Liu Xun (劉鄩) | 24 Histories

Overview

Liu Xun was a Military Governor and Pacification Commissioner.

Life and dates

Death

AD 920 其年九月
Forced to drink poison · Authority Zhang Quanyi (張全義) · At Luoyang 洛
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 109
AD 921 龍德元年五月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 118
AD 921 罷鄩歸洛陽，冘殺之，年六十四
Secretly executed · At Luoyang 洛陽
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 92
AD 900 to AD 926 鄩卒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 18

Age

64
Reckoning Sui · Point death
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 110
64
AD 921 年六十四 · Reckoning Sui
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 92

Attested activity

AD 919 貞明五年冬十月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 156
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
AD 917 貞明三年二月甲申
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 1, 6
AD 919 貞明五年三月癸未
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 139-140
AD 921 龍德元年五月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 118
AD 920 貞明六年六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 41

Show 81 more source-backed claims

AD 906 天祐三年正月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 48
AD 903 天復三年十一月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 34
AD 916 十三年二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 18-19
AD 905 天祐二年二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 47
AD 909 三年二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 51
AD 909 五月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 52
AD 915 貞明元年春
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 56
AD 913 乾化三年正月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 232
AD 912
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 10
AD 915 after the Zhenming 1 Wei mutiny
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 130
AD 909 三年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 24
AD 917 三年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 95-97
AD 915 三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 57
AD 914 九月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 54-55
AD 917 九月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 98-99
AD 915 乾化五年夏中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 113, 117
AD 914 乾化四年冬
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 113-114
AD 916 二年三月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 93-94
AD 919 五年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 100
AD 898 光化初
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 11
AD 918 兗州張萬進反，拜鄩兗州安撫制置使
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 88
AD 915 八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 64, 68, 72-73, 79, 83, 90
AD 920 六年六月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 103-104
AD 915 六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 59-63
AD 920 其年九月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 105-110
AD 909 其年夏
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 225-229
AD 909 劉知俊叛，陷長安，太祖遣鄩與牛存節討之
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 60
AD 915 to AD 917 劉鄩失律
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 53
AD 915 to AD 918 劉鄩攻太原
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 89
AD 919 十一月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 102
AD 920 十七年六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 76
AD 916 十三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 89
AD 915 十二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passages 164, 180-182
AD 891 命鄩斬之座上，因使鄩攻張蟾，破之
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 36
AD 881 to AD 885 唐中和中
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 5
AD 910 四年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 230
AD 901 天復元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 13, 15
AD 901 天復年間
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 16, passage 201
AD 920 天祐十七年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passages 179-180, 182; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 57
AD 916 天祐十三年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 81
AD 916 天祐十三年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 36-37
AD 915 天祐十二年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 17
AD 915 天祐十二年七月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 33
AD 915 天祐十二年八月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 34
AD 907 太祖即位，累遷左龍武統軍
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 59
AD 907 太祖受禪
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 190
AD 917 失河朔 / lost Hebei
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 140
AD 889 少事青州王敬武。敬武卒，子師範立。
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 33-34
AD 903 師範敗，降梁，鄩乃亦降
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 53
AD 912 庶人友珪篡位
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 231
AD 915 to AD 916 從征劉鄩
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 61, passage 159
AD 907 to AD 912 攻知俊
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 21
AD 914 旋屬晉人寇河朔
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 235
AD 917 明年，河朔皆入於晉，降鄩亳州團練使
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 87
AD 917 明年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 23-25
AD 914 明年夏
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 234
AD 919 是冬
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 101
AD 913 未帝即位
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 233
AD 915 to AD 916 末帝以書責鄩；莊宗在魏
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 67, 78
AD 913 末帝即位，領鎮南軍節度使，為開封尹
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 61
AD 920 朱友謙叛，末帝以鄩為河東道招討使
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 90
AD 901 to AD 903 梁太祖西攻鳳翔；從水竇襲破兗州
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 38, 41
AD 900 to AD 926 梁故將劉鄩
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passages 18-19
AD 917 梁貞明三年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 20
AD 915 to AD 921 梁貞明中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 182
AD 915 楊師厚卒；莊宗入魏；屯於莘縣
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 62, 64, 66
AD 899 歲餘
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 12
AD 907 to AD 915 皆名將也
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 221
AD 921 罷鄩歸洛陽，冘殺之，年六十四
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 92
AD 907 to AD 923 至朱梁時
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 186
AD 915 to AD 918 莊宗與劉鄩戰於魏博
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 164
AD 915 貞明元年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 152
AD 915 貞明元年六月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 168
AD 919 贞明五年冬十月
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 106
AD 920 贞明六年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 61
AD 918 贞明四年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 102
AD 903 鄩之據兗州
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 223
AD 916 鄩大敗，保滑州；以為義成軍節度使
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 85-86
AD 907 to AD 920 開封尹
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 145
AD 907 開平元年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 49
AD 907 開平元年其年秋
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 50

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Liu Shou (劉綬)
grandfather 祖 · paternal line · 2 generations · Through Liu Rong (劉融)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 2
Spouse of Lady Wang (王氏)
concubine 妾
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 94
Sibling of Liu Qi (劉琪)
elder brother 兄 · Uncertain siblings
elder brother 兄
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 99
Child of Liu Rong (劉融)
father 父 · paternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 3
Kin of Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
marriage kin 婚家
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 107
Child of Mother of Liu Xun
mother 內艱 · maternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 232
Parent of Suining (遂凝)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 111
Parent of Liu Sui Yong (劉遂雍)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 93
Parent of Suiyong (遂雍)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 111
Parent of Liu Sui Ning (劉遂凝)
son 子
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 93

Kinship Role sons · Count 2
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 93, 95
Kinship Role sons · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 28

Key source chapters

Career and standing

frontier commander 閫政
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 68
junior officer 小校
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 5
senior general of Liang 梁上將
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 17
Prefect of Kaifeng 開封尹
AD 917 三年二月 · Appointed again
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 96
chief yamen officer of the commander headquarters 元帥府都押牙
AD 906 天祐三年正月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 48
senior general of the Right Golden Guard 右金吾衛大將軍
AD 905 天祐二年二月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 47

