suffered
AD 926 郭崇韜既誅 · Framed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 197, 200
Bandit · At between Shihao and Sanxiang 石壕、三鄉之間
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 149
iron certificate exempting capital punishment 鐵券恕死罪
AD 925 三年 · Granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 191
posthumous rehabilitation 昭雪
AD 926 明宗即位 · Received · Authority Emperor Mingzong (明宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 221
clan extermination 族誅
AD 926 四年正月…是月二十三日 · Suffered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 214, 220, 225
Suffered
Clan extermination
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20

Places and affiliations

AD 907 壬午
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 103
AD 912 朱友謙附於晉
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Defected to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 204
Jin 晉
Relation Surrendered to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 74
Liang 梁
Relation Served
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 74
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Allied with
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 174, 183
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Joined
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 30

Show 34 more source-backed claims

Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Served
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 57, 61
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Submitted to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 67
Polity Jin 晉 · Relation Surrendered to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 23
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 104, 107; Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 165, 177
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Again submitted to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 23
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Rebelled against
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 23
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 153, 163; New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 60
Polity Later Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 71
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 11, 29, 51; Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 186, 191
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 122; Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 195
Polity Liang 梁 · Relation Rebelled against
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 30
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 148, 156
At Xu Prefecture 許州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 57
At Xuzhou (Xu Prefecture) 許州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 146
AD 912 其年八月
At Yishi 猗氏 · Relation Met at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 174
AD 923 同光元年
At Jiangzhou 絳州 · Relation Jurisdiction granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 188
AD 923 同光元年
At Jie County salt pools 解縣兩池 · Relation Tax rights granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 189
AD 923 同光元年
At Luoyang 洛陽 · Relation Visited
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 186
AD 926 四年正月…是月二十三日
At Huazhou 滑州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 208
AD 926 四年正月…是月二十三日
At Hui'an Gate 徽安門 · Relation Died at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 209
AD 926 四年正月
At capital 京師 · Relation Traveled to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 201, 205
AD 912 天祐九年八月
At Hezhong 河中 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 23
AD 920 天祐十七年
At Tongzhou 同州 · Relation Captured
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 178
AD 907 梁祖建號
At Hezhong 河中 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 165
AD 925 to AD 926 隔歲乃族誅
At Xiaoyao Tower 逍遙樓 · Relation Visited
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 220
At Anyi 安邑 · Relation Administered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50
At Chen and Xu 陳、許 · Relation Ancestral service area
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 147
At Hezhong 河中 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 234
At Hezhong 河中 · Relation Based in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 104; Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 179
At Hezhong 河中 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 195-196, 198; Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50; New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 65
At Jie county 解縣 · Relation Administered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50
At Mianchi 澠池 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 58
At Shaan 陜州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 59
Organization Liang imperial clan register 屬籍 · Relation Enrolled in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 163

Works and attributed material

Speech · Speaker · Addressee staff · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 167
Speech · Speaker · With Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 62-63
Speech · Speaker · With Liang Founder (梁祖) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 161-162
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 183-184
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 196, 204
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 82

Events and relationships

Allied at Yishi
AD 914 十一年 · Diplomatic · Ally · With Li Cunzhang (李存璋)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 154
Asked to be adopted
Political · Speaker · With Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 62-63
Attacked
AD 899 光化二年後 · Military · Attacker · With Li Fan (李璠)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 154
Came to court
AD 926 同光四年正月癸亥 · Court audience · Visitor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 11
Came to court
Political · Courtier · At Luoyang 洛
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 71
Captured and killed
AD 912 以襲鄜州，執懷玉殺之 · Military · Attacker · With Xu Huaiyu (徐懷玉) · At Fu Prefecture 鄜州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 204