Show 70 more source-backed claims

street commissioner 街使
AD 905 天祐二年二月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 47
commander of the Left Dragon-Tiger army 左龍武統軍
AD 909 五月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 52
commander of the palace guard horse and foot 侍衛親軍馬步軍都指揮使
AD 909 五月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 52
acting Grand Commandant 檢校太尉
AD 915 貞明元年春 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 56
military commissioner of the Zhennan army 鎮南軍節度使
AD 917 三年二月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 96
regimental commissioner of Bozhou 亳州團練使
AD 917 九月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 98
military commissioner of Hua 滑州節度使
AD 916 二年三月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 94
pacification and disposition commissioner for Yanzhou 兗州安撫製置使
AD 919 五年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 100
chief adjutant of the original followers 元從都押衙
AD 903 以為元從都押衙 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 57
chief of staff on campaign 行軍司馬
AD 891 以為行軍司馬 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 37
prefect of Deng 登州刺史
AD 898 光化初 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 11
Hedong campaign commissioner 河東道招討使
AD 920 六年六月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 103
acting commissioner of the Youguo and Tongzhou armies 佑國、同州軍兩使留後
AD 909 其年夏 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 227
acting Metropolitan Prefect of Da'an 行大安尹
AD 909 其年夏 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 228
acting Minister of Education 檢校司徒
AD 909 其年夏 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 228
military commissioner of Yongping army 永平軍節度使
AD 909 其年夏 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 228
surveillance commissioner over Jinzhou 金州管內觀察使
AD 909 其年夏 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 228
honorary Grand Marshal 檢校太尉
AD 919 十一月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 102
Taining army military commissioner 泰寧軍節度使
AD 919 十一月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 102
Tongping Grand Councilor 同平章事
AD 919 十一月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 102
acting Grand Guardian 檢校太保
AD 910 四年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 230
co-rector of state 同平章事
AD 910 四年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 230
Left Dragon Martial Commander 左龍武統軍
AD 907 太祖即位，累遷左龍武統軍 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 59
prefect of Deng 登州刺史
AD 891 師範表鄩登州刺史 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 37
acting Grand Tutor 檢校太傅
AD 912 庶人友珪篡位 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 231
Yanzhou pacification commissioner 兗州安撫制置使
AD 918 拜鄩兗州安撫制置使 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 88
military governor of Taining 泰寧軍節度使
AD 918 拜鄩泰寧軍節度使 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 89
military governor of Yongping 永平軍節度使
AD 909 拜鄩節度使 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 60
commissioner of Zhennan army in absentia 遙領鎮南軍節度使
AD 914 明年夏 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 234
Prefect of Kaifeng 開封尹
AD 914 明年夏 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 234
military governor of Yicheng 義成軍節度使
AD 916 末帝以為義成軍節度使 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 86
Hedong-route pacification commissioner 河東道招討使
AD 920 末帝以鄩為河東道招討使 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 90
acting chief of staff 行軍司馬
AD 899 歲餘 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 12
pacification and control commissioner of Yanzhou 兗州安撫制置使
AD 918 贞明四年 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 102
overall commander of all armies horse and foot 諸軍馬步都指揮使
AD 907 開平元年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 49
senior general of the Right Golden Guard 右金吾上將軍
AD 907 開平元年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 49
acting commissioner of Fu prefecture 鄜州留後
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 45
chief yamen officer of the personal following 元從都押牙
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 43
deputy overall commander of horse and foot 馬步軍副都指揮使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 10
Yan military commissioner 兗州節度使
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Regnal Year: 5 · Lunar Month: 11 · Sexagenary Day: 丁丑 · Western Year: AD 919
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Yan circuit pacification and disposition commissioner 兗州管內安撫製置使
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 貞明五年三月癸未 · Regnal Year: 5 · Lunar Month: 3 · Sexagenary Day: 癸未 · Western Year: AD 919
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 140
regiment trainer of Bozhou 亳州團練使
AD 917 降鄩亳州團練使 · Demoted
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 87
Yan pacification and disposition commissioner 兗州安撫製置使
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Golden Guard duties retained 執金吾
AD 906 天祐三年正月 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 48
overall horse-and-foot inspector of all armies 諸軍馬步都虞候
AD 909 三年二月 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 51
junior officer 小校
AD 881 to AD 885 唐中和中 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 5
senior general 上將
AD 915 天祐十二年 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 17
military governor of Zhennan 鎮南軍節度使
AD 913 末帝即位，領鎮南軍節度使 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 61
intendant of Kaifeng 開封尹
AD 913 為開封尹 · Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 61
Kaifeng Intendant 開封尹
AD 915 貞明元年六月 · Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 168
military governor of Taining 泰寧軍節度使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 61
training commissioner of Bozhou 亳州團練使
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 102
Held
Labels Yanzhou military commissioner 兗州節度使, Hedong circuit campaign commander-in-chief 河東道行營都招討使
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 41, 118
resume office while in mourning 起復視事
AD 913 乾化三年正月 · Ordered to resume
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 232
acting Minister of Works 檢校司徒
AD 907 開平元年其年秋 · Promoted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 50
Grand Councilor 平章事
AD 917 九月 · Stripped
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 98
senior general of the Right Awesome Guard 右威衛上將軍
AD 909 三年二月 · Transferred
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 51
prefect of Zi 淄州刺史
AD 899 歲餘 · Transferred
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 12
Duke of Dapeng Commandery 大彭郡開國公
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · At Dapeng Commandery 大彭郡 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Equal in Ceremonial to the Three Offices 開府儀同三司
Granted · From Source Date: Text: 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Regnal Year: 5 · Lunar Month: 11 · Sexagenary Day: 丁丑 · Western Year: AD 919
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Grand Counselor 同平章事
Granted · From Source Date: Text: 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Regnal Year: 5 · Lunar Month: 11 · Sexagenary Day: 丁丑 · Western Year: AD 919
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
honorary Grand Commandant 檢校太尉
Granted · From Source Date: Text: 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Regnal Year: 5 · Lunar Month: 11 · Sexagenary Day: 丁丑 · Western Year: AD 919
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
honorary Grand Mentor 檢校太傅
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Specially Advanced 特進
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Director of the Secretariat 中書令
AD 921 贈中書令 · Posthumously granted
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 92
Palace Secretary 中書令
Posthumously granted
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 110
Duke of Dapeng Commandery 大彭郡開國公
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Claimed
Prisoner awaiting pardon
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 37, 39
Entered
Surrendered general
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 53-54
forced to drink poison 逼令飲鴆
Executed · Authority Zhang Quanyi (張全義)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 109

Places and affiliations

AD 919 貞明五年冬十月
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 156-157
AD 919 貞明五年三月癸未
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 140
AD 909 其年夏
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 225, 227
AD 915 to AD 917 劉鄩失律
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 53
AD 915 天祐十二年
Polity Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 17
AD 907 開平元年
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 49

Show 34 more source-backed claims

Polity Bian 汴 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 76
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 6; Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 114, 117; Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 64, 68, 94, 221; Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 180; Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 179
Polity Later Liang 後梁 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 168
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 89
Polity Later Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 61, passage 159; Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passages 182, 186; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 33-34, 57
Polity Liang 梁 · Relation Served
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 53, 59, 67, 86
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 5
At Anqiu county, Mizhou 密州安丘縣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 1
At Anqiu in Mizhou 密州安丘
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 32
AD 919 貞明五年冬十月
At Yan 兗州 · Relation Captured
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 156
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑
At Yan 兗州 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
AD 917 貞明三年二月甲申
At Liyang 黎陽 · Relation Defended
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 1, 6
AD 919 貞明五年三月癸未
At Yan 兗州 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 140
AD 917 九月
At Bozhou 亳州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 98
AD 916 二年三月
At Hua prefecture 滑州 · Relation Fled to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 93
AD 916 二年三月
At Liyang 黎陽 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 94
AD 916 二年三月
At Weizhou 魏州 · Relation Attacked
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 93
AD 915 八月
At Shen county 莘縣 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 73
AD 915 六月
At Shen county 莘縣 · Relation Encamped at
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 62-63
AD 920 其年九月
At Luowen stockade, Huazhou 華州羅文寨 · Relation Withdrew to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 106
AD 920 其年九月
At Luoyang 洛 · Relation Recalled to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 109
AD 909 其年夏
At Da'an 大安 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 228
AD 909 其年夏
At Jinzhou 金州 · Relation Jurisdiction
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 228
AD 901 天復元年
At Yanzhou 兗州 · Relation Occupied
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 15
AD 920 天祐十七年
At central Pu 蒲中 · Relation Reached
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 180
AD 920 天祐十七年
At Tongzhou 同州 · Relation Attacked
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 179
AD 915 天祐十二年
At Shen 莘 · Relation Encamped at
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 17
AD 914 明年夏
At Kaifeng 開封 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 234
AD 907 to AD 923 至朱梁時
At Chang'an 長安 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 186
AD 915 貞明元年六月
At Kaifeng 開封 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 168
At Anqiu 安丘 · Relation Native of
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 1; New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 32
At Fu prefecture 鄜州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 45
At Kaifeng 開封 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 96
At Tong prefecture 同州 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 46

Learning and skills

Six Secret Teachings 六韜
Relation Studied · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 79
Subject military books / the art of war 兵書
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 39
Subjects historical writings 史傳
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 4
Skill stratagem 機略 · Level noted
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 39
Skill military strategy 兵略 · Level studied
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 4

Works and attributed material

letter to Zhu Youqian 招友謙書
AD 920 鄩為書以招友謙 · Relation Author
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 90
Asked to yield post
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 97
AD 903 鄩報曰：「俟吾主降，即以城還梁。」
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Ge Congzhou (葛從周)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 52
AD 903 鄩乃遣人陽語彥溫曰
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Wang Yanwen (王彥溫)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 48
AD 915 to AD 916 鄩報曰
Letter · Author · Direct quotation · Addressed to Last Emperor (末帝)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 69
AD 915 to AD 916 鄩曰：「臣無奇術
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Last Emperor (末帝)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 70

Show 11 more source-backed claims

AD 915 八月
Memorial · Author · With Last Emperor (末帝) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 68-78
AD 903 又下令城中曰
Proclamation · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 49
AD 915 to AD 916 鄩召諸將謀曰
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 74-75
AD 915 to AD 916 鄩曰：「一杯之難猶若此
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 76
AD 903 鄩曰：「降將蒙梁恩不誅，幸矣
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 54
Message · Speaker · With Wang Yanwen (王彥溫) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 29-30
Proclamation · Author · With Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 107
Speech · Speaker · With The Founder (太祖) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 37, 39, 41
Speech · Speaker · With Ge Congzhou (葛從周) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 33
Speech · Speaker · With Last Emperor (末帝) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 79
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 83-85, 88

Events and relationships

Advanced in pincer
AD 915 貞明元年六月 · Military · Commander · With Wang Tan (王檀) · At Hebei 河北
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 168
Ambushed then was twice defeated
AD 915 天祐十二年七月 · Military · Commander · With Cunxu (存勖)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 33, 37
Ambushed
AD 915 六月 · Military · Commander · With Prince of Jin (晉王) · At Wei county 魏縣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 59
Yan commissioner, Equal in Ceremonial to the Three Offices, honorary Grand Commandant, Grand Counselor 兗州節度使、開府儀同三司、檢校太尉、同平章事
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Appointment · Appointee · Appointed · 賞平兗之功
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Attacked Tong Prefecture
AD 920 十七年六月 · Military · Attacker · At Tong Prefecture 同州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 76
Attacked and took
AD 920 六年六月 · Military · Commander · With Yin Hao (尹皓) · At Tongzhou 同州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 103

Show 95 more source-backed claims

Attacked rebel
AD 919 五年 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Wanjin (張萬進) · At Yanzhou 兗州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 100-101
Attacked
AD 914 九月 · Military · Commander · With Jiang Yin (蔣殷) · At Xuzhou 徐州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 54
Attacked
AD 916 以兵萬人攻魏城東 · Military · Commander · At Wei 魏
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 82
Beheaded at banquet
Execution · Executioner · With Lu Hong (盧宏)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 9
Beheaded
AD 891 命鄩斬之座上 · Military · Agent · With Lu Hong (盧洪)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 36
Besieged Tongzhou
AD 920 天祐十七年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 179
Blamed for loss of Hebei
Political · Subject
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 97
Campaigned against Luzhou
AD 907 開平元年其年秋 · Military · Commander · At Luzhou 潞州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 50
Campaigned against
AD 920 贞明六年 · Military · Commander · With Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 61
Camped
AD 915 三月 · Military · Commander · At Nanle 南樂
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 57
Camped
Military · Commander · At Wei 魏
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 20
Captured city
AD 901 to AD 903 以步兵五百從水竇襲破之 · Military · Commander · At Yanzhou 兗州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 40-41
Captured Yanzhou
AD 919 贞明五年冬十月 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Shoujin (张守进)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 106
Captured
AD 919 貞明五年冬十月 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Shoujin (張守進) · At Yan 兗州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 156
Captured
AD 909 其年夏 · Military · Commander · With Liu Zhihuan (劉知浣)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 225
Crossed Huai and destroyed raiders
Military · Commander · At Huoqiu 霍丘
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 99
Defeated
AD 916 二年三月 · Military · Commander · With Prince of Jin (晉王) · At old Yuancheng 故元城 · Outcome Imperial army badly defeated; fled south
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 93
Defeated
AD 891 使鄩攻張蟾，破之 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Chan (張蟾)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 36
Defeated
AD 920 其年九月 · Military · Commander · With Li Sizhao (李嗣昭) · At below the walls of Tongzhou 城下 · Outcome Imperial army fared ill; remnant withdrew to Luowen stockade
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 105-106
Defeated
Military · Commander · At Old Yuancheng 故元城
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 26
Drew up northwest of Shen; driven east of old Yuancheng; more than half his army killed or wounded
AD 917 明年 · Military · Commander · At old Yuancheng 故元城
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passages 23-25
Encamped
AD 915 遣鄩以兵屯於魏縣 · Military · Commander · At Wei county 魏縣
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 62
Encamped
AD 915 鄩乃屯於莘縣 · Military · Commander · At Xin county 莘縣
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 66
Expelled noncombatants and shared rations under siege
Military · Defender
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 27
Exterminated clan
AD 919 貞明五年冬十月 · Legal · Commander · With Zhang Shoujin (張守進) · 夷其族; no individuated clan members named
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 156
Failed to seize Linqing
AD 915 六月 · Military · Commander · At Linqing 臨清
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 62
Feigned garrison and marched west
AD 915 是月 · Military · Commander · At Taiyuan 太原
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 60
Feinted and raided
AD 915 潛軍出黃澤關襲太原 · Military · Commander · At Taiyuan via Huangze Pass 黃澤關／太原
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 64
Fortified and built supply road
AD 915 六月 · Military · Commander · At Shen county 莘縣
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 63
Fought and pursued
AD 915 六月 · Military · Commander · With Zhou Yangwu (周陽五) · At Tangyi 堂邑
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 62
Framed for stalling
Legal · Accused · With Yin Hao (尹皓)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 108
Gathered commanders and refused immediate battle
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 83, 86
Held off Bin and Qi raiders
Military · Defender
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 46
Held city
AD 903 堅守以待 · Military · Defender · At Yanzhou 兗州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 46
Held western frontier
AD 909 其年夏 · Military · Commander
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 229
Held Yanzhou
Military · Defender · At Yanzhou 兗州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 223
Honored captive mother
AD 901 to AD 903 親拜其母，撫之甚有恩禮 · Ritual · Captor · With Mother of Ge Congzhou (葛從周母)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 41
Jointly suppressed Jiang Yin
AD 914 乾化四年冬 · Military · Joint commander · With Jiang Yin (蔣殷)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 114
Led troops to attack Tongzhou
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 41
Lodged Congzhou household and bowed to his mother
Personal · Host · With Mother of Ge Congzhou (葛從周母)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 23
Lost discipline
AD 915 to AD 917 劉鄩失律 · Military · Commander · 劉鄩失律 recalled by Jing Xiang; do not treat the December 917 memorial date as Liu Xun's activity date · Mode quotation Speaker Jing Xiang (敬翔)
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 53
Mourned mother
AD 913 乾化三年正月 · Mourning · Son · With Mother of Liu Xun
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 232
Moved stone classics into city
Cultural · Authority · With Yin Yuyu (尹玉羽)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 186
Ordered generals to drink river water
Personal · Actor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 87-89
Overran many of Zhuangzong's units before they formed ranks
AD 916 十三年二月 · Military · Commander · With Emperor Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 19
Pacified the inner city
Administration · Occupying commander · At Yanzhou 兗州 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Jinhua Zi 金華子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 19-20
Pursued
AD 909 太祖遣鄩與牛存節討之 · Military · Commander · With Liu Zhijun (劉知俊) · At Chang’an 長安
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 60
Raided camp
Military · Commander · At Zhen and Ding camps 鎮、定之營 · Outcome Killed and captured many, then withdrew when Jin troops arrived
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 90-92
Received edict against Jin raid
AD 914 旋屬晉人寇河朔 · Military · Defender · At Hebei 河朔
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 235
Received support at Yangliu
AD 915 乾化五年夏中 · Military · Front commander · With Niu Cunjie (牛存節)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 117
Recovered
AD 909 其年夏 · Military · Commander · At Chang'an 長安
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 226
Refused battle at Xin then struck Wei
AD 915 天祐十二年八月 · Military · Commander · At Xin 莘
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 34, 36
Refused battle
AD 915 to AD 916 鄩不肯出 · Military · Commander · With Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 78
Repelled
AD 914 旋屬晉人寇河朔 · Military · Commander · With Yang Shihou (楊師厚) · At Hebei 河朔
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 235
Resisted and forced withdrawal
AD 917 三年二月 · Military · Defender · With Prince of Jin (晉王) · At Liyang 黎陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 95
Resisted
AD 917 貞明三年二月甲申 · Military · Defender · With Prince of Jin (晉王) · At Liyang 黎陽 · Outcome forced a withdrawal 拒之而退
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passages 1, 6
Routed
AD 914 九月 · Military · Commander · With Zhu Jin (朱瑾)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 55
Routed
AD 916 鄩大敗，南奔，自黎陽濟河，保滑州 · Military · Commander · At old Yuancheng 故元城
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 84-85
Seized and held Yanzhou
AD 901 天復元年 · Military · Commander · At Yanzhou 兗州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 15-17
Seized
AD 909 其年夏 · Military · Commander · At Tong Pass 潼關
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 225
Sent with fifty thousand troops to encamp at Shen
AD 915 天祐十二年 · Military · Commander · At Shen 莘
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 17
Sent against Zhu Youqian
AD 920 天祐十七年 · Military · Commander · With Zhu Youqian (朱友謙)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 57
Sent to attack
AD 919 貞明五年三月癸未 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Shoujin (張守進) · At Yan 兗州 · ordered to lead troops against rebel Zhang Shoujin
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 140
Set out for Daliang in plain dress on a donkey
Travel · Captive submitter · At Daliang 大梁
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 36-38
Struck by cavalry
Military · Opponent · With Zhou Yangwu (周陽五) · At Zong city 宗城
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 72
Sudden advance to Qingping under the walls
AD 916 十三年二月 · Military · Commander · At Qingping 清平
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 18
Surrendered
AD 903 師範敗，降梁，鄩乃亦降 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 53
Took Dizhou
Military · Commander · With Zhang Chan (張蟾) · At Dizhou 棣州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 10
Took Beizhou
AD 915 六月 · Military · Commander · At Beizhou 貝州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 62
Took
AD 919 貞明五年冬十月 · Military · Commander · With Zhang Shoujin (張守進) · At Yan 兗州 · 攻下兗州, captured Zhang Shoujin, exterminated his clan
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 156
Turned back by rain
AD 915 鄩至樂平，遇雨，不克進而旋 · Military · Commander · At Leping 樂平
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 66
Urged submission
Diplomatic · Sender · With Zhu Youqian (朱友謙) · At Shanzhou 陝州 · Outcome Youqian refused; lingered more than a month
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 107
Used courtyard courtesy toward veteran generals
Court ritual · Newcomer
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 44
Was campaign target when Wei, Ci, and Ming fell
AD 915 to AD 916 從征劉鄩 · Military · Opponent
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 61, passage 159
Was defeated at former Yuancheng and fled to Liyang
Military · Defeated commander
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 130
Was defeated at Yuancheng
AD 916 十三年 · Military · Defeated
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 89
Withdrew to hold
Military · Commander · At Shen county 莘縣
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 73-74
Withdrew
AD 915 是月 · Military · Commander · At Leping 樂平
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 61
AD 903 天復三年十一月
Surrender · Submitting commander · At Yanzhou 兗州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 34
AD 919 貞明五年冬十月
Relation Captured · Person Zhang Shoujin (張守進)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 156
AD 919 貞明五年三月癸未
Relation Ordered to attack · Person Zhang Shoujin (張守進)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 140
Relation Subordinate of · Person The Founder (太祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 43
Relation Colleague of · Person Niu Cunjie (牛存節)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 54
Relation Opponent of · Person Ge Congzhou (葛從周)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 21
Relation Colleague of · Person Yang Shihou (楊師厚)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 235
Relation Served · Person Wang Shifan (王師範)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passages 36-37
Relation Subordinate of · Person Wang Shifan (王師範)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passages 6, 10
Relation Rival of · Person Duan Ning (段凝)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 108
Relation Alleged in law of · Person Zhu Youqian (朱友謙) · Mode allegation Source Person Id Yin Hao (尹皓)
Uncertain · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 91
Relation Served · Person Wang Jingwu (王敬武)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 33
Relation Subordinate of · Person Wang Jingwu (王敬武)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 5
Relation Rival of · Person Yin Hao (尹皓)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 108
Relation Loyal to · Person Shifan (師範)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 223
Relation Recruiter of · Person Yin Yuyu (尹玉羽)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 93, passage 182
Relation Compared to · Person Duke of Ying (英公)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 223