Show 61 more source-backed claims

Clan exterminated
Legal · Victim
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 136
went over to Jin 附於晉
Political · Actor · Defected
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 67
Drove out
Military · Attacker · With Li Fan (李璠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 61
Executed
Political · Victim · At Hui’an Gate 徽安門
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 85
Framed for collusion with Guo Chongtao
AD 926 郭崇韜既誅 · Political · Accused
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 200
Had audience
AD 923 同光元年 · Court · Audience seeker · At Luoyang 洛陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 186
Heard unexplained wailing from Xiaoyao Tower
AD 925 to AD 926 隔歲乃族誅 · Omen · Witness
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 220
Joined Jin and besieged
AD 913 朱友謙叛附於晉; 友謙卒不能下 · Military · Rebel · At Tongzhou 同州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 128-129
Killed
Political · Assassin · With Wang Gong (王珙)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 60
Led request that Cunxu take the throne
AD 921 天祐十八年三月 · Political · Petitioner · With Cunxu (存勖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 61
Left home district
AD 880 to AD 881 廣明之亂 · Migration · Agent
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 148
Met and renewed alliance
AD 912 其年八月 · Diplomatic · Participant · With Zhuangzong (莊宗) · At Yishi 猗氏
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 174
Met
Diplomatic · Met · With Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗) · At Yishi 猗氏
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 50, passage 46
Ordered to draw up salt monopoly regulations
AD 924 便可制，一一條貫 · Administrative · Appointee
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50
Presented court robes
AD 907 壬午 · Tribute · Presenter · Quantity Count: 200 · Item: sets of official robes 百官衣
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 103
Presented hundred sets of regalia
AD 901 to AD 904 昭宗駐陝 · Ritual · Donor · With Zhaozong (昭宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 159
Pressed for bribes by regional lords
AD 925 to AD 926 莊宗季年 · Political · Target
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 195-196
Raided Tongzhou killed governor defected to Jin
AD 920 贞明六年 · Military · Attacker · With Cheng Quanhui (程全晖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 61
Raided Tongzhou
AD 920 天祐十七年 · Military · Commander · At Tongzhou 同州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 57
Rebelled before the appointment edict arrived and sought aid from Jin
Rebellion · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 44
Rebelled and joined
AD 913 朱友謙叛附於晉 · Military · Rebel
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 30
Rebelled surrendered then double dealt
AD 912 天祐九年八月 · Political · Actor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 23
Refused lavish gifts pleading Hezhong poverty
AD 925 to AD 926 莊宗季年 · Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 196
Refused to submit
Diplomatic · Addressee · With Liu Xun (劉鄩) · At Shanzhou 陝州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 107
Refused usurper orders
AD 912 朱友珪弑逆 · Political · Resister · With Yougui (友珪)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 167-168
Requested aid
AD 912 其年八月 · Military · Supplicant · With Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 169
Requested Ci Xi restoration refused Jiangzhou granted
AD 923 同光元年 · Political · Petitioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 188
Requested command seal
Political · Petitioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 104
Requested investiture refused by Liang
AD 920 天祐十七年 · Political · Petitioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 178
Residence surrounded and executed
AD 926 同光四年正月庚辰 · Political · Victim · With Zhu Shouyin (朱守殷)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20
Robbed travelers
Banditry · Bandit
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 149
Robbed travelers
Criminal · Bandit · At Shihao and Sanxiang 石濠、三鄉
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 58
Secured Shanzhou
Military · Commander · At Shanzhou 陝府
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 52
Seized Tongzhou and caused Cheng Quanhui to flee
Military · Warlord · With Cheng Quanhui (程全晖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 42
Seized and executed after Huazhou appointment
AD 926 四年正月…是月二十三日 · Political · Victim
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 208-209
Seized Tongzhou
AD 920 天祐十七年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 178
Seized
AD 920 朱友謙叛，陷同州 · Military · Rebel · At Tongzhou 同州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 90
Seized
Military · Attacker · At Tongzhou 同州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 104
Sent an urgent appeal; Sizhao and Li Cunshen went to his aid
AD 920 十七年六月 · Diplomatic · Petitioner · With Li Sizhao (李嗣昭), Li Cunshen (李存審)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 76
Sent son Lingde with troops for Shu campaign
AD 925 郭崇韜討巴、蜀 · Military · Commander who dispatched · With Zhu Lingde (朱令德)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 198
Sent son on campaign
Military · Sender · With Zhu Lingde (朱令德)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 75
Sent Xun to mobile headquarters
AD 923 莊宗將即位於魏州 · Personnel · Sender · With Su Xun (蘇循) · At Weizhou 魏州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 235
Served wholeheartedly and won victories
Military political · Supporter · With Liang Founder (梁祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 164
Sought aid
AD 921 天祐十八年 · Military · Appellant · With Li Cunxian (李存賢)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 179
Welcomed and attended emperor
Escort · Attendant · With Zhaozong (昭宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 160
Went to capital to plead in person
AD 926 四年正月 · Political · Petitioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 201, 205
Won Jie County salt monopoly rights
AD 923 同光元年 · Political · Petitioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 189
AD 912 其年八月
Relation Rival of · Person Yougui (友珪)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 166-168
AD 912 其年八月
Relation Allied with · Person Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 174, 183
Relation Old friend of · Person Li Siyuan (李嗣源)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 122
Relation Subordinate of · Person Bai Kui (柏夔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 148
Relation Conspired with · Person Li Fan (李璠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 60
Relation Subordinate of · Person Wang Gong (王珙)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 150
Relation Commander of · Person Yang Shitai (楊師太)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 30
Relation Patron of · Person Su Xun (蘇循)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 234; New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 83
Relation Commander of · Person Lai Ren (來仁)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 30
Relation Commander of · Person Wang Jing (王景)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 30
Relation Commander of · Person Bai Fengguo (白奉國)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 30
Relation Commander of · Person Shi Wu (史武)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 30; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 177
Relation Commander of · Person Xue Jingrong (薛敬容)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 30
Relation Commander of · Person Zhou Tangyin (周唐殷)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 30

Assessments and attributes

Assessment clan extermination was cruel calamity; spirits punish excess · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 225
Assessment completed Zhuangzong's great enterprise · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 187
Assessment favor unmatched in his age · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 193
Assessment man of true nobility · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 175
Assessment shifted allegiance as strategy; inconstant; no pure/loyal minister · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 224
Assessment the realm thought his death unjust · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 91

Show 5 more source-backed claims

short arms
Physical description · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 175
short arms
Physical description
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 70
AD 925 三年
Item iron certificate 鐵券 · Relation Bestowed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 191
AD 926 四年正月…是月二十三日
Item iron certificate 鐵券 · Relation Bestowed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 216
Item iron death-pardon certificate 鐵券 · Relation Bestowed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 72