Assessments and attributes

Assessment integrity and Li Jing-like bearing · Mode named-person-judgment Source Person Id The Founder (太祖)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 35
Assessment prided himself on stratagem · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 221
Assessment ranks one degree above the other lords; full loyalty to Shifan, likeness to the Duke of Ying · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 223
Assessment relied on especially deeply · With Last Emperor (末帝) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 233
rewarded for the merit of pacifying Yan 賞平兗之功
AD 919 貞明五年十一月丁丑 · Assessment rewarded for pacifying Yan · Mode court-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 157
Assessment sat composed above Taizu's old meritorious officers; Taizu marveled · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 58

Show 3 more source-backed claims

Assessment studied military books and possessed stratagem · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 39
Item cap and belt 冠帶 · Relation Offered
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 39
Item fat horses and fur coats 肥馬衣裘 · Relation Refused
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 37

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 9, passage 156; Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 114; Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 64; Old History of the Five Dynasties 63, passage 179; Old History of the Five Dynasties 75, passage 17; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 33, 57
Value historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 18, passage 140
From youth he had great ambition
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 23, passage 4

References in the histories

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History

168 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 9Volume 9 Book of Later Liang 9: Later Emperors Annals 2 · 5 passages

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二月甲申，晉王攻我黎陽，劉鄩拒之而退。 On jiashen in the second month, the Prince of Jin attacked Liyang; Liu Xun held him off and forced a withdrawal.

宰臣敬翔奏曰：「國家自劉鄩失律以來，府藏殫竭，箕斂百姓，供軍不暇，郊祀之禮，頒行賞賚，所謂取虛名而受實弊也。 Chancellor Jing Xiang argued: "Since Liu Xun's defeat, the treasury is empty and the people are squeezed dry to supply the armies. The suburban rites would require lavish rewards, taking a hollow name at real cost.

仍命劉鄩為兗州管內安撫製置使，領兵以攻之。 Liu Xun was appointed pacification commissioner for Yan and sent with troops against him.

是月，劉鄩攻下兗州，擒張守進，夷其族。 That month Liu Xun took Yan, captured Zhang Shoujin, and exterminated his clan.

十一月丁丑，以兗州安撫製置使、特進、檢校太傅、大彭郡開國公劉鄩為兗州節度使、開府儀同三司、檢校太尉、同平章事，賞平兗之功也。 On dingchou in the eleventh month, Liu Xun was made military commissioner of Yan, granted Open Office with Rank Equal to the Three Excellencies, and promoted to honorary Grand Commandant and Grand Counselor in reward for pacifying Yan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Book of Later Liang 10: Later Emperors Annals 3 · 2 passages

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六月，遣兗州節度使劉鄩、華州節度使尹皓、崇州節度使溫昭圖、莊宅使段凝領軍攻同州。 In the sixth month Liu Yan of Yan, Yin Hao of Hua, Wen Zhaotu of Chong, and Duan Ning of the Manor Estates marched on Tongzhou.

是月，兗州節度使、充河東道行營都招討使劉鄩卒。 That month Liu Yan, Yanzhou commissioner and Hedong campaign commander, died.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 16Volume 16 Book of Later Liang 16: Biographies 6: Ge Congzhou, Xie Yanzhang, He Zhen, Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou, Zhang Guibian · 3 passages

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頃之，從周染疾，會青州將劉鄩陷兗州，太祖命討之，遂力疾臨戎。 Soon after he fell ill; when Liu Xun of Qingzhou took Yanzhou, the Founder ordered him to attack and he took the field despite illness.

三年十一月，鄩舉城降，以功授檢校太傅。 Month 11, Tianfu 3, Xun surrendered the city and Congzhou was made honorary Grand Tutor for the merit.

開平二年夏，劉知俊以同州叛，歸厚副楊師厚、劉鄩等討平之。 Kaiping 2 summer he helped suppress Liu Zhijun at Tong.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 18Volume 18 Book of Later Liang 18: Biographies 8: Zhang Wenyu, Xue Yiju, Zhang Ce, Du Xiao, Jing Xiang, Li Zhen · 1 passage

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及劉鄩失河朔，安彥之喪楊劉，翔奏曰：「國家連年遣將出征，封疆日削，不獨兵驕將怯，亦製置未得其術。 After Liu Xun lost Hebei and An Yanzhi lost Yangliu, Xiang memorialized: "Year after year we send armies abroad while our borders shrink—not only are the troops arrogant and the generals timid; our strategy is wrong as well.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 19Volume 19 Book of Later Liang 19: Biographies 9: Shi Shucong, Zhu Yougong, Wang Zhongshi, Zhu Zhen, Li Si'an, Deng Jiyun, Huang Wenjing, Hu Gui, Li Dang, Li Zhongyin, Fan Jushi · 1 passage

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太祖受禪，除右羽林統軍，尋佐劉鄩統兵收潼關，擒劉知浣獻之，乃以為右龍虎統軍兼侍衛指揮使。 At the Liang founding he was made Right Feathered Forest commander; he soon helped Liu Yan recover Tong Pass, captured Liu Zhihuan and presented him, and was then made Right Dragon-Tiger commander and commander of the palace guard.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Book of Later Liang 22: Biographies 12: Yang Shihou, Niu Cunjie, Wang Tan · 4 passages

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無何，劉知俊據同州叛，師厚與劉鄩率軍西討，至潼關，擒知俊弟知浣以獻。 Soon Liu Zhijun rebelled at Tongzhou; Shihou and Liu Yan marched west, took his brother Zhihuan at Tong Pass, and sent him up.

其冬，蔣殷據徐州逆命，存節方以大眾戍潁州，得殷逆謀，密以上聞，遽奉詔與劉鄩同討之，頓於埇上。 That winter Jiang Yin rebelled at Xuzhou while Cunjie was at Yingzhou with a large force; he reported in secret, received orders to join Liu Zhen, and encamped at Yong.

夏中病渴且痟，屬河北用軍，末帝令率軍屯陽留以張劉鄩之勢。 Midsummer he fell ill with fever and malaria; with Hebei in crisis the Last Emperor sent him to Yangliu to stiffen Liu Zhen's line.

六月，晉王入魏州，分兵收下屬郡，河北大擾，檀受詔與開封尹劉鄩犄角進師，以援河北。 In the sixth month the Prince of Jin took Weizhou and seized its dependencies; Hebei was in turmoil; Tan was ordered to advance with Liu Xun of Kaifeng in support of Hebei.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 23Volume 23 Book of Later Liang 23: Biographies 13: Liu Xun, He Gui, Kang Huaiying, Wang Jingren · 63 passages

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劉鄩，密州安丘縣人也。 Liu Xun came from Anqiu in Mizhou.

鄩幼有大志，好兵略，涉獵史傳。 As a youth he aimed high, studied warfare, and read widely in history.

師範知之，設伏兵以迎宏，既而享之，先誡鄩曰：「宏至即斬之。」 Shifan learned of the plot, laid an ambush for Hong, then feasted him and told Xun beforehand, "The moment Hong arrives, kill him."

鄩如約，斬弧於座上，同亂者皆誅之。 Xun did as ordered, slew Hong in his seat, and put every conspirator to death.

師範以鄩為馬步軍副都指揮使，攻下棣州，殺張蟾，朝廷因授師範平盧軍節度使。 Shifan named Xun deputy commander of horse and foot, captured Dizhou, killed Zhang Chan, and the court then gave Shifan the Pinglu commission.

光化初，師範表鄩為登州刺史。 Early in Guanghua Shifan recommended Xun for Deng prefecture.

所在同日竊發，其事多泄，唯鄩以偏師陷兗州，遂據其郡。 Revolts broke out the same day across the region; most were betrayed, but Xun with a flank force seized Yanzhou and held it.

初，鄩遣細人詐為鬻油者，覘兗城內虛實及出入之所，視羅城下一水竇可以引眾而入，遂誌之。 He had sent spies disguised as oil peddlers to learn Yan's defenses and found a drain under the outer wall wide enough for men; he noted it for the assault.

鄩乃告師範，請步兵五百，宵自水竇銜枚而入，一夕而定，軍城晏然，市民無擾。 He asked Shifan for five hundred infantry, slipped in by night through the drain with gags, and took the inner city in a single night without alarming the populace.

〈（《金華子》云：鄩入據子城，甲兵精銳，城內人皆束手，莫敢旅拒。 (The 《Jinhua Zi》 records that once Xun held the inner citadel his troops were elite and the townspeople dared not resist.

加以州將悍，人情不附，鄩因而撫治，民皆安堵。）〉 The prefect was brutal and unpopular; Xun won the people over and restored order.)〉

時從周為節度使，領兵在外，州城為鄩所據，家屬悉在城中。 Congzhou was commissioner in the field while Xun held the city and his entire household was within.

鄩善撫其家，移就外第，供給有禮，升堂拜從周之母。 Xun cared for the family, lodged them outside the walls, provided for them generously, and paid his respects to Congzhou's mother.

及從周攻城，鄩以板輿請母登城，母告從周曰：「劉將軍待我甚至，不異於兒，新婦已下，並不失所。 During the siege Xun brought the mother to the ramparts in a litter; she called to Congzhou, "General Liu has been as kind to me as a son, and your wife and household have been well provided for.

劉將軍與爾各為其主，爾其察之。」 He and you serve different masters—consider that carefully."

鄩料簡城中老疾及婦人浮食百姓不足與守者，悉出之於外，與將士同甘苦，分衣食，以抗外軍，戢兵禁暴，居人泰然。 He expelled the old, sick, women, and useless mouths from the city, shared rations with his men, disciplined the garrison, and kept the people calm under siege.

從周攻圍既久，鄩無外援，人情稍有去就之意。 The siege wore on without relief, and morale inside Yan began to crack.

一日，節度副使王彥溫逾城而奔，守陴者從之而逸，鄩之守兵禁之不可，鄩即遣人從容告彥溫曰：「請副使少將人出，非素遣者請勿帶行。」 Deputy commissioner Wang Yanwen fled over the wall and others followed; Xun could not hold them back and sent word, "Take only the men I authorized—no one else."