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 103; Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 104; Old History of the Five Dynasties 34, passages 11, 29, 51, 122; Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 146, 166, 195; Old History of the Five Dynasties 146, passage 50; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 23, 57, 174; New History of the Five Dynasties 37, passage 74
fell asleep snoring drunk in the tent while Zhuangzong observed him
AD 912 其年八月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 175
five or six subordinate officers also received prefectural appointments
AD 925 三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 193
observed the Liang reign calendar while submitting as vassal
AD 913 梁末帝嗣位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 177
Court parasites resented him and fabricated charges
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 197
Premonitory omen of splendid spirit-women entering Hezhong yamen before clan slaughter
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 218-219

Show 6 more source-backed claims

Regional lords sought bribes from him; he could not satisfy demands because Hezhong was poor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 195-196
From Jian 簡 · To Youqian 友謙 · Authority Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 64
To Li Jilin 李繼麟 · Authority Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 71
AD 901 to AD 904 編入屬籍時
From Jian 簡 · To Youqian 友謙 · By Person Id Liang Founder (梁祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 146, 163
AD 925 三年
From Youqian 友謙 · To Jilin 繼麟
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 191
To Zhu Youqian 朱友謙 · surname and name restored after execution
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 85

References in the histories

Search passages

History

128 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 3Volume 3 Book of Later Liang 3: Taizu Annals 3 · 1 passage

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壬午，保義軍節度使朱友謙進百官衣二百副。 On renwu Zhu Youqian of the Baoyi Army offered two hundred sets of court robes.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Book of Later Liang 10: Later Emperors Annals 3 · 4 passages

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己酉，以河中護國軍節度副大使、知節度事、製置度支解縣池場等使、開府儀同三司、守太保、兼中書令、冀王友謙依前守太保、兼中書令，兼同州節度使，餘如故。 On jiyou Prince of Ji Zhu Youqian kept his Grand Preceptor and Secretariat Director titles and added Tongzhou military commissioner, retaining his other commissions.

先是，河中朱友謙襲陷同州，節度使程全暉單騎奔京師。 Zhu Youqian of Hedong had seized Tongzhou and Cheng Quanhui, its commissioner, rode alone to the capital.

友謙以其子令德為同州留後，表求節旄，不允； Youqian installed his son Lingde as acting commissioner and asked for the seal; the court refused;

既而帝慮友謙怨望，遂命兼鎮同州，製命將下而友謙已叛，遣使求援於晉，故命將討之。 Fearing resentment, the Emperor then named Youqian concurrent commissioner of Tong—but before the edict arrived Youqian rebelled and sought Jin’s aid, and punitive armies were dispatched.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 23Volume 23 Book of Later Liang 23: Biographies 13: Liu Xun, He Gui, Kang Huaiying, Wang Jingren · 2 passages

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先是，河中朱友謙襲取同州，以其子令德為留後，表請旄鉞，末帝怒，命鄩討之。 Zhu Youqian of Hezhong had seized Tongzhou, installed his son Lingde as regent, and asked for a full commission; the Last Emperor ordered Xun against him.

先是，鄩與河中朱友謙為婚家，及王師西討，行次陝州，鄩遣使齎檄與友謙，諭以禍福大計，誘令歸國，友謙不從，如是停留月餘。 Xun was related by marriage to Zhu Youqian; on the western campaign he halted at Shanzhou and sent a proclamation urging Youqian to submit; Youqian refused, and Xun lingered there more than a month.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 24Volume 24 Book of Later Liang 24: Biographies 14: Li Ting, Lu Ceng, Sun Zhi, Zhang Jun, Zhang Yan, Du Xunhe, Luo Yin, Chou Yin, Duan Shen · 1 passage

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冀王友謙初定陝府，命曾往議事，有使院小將從行，嗜酒，荒逸過度。 When Prince of Ji Youqian first secured Shanzhou he sent Ceng to negotiate; a minor officer of the envoy bureau went with him, a drunkard and utterly dissolute.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 31Volume 31 Book of Later Tang 7: Zhuangzong Annals 5 · 1 passage

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己卯，以河中節度使、冀王李繼麟兼安邑、解縣兩池榷鹽使。 On jimao Li Jilin of Hezhong was made salt commissioner for Anyi and Jie.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 34Volume 34 Book of Later Tang 10: Zhuangzong Annals 8 · 7 passages

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癸亥，河中節度使李繼麟來朝。 On guihai Li Jilin, military governor of Hezhong, presented himself at court.

是日，以河中節度使、守太師、兼尚書令、西平王李繼麟為滑州節度使，尋令朱守殷以兵圍其第，誅之，夷其族。 That day Li Jilin, military governor of Hezhong, acting Grand Mentor, concurrently Director of the Secretariat, and Prince of Xiping, was made military governor of Hua Prefecture. Soon Zhu Shouyin was ordered to surround his residence with troops, execute him, and exterminate his clan.

丁亥，詔朱友謙同惡人史武等七人，已當國法，並籍沒家產。 On dinghai an edict confiscated the estates of Zhu Youqian's seven accomplices, including Shi Wu, already executed.

武等友謙舊將，時皆為刺史，並以無罪族誅。 Wu and the others had been Youqian's generals and serving prefects, yet were killed with their clans though innocent.