及王師範兵力漸窘，從周以禍福諭鄩，俾之革麵，鄩報曰：「俟青州本使歸降，即以城池還納。」 As Shifan weakened, Congzhou appealed to Xun to surrender; Xun replied, "Wait until the Qingzhou commissioner himself submits, and I will return the city."

天復三年十一月，師範告降，且言先差行軍司馬劉鄩領兵入兗州，請釋其罪，亦以告鄩，鄩即出城聽命。 In the eleventh month of Tianfu 3 Shifan surrendered, named Xun's occupation of Yan, and asked pardon; Xun then marched out and submitted.

鄩既降，從周具行裝服馬，請鄩歸大梁。 Congzhou fitted him with mounts and fine clothes for the journey to Daliang.

鄩曰：「未受梁王舍釋之旨，乘肥衣裘，非敢聞命。」 Xun refused: "Without the Prince of Liang's pardon I will not ride in splendor."

及將謁見，太祖令賜冠帶，鄩曰：「累囚負罪，請就縶而入。」 Before audience the Founder offered him regalia; Xun said, "I am a repeated prisoner bearing guilt—I ask to enter in bonds."

及見，慰撫移時，且飲之酒，鄩以量小告太祖。 The Founder received him kindly and poured wine; Xun pleaded that he could not drink much.

太祖牙下諸將，皆四鎮舊人，鄩一旦以羈旅之臣，驟居眾人之右，及與諸將相見，並用階庭之禮，太祖尤奇重之。 The Founder's generals were veterans of the four circuits; Xun, a newcomer, suddenly outranked them yet greeted each with full courtesy, and the Founder valued him all the more.

是時，邠、岐之眾，屢寇其境，鄩禦捍備至，太祖以其地遠，慮失鄩，即令棄郡引軍屯於同州。 Bin and Qi raiders harried his frontier; he held them off, but the Founder, fearing to lose him so far away, pulled him back to Tong.

三年正月，太祖授元帥之任，以鄩為元帥府都押牙，執金吾如故。 In the first month of Tianyou 3 the Founder became commander-in-chief and made Xun his headquarters chief yamen officer while keeping the Golden Guard post.

太祖幸陝，命鄩西討，即奮取潼關，擒知俊弟知浣以獻。 The Founder went to Shan and ordered Xun west; Xun at once seized Tong Pass and captured Zhijun's younger brother Zhihuan for presentation.

太祖以鄩為佑國、同州軍兩使留後。 The Founder made Xun acting commissioner of both the Youguo and Tongzhou armies.

尋改佑國軍為永平軍，以鄩為節度使、檢校司徒，行大安尹、金州管內觀察使。 Soon the Youguo army was renamed Yongping army; Xun was made military commissioner, acting Minister of Education, acting Metropolitan Prefect of Da'an, and surveillance commissioner over Jinzhou.

是時，西鄙未寧，密邇寇境，鄩練兵撫眾，獨當一面。 The western frontier was still unsettled and lay close to the enemy; Xun drilled troops, steadied the men, and held the line alone.

明年夏，詔鄩歸闕，授開封尹，遙領鎮南軍節度使。 The next summer an edict recalled Xun to court; he was made Prefect of Kaifeng and commissioner of Zhennan army in absentia.

旋屬晉人寇河朔，鄩奉詔與魏節度使楊師厚禦之而退。 Soon the Jin raided Hebei; Xun by edict joined Wei commissioner Yang Shihou, repelled them, and withdrew.

時朝廷以福王友璋鎮徐方，殷不受代，末帝遣鄩與鄆帥牛存節率兵攻之。 The court had sent Prince of Fu Youzhang to Xu, but Yin refused to step down; the Last Emperor sent Xun and Yan commander Niu Cunjie against him.

殷求援於淮夷，偽吳楊溥遣大將朱瑾領眾赴援，鄩逆擊破之。 Yin called on the Huai; Yang Pu of Wu sent Zhu Jin to his aid; Xun routed the relief force.

貞明元年春，城陷，殷舉族自燔，於火中得其屍，梟首以獻，詔加檢校太尉。 In the spring of Zhenming 1 the city fell; Yin's family burned themselves; his body was recovered from the flames and his head presented; Xun was made acting Grand Commandant.

三月，魏楊師厚卒，朝廷分相、魏為兩鎮，遣鄩率大軍屯南樂，以討王鎔為名。 In the third month Yang Shihou of Wei died; the court divided Xiang and Wei and posted Xun at Nanle with a large force, ostensibly against Wang Rong.

六月，晉王入魏州，鄩以精兵萬人自洹水移軍魏縣，晉王來覘，鄩設伏於河曲叢木間，俟晉王至，大噪而進，圍之數匝，殺獲甚眾，晉王僅以身免。 In the sixth month the Prince of Jin took Weizhou; Xun marched ten thousand picked men from Huan River to Wei county, ambushed the prince in riverside woods, surrounded him, inflicted heavy losses, and the prince barely escaped.

是月，鄩潛師由黃澤西趨太原，將行，慮為晉軍所追，乃結芻為人，縛旗於上，以驢負之，循堞而行，數日，晉人方覺。 That month he stole west toward Taiyuan; to cover his retreat he mounted straw dummies with flags on donkeys along the walls, and the Jin took days to notice the ruse.

軍至樂平，會霖雨積旬，師不克進，鄩即整眾而旋。 At Leping weeks of rain stalled the march; Xun withdrew in good order.

魏之臨清，積粟之所，鄩引軍將據之，遇晉將周陽五自幽州率兵至，鄩乃取貝州，與晉軍遇於堂邑，鄩邀擊卻之，追北五十餘里，遂軍於莘縣。 He tried to seize grain-rich Linqing, met Zhou Yangwu from Youzhou, took Beizhou, fought the Jin at Tangyi, routed them, pursued fifty li, and camped at Shen.

八月，末帝賜鄩詔曰：「閫外之事，全付將軍。 In the eighth month the Last Emperor wrote Xun: "All affairs beyond the camp gates I leave entirely to you.

將軍與國同休，當思良畫，如聞寇敵兵數不多，宜設機權，以時翦撲，則予之負荷，無累先人。」 You share the dynasty's fate—find a way to strike while the enemy is few, and you will spare me disgrace before our ancestors."

鄩奏曰：「臣受國深恩，忝茲閫政，敢不枕戈假寐，罄節輸忠。 Xun replied: "I owe the throne everything and dare not sleep while holding the frontier.

末帝又遣使問鄩決勝之策，鄩曰：「臣無奇術，但人給糧十斛，盡則破敵。」 Asked again for a winning plan, Xun said, "I have no trick—only ten hu of grain per man; when it is eaten, the enemy falls."

末帝大怒，讓鄩曰：「將軍蓄米，將療饑耶？ The Last Emperor raged: "Are you stockpiling rice to feed yourself?

鄩集諸校而謀曰：「主上深居宮禁，未曉兵機，與白麵兒共謀，終敗人事。 Xun told his officers, "The emperor knows nothing of war; courtiers will ruin us.

時諸將皆欲戰，鄩默然。 The officers wanted battle; Xun said nothing.

鄩曰：「一器而難若是，滔滔河流，可勝既乎！」 Xun said, "If one cup is too much, how could you empty the Yellow River!"

居數日，鄩率萬餘人薄鎮、定之營。 Days later he led ten thousand men against the Zhen and Ding camp.

時鄩軍奄至，上下騰亂，殺獲甚眾。 The surprise threw them into chaos and cost them heavily.

二年三月，鄩自莘引軍襲魏州，與晉王戰於故元城，王師敗績，鄩脫身南奔，自黎陽濟河至滑州。 In the third month of year 2 he marched from Shen on Weizhou, lost to the Prince of Jin at old Yuancheng, fled south, and crossed from Liyang to Hua.