〈（《歐陽史》，丁亥，殺李繼麟之將史武、薛敬容、周唐殷、楊師太、王景、來仁、白奉國。）〉 (The 《Ouyang History》 dates dinghai: Shi Wu, Xue Jingrong, Zhou Tangyin, Yang Shitai, Wang Jing, Lai Ren, and Bai Fengguo, Li Jilin's generals, were executed.)〉

先是，有密詔令史彥瓊殺朱友謙之子澶州刺史建徽。 A secret edict had ordered Shi Yanqiong to kill Zhu Youqian's son Jianhui, prefect of Chan.

帝素寬大容納，無疑於物，自誅郭崇韜、朱友謙之後，閹宦伶官交相讒諂，邦國大事皆聽其謀，繇是漸多猜惑，不欲大臣典兵，既聞奏議，乃曰：「予恃嗣源侍衛，卿當擇其次者。」 Cunxu had always been broad and trusting; after Guo Chongtao and Zhu Youqian were killed, eunuchs and actors slandered one another and state affairs went through them—he grew suspicious and would not let great ministers command armies; hearing this he said, "I rely on Siyuan for my guard—choose someone else."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 36Volume 36 Book of Later Tang 12: Mingzong Annals 2 · 1 passage

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故萬州司戶朱友謙可復護國軍節度使、守太師、兼尚書令、河中尹、西平王，所有田宅財產，並還與骨肉。」 Zhu Youqian, late Wan registrar, was restored as Huguo commissioner, grand preceptor, Heyang prefect, and Prince of Xiping, with estates returned to his kin."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 50Volume 50 Book of Later Tang 26: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 1 passage

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明年，從莊宗會朱友謙於猗氏，改教練使，與存審援河中，敗汴軍於胡壁堡，獲將龐讓。 The following year he accompanied Emperor Zhuangzong to meet Zhu Youqian at Yishi and was made training commissioner. With Cunshen he marched to relieve Hezhong, defeated the Liang army at Hubi Fort, and captured the general Pang Rang.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 52Volume 52 Book of Later Tang 28: Biographies 4: Li Sizhao, Pei Yue, Li Siben, Li Si'en · 1 passage

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是月，汴將劉鄩攻同州，朱友謙告急，嗣昭與李存審援之。 That same month the Bian general Liu Xun attacked Tong Prefecture. Zhu Youqian sent an urgent appeal, and Sizhao went to his aid with Li Cunshen.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 53Volume 53 Book of Later Tang 29: Biographies 5: Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian · 2 passages

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十一年，從盟硃友謙於猗氏，授汾州刺史。 In the eleventh year he joined the alliance with Zhu Youqian at Yishi and was given Fen Prefecture.

十八年，河中硃友謙來求援，命存賢率師赴之。 In the eighteenth year Zhu Youqian of Hezhong sought aid, and Cunxian was ordered to march to his relief.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 60Volume 60 Book of Later Tang 36: Biographies 12: Li Xiji, Wang Jian, Li Jingyi, Lu Rubi, Li Dexiu, Su Xun · 2 passages

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循、楷既失所望，懼以前過獲罪，乃退歸河中依朱友謙。 Xun and Kai, disappointed in their hopes, feared punishment for past faults and withdrew to Hezhong to serve Zhu Youqian.

莊宗將即位於魏州，時百官多缺，乃求訪本朝衣冠，友謙令赴行台。 As Zhuangzong prepared to take the throne at Weizhou, many offices stood empty; he sought men of the old Tang gentry, and Youqian sent Xun to the mobile headquarters.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 63Volume 63 Book of Later Tang 39: Biographies 15: Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian · 38 passages

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朱友謙，字德光，許州人，本名簡。 Zhu Youqian, courtesy name Deguang, came from Xuzhou; he was originally named Jian.

廣明之亂，簡去鄉里，事澠池鎮將柏夔為部隸。 During the Guangming upheaval he left home and joined the Mianchi garrison commander Bai Kui as a company man.

璠亦苛慘，軍情不葉，簡復攻璠，璠冒刃獲免，逃歸於汴。 Fan proved cruel as well and lost the army's loyalty; Jian attacked him again; Fan barely escaped the blades and fled to Bian.

三年，梁祖表簡為陝州留後。 In the third year the Liang Founder appointed Jian acting governor of Shanzhou.

車駕在鳳翔，梁祖往來，簡事之益謹，奏授平章事。 While the court was at Fengxiang and the Liang Founder shuttled back and forth, Jian served him with growing devotion and was recommended for Grand Councilor.

時朝士經亂，簪裳不備，簡獻上百副，請給百官，朝容稍備。 Courtiers still lacked proper dress after the wars; Jian presented a hundred sets of regalia for the officials, and the court's appearance was partly restored.

簡與梁祖同宗，乃陳情於梁祖曰：「仆位崇將相，比無勳勞，皆元帥令公生成之造也。 Sharing the Zhu clan, Jian appealed to the Founder, saying, "I stand among the highest ministers yet have earned no merit; all I am I owe to Your Excellency's grace.

梁祖深賞其心，乃名之為友謙，編入屬籍，待遇同於己子。 The Founder was deeply moved, renamed him Youqian, enrolled him in the imperial clan, and treated him like his own son.

友謙亦盡心葉讚，功烈居多。 Youqian in turn served him wholeheartedly and won many victories.

梁祖建號，移授河中節度使、檢校太尉，累拜中書令，封冀王。 When the Liang Founder took the throne, he was made military governor of Hezhong and Acting Grand Commandant, later Minister of the Central Secretariat and Prince of Ji.

及朱友珪弑逆，友謙意不懌，雖勉奉偽命，中懷怏怏。 When Zhu Yougui murdered his father, Youqian was displeased; though he outwardly obeyed the usurper, inwardly he seethed.

友珪征之，友謙辭以北面侵軼，謂賓友曰：「友珪是先帝假子，敢行大逆，餘位列維城，恩逾父子，論功校德，何讓伊人，詎以平生附托之恩，屈身於逆豎之手！」 When Yougui marched against him, Youqian pleaded northern incursions and told his staff, "Yougui is only the late emperor's adopted son yet dares regicide; I rank among the empire's bulwarks and have been honored beyond father and son—in merit and virtue I yield to no one. Shall lifelong trust make me bow to a usurper?"

其年八月，友珪遣大將牛存節、康懷英、韓攻之，友謙乞師於莊宗。 That eighth month Yougui sent Niu Cunjie, Kang Huaiying, and Han against him; Youqian appealed to Zhuangzong for aid.

因與友謙會於猗氏，友謙盛陳感慨，願敦盟約，莊宗歡甚。 He then met Youqian at Yishi; Youqian poured out his feelings and asked for a firm alliance, and Zhuangzong was delighted.

友謙乘醉鼾寢於帳中，莊宗熟視之，謂左右曰：「冀王真貴人也，但恨其臂短耳。」 Youqian fell asleep snoring in his tent; Zhuangzong studied him and said to his attendants, "The Prince of Ji is a man of true nobility—only pity his arms are short."

友謙亦遜辭稱藩，行其正朔。 Youqian in turn submitted as a vassal and observed the Liang calendar.

天祐十七年，友謙襲取同州，以其子令德為帥，請節鉞於梁，不獲。 In 920 Youqian seized Tongzhou, installed his son Lingde as commander, and asked the Liang for formal investiture but was refused.

友謙即請之於莊宗，令幕客王正言以節旄賜之，梁將劉鄩、尹皓攻同州，友謙來告急，莊宗遣李嗣昭、李存審將兵赴之，敗汴軍於滑北，解圍而還。 He then asked Zhuangzong, who had his aide Wang Zhengyan grant the commission; when Liang generals Liu Yan and Yin Hao besieged Tongzhou, Youqian appealed for help; Zhuangzong sent Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen, who defeated the Bian army north of Huazhou and lifted the siege.

友謙諸子令錫等亦說其父曰：「晉王雖推心於我，然懸兵赴援，急維相應，寧我負人，擇福宜重。 Youqian's sons, including Lingxi, also urged him, "The Prince of Jin may trust us, but his army is far away and the crisis is near—better to wrong a friend than miss our chance; choose the stronger side.

友謙曰：「晉王親赴予急，夜半秉燭戰賊，麵為盟誓，不負初心。 Youqian replied, "The Prince of Jin came in person to my aid, fought the enemy by candlelight at midnight, and swore face to face—I will not betray that bond.

及破梁軍，加守太尉、西平王。 After the Liang army was defeated, he was made Guardian Grand Commandant and Prince of Xiping.

同光元年，莊宗滅梁，友謙覲於洛陽。 In 923, when Zhuangzong destroyed the Liang, Youqian had an audience in Luoyang.

莊宗置宴饗勞，寵錫無算，親酌觴屬友謙曰：「成吾大業者，公之力也。」 Zhuangzong feasted and rewarded him beyond measure, poured his own cup, and said, "My great enterprise was your doing."

及郊禮畢，以友謙為守太師、尚書令，進食邑至萬八千戶。 After the suburban sacrifices he was made Guardian Grand Preceptor and Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, with a fief increased to eighteen thousand households.

三年，賜姓，名繼麟，編入屬籍，賜之鐵券，恕死罪。 In the third year he received the imperial surname, was renamed Jilin, enrolled in the clan register, and granted an iron certificate exempting him from capital punishment.

時方面諸侯皆行賂遺，或求賂於繼麟，雖僶俛應奉，不滿其請。 Regional lords all sent bribes; some demanded them from Jilin, and though he strained to comply, he could not meet their demands.

郭崇韜討巴、蜀，征師於河中，繼麟令其子令德率師赴之。 When Guo Chongtao campaigned in Ba and Shu he called on Hezhong for troops, and Jilin sent his son Lingde at the head of the army.

伶官景進與其黨構曰：「昨王師初起，繼麟以為討己，頗有拒命之意，若不除移，如國家有急，必為後患。」 The actor Jing Jin and his clique plotted, saying, "When the imperial army first marched, Jilin thought it was aimed at him and nearly refused the order; unless he is removed, he will be a danger in any crisis."

郭崇韜既誅，宦官愈盛，遂構成其罪，謂莊宗曰：「崇韜強項於蜀，蓋與河中響應。」 After Guo Chongtao was killed the eunuchs grew bolder still and framed Jilin, telling Zhuangzong, "Chongtao's defiance in Shu was surely coordinated with Hezhong."

繼麟聞之懼，將赴京師，麵訴其事。 Hearing this, Jilin was afraid and set out for the capital to plead his case in person.

其部將曰：「王有大功於國，密邇京城，群小流言，何足介意。 His officers said, "Your Highness has rendered great service to the state and dwells near the capital; the gossip of petty men is not worth heeding.