三年二月，晉王悉眾來攻黎陽，鄩拒之而退。 In the second month of year 3 the Prince of Jin assaulted Liyang; Xun held him off and forced a retreat.

及鄩歸闕，再授開封尹，領鎮南軍節度使。 Back at court he was again Prefect of Kaifeng and commissioner of Zhennan.

其年，河朔失守，朝廷歸咎於鄩，鄩亦不自安，上表避位。 When Hebei fell the court blamed him; uneasy, he asked to step down.

屬淮人寇蔡、潁、亳三郡，鄩奉命渡淮，至霍丘，大殲賊黨。 Huai raiders struck Cai, Ying, and Bo; he crossed the Huai, reached Huoqiu, and crushed them.

五年，兗州節度使張萬進反，北結晉人為援，末帝遣鄩攻之，鄩為兗州安撫製置使。 In year 5 Yanzhou commissioner Zhang Wanjin rebelled and called on the Jin; the Last Emperor sent Xun against him as Yanzhou pacification commissioner.

先是，河中朱友謙襲取同州，以其子令德為留後，表請旄鉞，末帝怒，命鄩討之。 Zhu Youqian of Hezhong had seized Tongzhou, installed his son Lingde as regent, and asked for a full commission; the Last Emperor ordered Xun against him.

橋梁陷，溺死者甚眾，鄩以餘眾退保華州羅文寨。 the bridge collapsed and many drowned; Xun drew the survivors back to Luowen stockade in Huazhou.

先是，鄩與河中朱友謙為婚家，及王師西討，行次陝州，鄩遣使齎檄與友謙，諭以禍福大計，誘令歸國，友謙不從，如是停留月餘。 Xun was related by marriage to Zhu Youqian; on the western campaign he halted at Shanzhou and sent a proclamation urging Youqian to submit; Youqian refused, and Xun lingered there more than a month.

尹皓、段凝輩素忌鄩，遂構其罪，言鄩逗留養寇，俾俟援兵，末帝以為然。 Yin Hao, Duan Ning, and others who envied him accused Xun of stalling to let the enemy gather; the Last Emperor believed them.

史臣曰：劉鄩以機略自負，賀瑰以忠毅見稱，懷英以驍勇佐時，景仁以貞純許國，較其器業，皆名將也。 The historian writes: Liu Xun trusted his stratagem, He Gui was praised for loyalty, Kang Huaiying for fierce service, Wang Jingren for steadfast devotion—each in his way a famous commander.

然鄩之據兗州，盡誠於師範，比跡於英公，方之數侯，加一等矣。 Yet in holding Yanzhou and serving Shifan with full loyalty, Liu Xun matched the Duke of Ying and stood a rank above these other lords.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 52Volume 52 Book of Later Tang 28: Biographies 4: Li Sizhao, Pei Yue, Li Siben, Li Si'en · 5 passages

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是月，汴將劉鄩攻同州，朱友謙告急，嗣昭與李存審援之。 That same month the Bian general Liu Xun attacked Tong Prefecture. Zhu Youqian sent an urgent appeal, and Sizhao went to his aid with Li Cunshen.

十二年，莊宗定魏博，劉鄩據莘縣，命嗣本入太原巡守都城，十三年，從破劉鄩於故元城，收洺、磁、衛三郡。 In the twelfth year Zhuangzong secured Weibo while Liu Xun held Shen County. Siben was ordered into Taiyuan to guard the capital. In the thirteenth year he helped defeat Liu Xun at Old Yuancheng and recovered Ming, Ci, and Wei.

十二年，從莊宗入魏，擊劉鄩有功，轉天雄軍都指揮使。 In the twelfth year he followed Zhuangzong into Wei, fought Liu Xun with distinction, and was made overall commander of the Tianxiong army.

劉鄩之北趣樂平也，嗣恩襲之，倍程先入晉陽。 When Liu Xun marched north toward Leping, Si'en struck at him, forced the pace, and entered Jinyang ahead of him.

時城中無備，得嗣恩兵至，人百其勇，鄩聞其先過，乃遁。 The city was unprepared. When Si'en's troops arrived, every man fought as if he were worth a hundred. Xun, hearing that Si'en had passed him, fled.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 55Volume 55 Book of Later Tang 31: Biographies 7: Kang Junli, Xue Zhiqin, Shi Jiantang, Li Chengsi, Shi Yan, Gai Yu, Yi Guang, Li Chengxun, Shi Jingrong · 1 passage

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十三年，敗劉鄩於元城，收澶州，以建瑭為刺史、檢校司空、外衙騎軍都將。 In the thirteenth year he defeated Liu Yan at Yuancheng and recovered Chanzhou. Jiantang was made prefect, acting Minister of Works, and commander of the outer-office cavalry.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 61Volume 61 Book of Later Tang 37: Biographies 13: An Jinquan, An Yuanxin, An Zhongba, Liu Xun, Zhang Jingxun, Liu Yancong, Yuan Jianfeng, Xifang Ye, Zhang Zunhui, Sun Zhang · 1 passage

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從征劉鄩，下衛、磁、洺有功，加檢校司空，授州洺州刺史。 In the campaign against Liu Xun he captured Wei, Ci, and Ming, was made acting Minister of Works, and appointed prefect of Ming.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 63Volume 63 Book of Later Tang 39: Biographies 15: Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian · 3 passages

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友謙即請之於莊宗，令幕客王正言以節旄賜之，梁將劉鄩、尹皓攻同州，友謙來告急，莊宗遣李嗣昭、李存審將兵赴之，敗汴軍於滑北，解圍而還。 He then asked Zhuangzong, who had his aide Wang Zhengyan grant the commission; when Liang generals Liu Yan and Yin Hao besieged Tongzhou, Youqian appealed for help; Zhuangzong sent Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen, who defeated the Bian army north of Huazhou and lifted the siege.

初，劉鄩兵至蒲中，倉儲匱乏，人心離貳，軍民將校，鹹欲歸梁。 When Liu Yan first reached central Pu, stores ran low, morale split, and soldiers and civilians alike wanted to go over to the Liang.

請納款於梁，候劉鄩兵退後，與晉王修好。」 Submit to the Liang now, and after Liu Yan withdraws restore friendship with Jin."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 65Volume 65 Book of Later Tang 41: Biographies 17: Li Jianji, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong · 1 passage

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劉鄩之營莘縣，月餘不出，忽一旦縱兵攻鎮、定之營，軍中騰亂，建及率銀槍勁兵千人赴之，擊敗汴軍，追奔至其壘。 Liu Yan had camped at Huaxian and for more than a month refused battle, then one day suddenly struck the Zhen and Ding encampment. As the army churned in panic, Jianji rushed up with a thousand silver-spear veterans, routed the Bian force, and chased them to their walls.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 1 passage

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魏州節度使羅紹威署巡官，罷歸京師，依開封尹劉鄩。 Luo Shaowei, military commissioner of Weizhou, appointed him touring officer. When that post ended he went to the capital and attached himself to Kaifeng prefect Liu Yan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70 Book of Later Tang 46: Biographies 22: Yuan Xingqin, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Li Yan, Li Renju, Kang Sili, Zhang Jingda · 1 passage

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梁將劉鄩在洹水，莊宗深入致師，鄩設伏於魏縣西南葭蘆中。 The Liang general Liu Yun held Huanshui. Zhuangzong pushed deep to bring him to battle, and Yun laid an ambush in the reed beds southwest of Wei County.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 75Volume 75 Book of Later Jin 1: Gaozu Annals 1 · 6 passages

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天祐十二年，莊宗並有河北之地，開府於鄴，梁遣上將劉鄩以兵五萬營於莘。 In the twelfth year of Tianyou, Zhuangzong brought all of Hebei under his control and opened his headquarters at Ye. Liang sent its senior general Liu Xun with fifty thousand troops to encamp at Shen.