繼麟曰：「郭公功倍於我，尚為人構陷，吾若得麵天顏，自陳肝膈，則流言者獲罪矣。」 Jilin replied, "Lord Guo's merit doubled mine, yet he was still destroyed by plotters; if I can face the emperor and lay my heart bare, the slanderers will be punished."

四年正月，繼麟入覲。 In the first month of year 4 he went to court.

景進謂莊宗曰：「河中人有告變者，言繼麟與崇韜謀叛，聞崇韜死，又與李存乂構鬆逆，當斷不斷，禍不旋踵。」 Jing Jin told Zhuangzong, "Someone from Hezhong reports that Jilin plotted rebellion with Chongtao and, after Chongtao's death, conspired with Li Cunyi; hesitation now will bring disaster at once."

是月二十三日，授繼麟滑州節度使。 On the twenty-third of that month he was appointed military governor of Huazhou.

〈（吳縝《篡誤》云：《史彥瓊傳》，友謙有子建徽被殺。 (According to Wu Zhen's Compendium of Errors (Zuanwu), the Biography of Shi Yanqiong records that Youqian's son Jianhui was killed,

又繼麟登逍遙樓，聞哭聲四合，詰日訊之，巷無喪者，隔歲乃族誅。 Jilin also climbed the Xiaoyao Tower and heard wailing on every side; he inquired the next day but found no mourning in the lanes; a year later his whole clan was slaughtered.

友謙向背為謀，二三其德，考其行事，亦匪純臣。 Youqian shifted allegiance as strategy demanded and was inconstant in loyalty; judged by his conduct, he too was no loyal minister.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 64Volume 64 Book of Later Tang 40: Biographies 16: Hou Yanwei, Wang Yanqiu, Dai Siyuan, Zhu Hanbin, Kong Qing, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu · 4 passages

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同光四年正月，冀王朱友謙入朝，明宗居洛陽，以友謙故人，置酒於第。 In the first month of the fourth year of Tongguang, Prince Ji Zhu Youqian came to court; Emperor Mingzong was in Luoyang and, as an old friend of Youqian, held a banquet at his residence.

莊宗諸弟在席，友謙坐在永王存霸之上。 Emperor Zhuangzong's younger brothers were present; Youqian was seated above Prince Yong Cunba.

酒酣，漢賓以大觴奉友謙曰：「公雖名位高，坐於皇弟之上，非宜也。 As the wine flowed, Hanbin raised a great cup to Youqian and said, "Sir, though your rank is high, it is not fitting to sit above the emperor's brothers.

不數日，友謙赤族。 Within days Youqian's entire clan was exterminated.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 1 passage

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文寶初，依河中朱友謙為從事。 Early in his career Wenbao served on the staff of Zhu Youqian in Hezhong.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 74Volume 74 Book of Later Tang 50: Biographies 126: Kang Yanxiao, Zhu Shouyin, Yang Li, Dou Tingwan, Zhang Qianzhao, Yang Yanwen · 4 passages

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二月癸巳，中軍次武連，中使詔至，諭以西平王朱友謙有罪伏誅，命繼岌殺其子遂州節度使令德，延孝大驚。 On the guisi day of the second month the main force reached Wulian. An imperial messenger arrived with an edict: Zhu Youqian, Prince of Western Pacification, had been executed for treason, and Siji was ordered to kill his son Lingde, military governor of Suizhou. Yanxiao was stunned.

若以背偽歸國，犄角而成霸業，即西平王之功第一。 If merit lay in abandoning a false master for the true dynasty and helping from two sides to build the empire, then the Prince of Western Pacification deserved first place.

西平與郭公皆以無罪赤族，歸朝之後，次當及我矣！」 The Prince of Western Pacification and Lord Guo were both wiped out though guilty of nothing. Once we are back at court, my turn will come next!"

時延孝部下皆鄜、延、河中舊將，焦武等知西平王被禍，兼誅令德，號哭軍門，訴於延孝曰：「西平無罪，二百口伏誅，河中舊將，無不從坐，某等必死矣！」 Yanxiao's officers were mostly veterans from Fu, Yan, and Hezhong. When Jiao Wu and the others learned of the Prince of Western Pacification's fate and Lingde's impending execution, they wept at the camp gate and pleaded with Yanxiao, "The Prince was innocent, yet two hundred of his kin were slaughtered. Every old officer from Hezhong will be implicated. We are as good as dead!"

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 146Volume 146: Treatises 8 Finance and Economics · 1 passage

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宜令河中節度使冀王李繼麟兼充制置度支安邑、解縣兩池榷鹽使，便可制，一一條貫。」 Li Jilin, Prince of Ji and military commissioner of Hezhong, is appointed concurrently to plan revenue and oversee the monopoly salt offices at the Anyi and Jie county pools; he shall draw up detailed regulations at once.'

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 2Volume 2 Later Liang Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 1 passage

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乙卯，冀王朱友谦为同州东面行营招讨使。 On the day yimao Zhu Youqian, Prince of Ji, was named commander of the eastern campaign against Tongzhou.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 3Volume 3 Later Liang Annals 3: Later Emperors · 1 passage

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河中節度使朱友謙襲同州，殺其節度使程全暉，叛附于晉，泰寧軍節度使劉鄩討之。 Zhu Youqian of Hezhong raided Tongzhou, killed its military governor Cheng Quanhui, and defected to Jin; Liu Xun of Taining marched against him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Later Tang Annals 2: Zhuangzong 2 · 5 passages

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八月，朱友謙以河中叛於梁來降，梁遣康懷英討友謙，友謙復臣於梁，而亦陰附於晉。 In the eighth month Zhu Youqian of Hezhong broke with Liang and surrendered to Jin. Liang sent Kang Huaiying against him; Youqian bowed again to Liang while secretly leaning on Jin.

十七年，朱友謙襲同州，梁遣劉鄩擊友謙，李存審敗梁軍於同州。 In the seventeenth year Zhu Youqian struck Tongzhou. Liang sent Liu Yan against him; Li Cunshen crushed Liang at Tongzhou.

三月，河中節度使朱友謙、昭義軍節度使李嗣昭、橫海軍節度使李存審、義武軍節度使王處直、安國軍節度使李嗣源、鎮州兵馬留後張文禮、領天平軍節度使閻寶，大同軍節度使李存璋、振武軍節度使李存進、匡國軍節度使朱令德，請王即皇帝位，王三辭，友謙等三請，王曰：「予當思之。」 In the third month Zhu Youqian of Hezhong, Li Sizhao of Zhaoyi, Li Cunshen of Henghai, Wang Chuzhi of Yiwu, Li Siyuan of Anguo, Zhang Wenli acting at Zhenzhou, Yan Bao holding Tianping, Li Cunzhang of Datong, Li Cunjin of Zhenwu, and Zhu Lingde of Kuangguo begged the king to take the throne. He refused thrice; they pressed thrice; he said, “I will think on it.”

庚辰，殺其弟睦王存乂及河中護國軍節度使李繼麟，滅其族。 On gengchen, his younger brother Cunyi, Prince Mu, and Li Jilin, military governor of the Huguo Army at Hezhong, were executed and their families wiped out.

丁亥，殺李繼麟之將史武、薛敬容、周唐殷、楊師太、王景、來仁、白奉國，皆滅其族。 On dinghai, Li Jilin’s officers Shi Wu, Xue Jingrong, Zhou Tangyin, Yang Shitai, Wang Jing, Lai Ren, and Bai Fengguo were put to death and their families wiped out.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 13Volume 13: The Later Liang Imperial Family · 2 passages

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乾化二年六月既望，友珪於柩前即皇帝位，拜韓忠武軍節度使，以末帝為汴州留後，河中朱友謙為中書令。 On the full moon of the sixth month of Qianhua 2, Yougui was enthroned before the bier; Han became military governor of Zhongwu, the Last Emperor was left as acting governor of Bian, and Zhu Youqian of Hezhong was named Secretariat Director.

友謙不受命。 Youqian refused the post.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Later Liang Biographies 2: Kang Huaiying, Liu Xun, Niu Cunjie, Zhang Guiba, Wang Zhongshi, Xu Huaiyu · 6 passages

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其後朱友謙叛附於晉，以懷英討之，與晉人戰白徑嶺，懷英又大敗。 When Zhu Youqian rebelled and went over to Jin, Huaiying was sent against him, met the Jin at Baijing Ridge, and lost again.

朱友謙叛，陷同州，末帝以鄩為河東道招討使，行次陜州，鄩為書以招友謙，友謙不報，留月余待之。 When Zhu Youqian rebelled and seized Tongzhou, the Last Emperor sent Xun as Hedong-route pacification commissioner. At Shaan he wrote to win Youqian over; Youqian never answered, and Xun waited more than a month.

尹皓、段凝等素惡鄩，乃譖之，以為鄩與友謙親家，故其逗留以養賊。 Yin Hao, Duan Ning, and others had long hated him; they whispered that Xun and Youqian were kin by marriage and that he was stalling to feed the rebellion.

友珪立，朱友謙叛附於晉，西連鳳翔，存節東西受敵。 When Yougui seized the throne, Zhu Youqian defected to Jin and tied west to Fengxiang; Cunjie was squeezed from both directions.

同州水咸而無井，知俊叛梁，以渴不能守而走，故友謙與岐兵合圍持久，欲以渴疲之，存節禱而擇地鑿井八十，水皆甘可食，友謙卒不能下。 Tongzhou’s water was brackish and there were no wells; Zhijun had fled Liang because thirst broke him—so Youqian and the Qi army settled in for a long siege to starve them of water; Cunjie prayed, chose ground, and sunk eighty wells—all sweet; Youqian never took the city.

太祖崩，友珪自立，朱友謙附於晉，以襲鄜州，執懷玉殺之。 When Taizu died and Yougui seized the throne, Zhu Youqian went over to Jin and struck Fu Prefecture, captured Huaiyu, and killed him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 35Volume 35 Biographies 15: Zhan Wenyu, Yang She, Zhang Ce, Zhao Guangfeng, Xue Yiju, Su Xun · 2 passages

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於是父子皆勒歸田里，乃依朱友謙於河中。 Both were forced home and relied on Zhu Youqian at Hezhong.

其後，友謙叛梁降晉，晉王將即帝位，求唐故臣在者，以備百官之闕，友謙遣循至魏州。 Later Youqian rebelled to Jin; the Prince of Jin sought Tang ministers to fill office; Youqian sent Xun to Weizhou.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 36Volume 36 Biographies of Righteous Sons 16: Li Sizhao, Li Siben, Li Si'en, Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian · 3 passages

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從李嗣昭援朱友謙於河中，與梁兵力戰，槊中其口，戰不已。 He followed Sizhao to relieve Zhu Youqian at Hezhong, fought Liang head-on, took a spear through the mouth, and kept fighting.

天祐十八年，梁兵攻朱友謙於河中，莊宗遣存賢援友謙。 In Tianyou 18 (921) Liang besieged Zhu Youqian at Hezhong; Zhuangzong sent Cunxian to his aid.

是時，友謙新叛梁歸晉，而河中食少，人心多貳，諜者因謂存賢曰：「河中人欲殺子以歸梁，宜亟去。」 Youqian had only just left Liang for Jin; Hezhong was short of grain and loyalty wavered; a spy warned Cunxian: “They will kill you and go back to Liang—flee now.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 37Volume 37 Biographies 17: · 5 passages

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朱友謙，以梁河中降晉者，及莊宗入洛，伶人皆求賂於友謙，友謙不能給而辭焉。 Zhu Youqian, who had brought Hezhong over from Liang, was shaken down by every actor when Zhuangzong reached Luoyang; he could not pay and refused.

進乃讒友謙曰：「崇韜且誅，友謙不自安，必反，宜幷誅之。」 Jin accused him: “With Chongtao gone, Youqian is uneasy—he will rebel. Kill him too.”

於是及其將五六人皆族滅之，天下不勝其冤。 Youqian and five or six of his commanders were wiped out to the last cousin; the empire groaned at the wrong.

已而朱友謙又見殺。 Then Zhu Youqian was killed as well.

友謙子建徽為澶州刺史，有詔彦瓊使殺之，彦瓊秘其事，夜半馳出城。 Youqian’s son Jianhui governed Chanzhou; orders came for Yanqiong to kill him; Yanqiong hid the command and fled the city at midnight.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 4 passages

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繼岌班師，命延孝以萬二千人為殿，行至武連，聞朱友謙無罪見殺。 Jiji marched east and left Yanxiao twelve thousand men as rearguard. At Wulian came word that Zhu Youqian, though innocent, had been put to death.

友謙有子令德在遂州，莊宗遣使者詔繼岌即誅之。 Youqian’s son Lingde was at Suizhou. Zhuangzong sent orders for Jiji to kill him on the spot.

而友謙與我俱背梁以歸唐者，友謙之禍次及我矣！」 Youqian and I both fled Liang for Tang. His slaughter comes for me next!”

延孝部下皆友謙舊將，知友謙被族，皆號哭訴於軍門曰：「朱公無罪，二百口被誅，舊將往往從死，我等死必矣！」 Yanxiao’s men were Youqian’s old captains. Learning the clan was wiped out, they wailed at the gate: “Zhu was innocent—two hundred lives—and his veterans died with him. We are next!”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Miscellaneous Biographies 25: Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian, Yuan Xiangxian, Zhu Hanbin, Duan Ning, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu, Lu Siduo · 28 passages

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是時，郭崇韜、朱友謙皆已見殺，明宗自鎮州來朝，處之私第，莊宗疑之，不欲遣也。 Guo Chongtao and Zhu Youqian were already dead. Mingzong came from Zhenzhou and was kept in a private house. Zhuangzong mistrusted him and would not send him out.

朱友謙 Zhu Youqian

朱友謙，字德光，許州人也。 Zhu Youqian, styled Deguang, came from Xu Prefecture.

初名簡，以卒隸澠池鎮，有罪亡去，為盜石濠、三鄉之間，商旅行路皆苦之。 First he was Jian—a soldier at Mianchi, then a fugitive. He robbed between Shihao and Sanxiang until every merchant on the road feared him.

陜州節度使王珙，為人嚴酷，與其弟珂爭河中，戰敗，其牙將李璠與友謙謀，共殺珙，附於梁，太祖表璠代珙。 Wang Gong of Shaan was cruel; he and his brother Ke fought for Hezhong and lost. His yamen officer Li Fan and Youqian killed Gong and came to Liang. Zhu Wen named Fan to replace him.

璠立，友謙復以兵攻之，璠得逃去，梁太祖又表友謙代璠。 Fan took the seat; Youqian attacked again. Fan ran. Zhu Wen put Youqian in his place.

梁兵西攻李茂貞，太祖往來過陜，友謙奉事尤謹，因請曰：「仆本無功，而富貴至此，元帥之力也。 Liang marched west on Li Maozhen; the Founder passed through Shaan again and again. Youqian waited on him like a shadow and said: “I had no merit. Everything I am, Marshal, is your doing.

且幸同姓，願更名以齒諸子。」 We even share the Zhu name—I beg a new name to stand among your sons.”

太祖益憐之，乃更其名友謙，錄以為子。 Zhu Wen’s heart softened; he renamed him Youqian and took him as a son.

太祖即位，徙鎮河中，累遷中書令，封冀王。 At the founding he was moved to Hezhong, rose to Grand Councilor, and was made Prince of Ji.

太祖遇弒，友珪立，加友謙侍中，友謙雖受命，而心常不平。 Zhu Wen was murdered; Yougui seized the throne and made Youqian Palace Attendant. He took the seal but never made peace with it.