十三年二月，鄩引兵突至清平，薄於城下。 In the second month of the thirteenth year, Xun marched his army in a sudden rush to Qingping and pressed up under the city walls.

莊宗至自甘陵，兵未陣，多為鄩所掩。 Zhuangzong arrived from Ganling before the army had finished forming its ranks, and many units were caught and overrun by Xun.

明年，鄩兵陣於莘之西北，明宗從莊宗酣戰。 The following year, Xun's army drew up northwest of Shen, and Mingzong fought alongside Zhuangzong in a hard-fought battle.

久之，塵埃四合，帝與明宗俱陷陣內，帝挺身躍劍，反復轉鬥，行數十里，逐鄩於故元城之東。 After a long while dust blotted out the field on every side. Both the Emperor and Mingzong were caught inside the enemy formation. The Emperor threw himself forward with sword drawn and fought back and forth for miles, finally driving Xun east of the old Yuancheng.

是日，鄩軍殺傷過半。 That day more than half of Xun's army were killed or wounded.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 93Volume 93 Book of Later Jin 19: Biographies 8: Lu Zhi, Li Zhuanmei, Lu Zhan, Cui Zhuo, Xue Rong, Cao Guozhen, Zhang Renyuan, Zhao Xi, Li Xia, Yin Yuyu, Zheng Yunsou · 2 passages

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梁貞明中，劉鄩辟為保大軍節度判官，歷雍、汴、滑、兗從事。 During Zhenming under Liang, Liu Xun recruited him as military governor's aide of the Baoda army, and he served in succession as aide in Yong, Bian, Hua, and Yan.

至朱梁時，劉鄩守長安，從幕吏尹玉羽之請，輦入城中，置於此地，即唐尚書省之西隅也。）〉 When the Later Liang came, Liu Xun held Chang'an; at the request of his staff officer Yin Yuyu, the classics were carted into the city and placed at this spot, at the western corner of the Tang Department of State Affairs.)〉

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 3Volume 3 Later Liang Annals 3: Later Emperors · 3 passages

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河中節度使朱友謙襲同州，殺其節度使程全暉，叛附于晉，泰寧軍節度使劉鄩討之。 Zhu Youqian of Hezhong raided Tongzhou, killed its military governor Cheng Quanhui, and defected to Jin; Liu Xun of Taining marched against him.

是歲，泰寧軍節度使張守進叛附于晉，亳州團練使劉鄩為兗州安撫制置使以討之。 That year Zhang Shoujin of Taining defected to Jin. Liu Xun, training commissioner of Bozhou, was appointed pacification commissioner of Yanzhou to suppress him.

冬十月，劉鄩克兗州，張守進伏誅。 In the tenth month of winter, Liu Xun captured Yanzhou and Zhang Shoujin was put to death.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Later Tang Annals 2: Zhuangzong 2 · 5 passages

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劉鄩軍於洹水，王率百騎覘其營，遇鄩伏兵圍之數重，決圍而出，亡七八騎。 Liu Yan camped on the Huan River. The king rode out with a hundred men to spy on his lines, rode into ambush and was ringed many deep, cut his way free, and lost seven or eight horses.

八月，梁復取澶州，晉軍與鄩對壘於莘，晉軍數挑戰，鄩閉壁不出。 In the eighth month Liang recovered Chanzhou. Jin and Liu Yan faced off at Xin; Jin taunted him day after day, but Yan barred his gates and would not fight.

鄩聞晉王且去，即引兵擊魏，攻城東。 Hearing that the Jin king was withdrawing, Liu Yan marched on Wei and assaulted the east wall.

王行至貝州，返擊鄩，大敗之，追至於故元城，又敗之，鄩走黎陽。 The king reached Beizhou, wheeled about, and shattered Yan’s host, chased him to Old Yuan City and beat him again, and drove him to Liyang.

十七年，朱友謙襲同州，梁遣劉鄩擊友謙，李存審敗梁軍於同州。 In the seventeenth year Zhu Youqian struck Tongzhou. Liang sent Liu Yan against him; Li Cunshen crushed Liang at Tongzhou.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15: Mingzong of Later Tang's Family · 3 passages

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少賣梁故將劉鄩為侍兒，鄩卒，王氏無所歸。 Young, she was sold as a maid to Liu Yan, once a Liang general; when Yan died, she was left with nowhere to turn.

王氏素得鄩金甚多，悉以遣明宗左右及諸子婦，人人皆為王氏稱譽，明宗益愛之。 Wang had amassed a great fortune from Yan and lavished it on Mingzong’s staff and his daughters-in-law; praise for her spread, and Mingzong’s affection deepened.

劉鄩諸子，皆以妃故封拜官爵。 Liu Yan’s sons all received titles and posts through the consort’s favor.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Later Liang Biographies 2: Kang Huaiying, Liu Xun, Niu Cunjie, Zhang Guiba, Wang Zhongshi, Xu Huaiyu · 42 passages

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劉鄩，密州安丘人也。 Liu Xun came from Anqiu in Mizhou.

師範偽為好辭召洪，洪至，迎於郊外，命鄩斬之座上，因使鄩攻張蟾，破之。 Shifan lured Hong with fair words and received him in the suburbs; at the feast he had Xun cut off Hong’s head, then sent Xun against Zhang Chan and broke him.

師範表鄩登州刺史，以為行軍司馬。 Shifan had Xun appointed prefect of Deng and made him chief of staff on campaign.

獨鄩素好兵書，有機略。 Only Xun had studied the art of war and knew how to scheme.

是時，梁已破朱瑾等，悉有兗、鄆，以葛從周為兗州節度使，從周將兵在外，鄩乃使人負油鬻城中，悉視城中虛實出入之所。 Liang had already broken Zhu Jin and held Yan and Yun. Ge Congzhou governed Yanzhou while his army was away; Xun sent men to peddle oil in the city and mapped every weak point and gate.

油者得羅城下水竇可入，鄩乃以步兵五百從水竇襲破之，徙從周家屬外第，親拜其母，撫之甚有恩禮。 The peddlers found a drain under the outer wall wide enough to enter; Xun sent five hundred foot soldiers through it and took the city. He moved Congzhou’s family to a house outside the walls, bowed to Congzhou’s mother, and treated her with every courtesy.

太祖已出昭宗於鳳翔，引兵東還，遣朱友寧攻師範、從周攻鄩。 Taizu had brought Zhaozong out of Fengxiang and was marching east; he sent Zhu Youning against Shifan and Ge Congzhou against Xun.

鄩以版輿置從周母城上，母呼從周曰：「劉將軍待我甚厚，無異於汝。 Xun set Congzhou’s mother in a litter on the wall; she called down: "General Liu has treated me as kindly as you would.

鄩乃悉簡婦人及民之老疾不足當敵者出之，獨與少壯者同辛苦，分衣食，堅守以待。 Xun sent out every woman and every old or sick man who could not fight, shared rations and labor with the able-bodied, and held on.

鄩乃遣人陽語彥溫曰：「副使勿多以人出，非吾素遣者，皆勿以行。」 Xun sent a man to Yanwen with a false message: “Deputy, do not let too many leave. Anyone not sent by me must stay.”

師範兵已屈，從周以禍福諭鄩，鄩報曰：「俟吾主降，即以城還梁。」 Shifan’s army was failing; Congzhou tried to win Xun with threats and promises. Xun answered: “When my master yields, I will hand the city to Liang.”

師範敗，降梁，鄩乃亦降。 Shifan was beaten and submitted; Xun surrendered too.

從周為具賫裝，送鄩歸梁，鄩曰：「降將蒙梁恩不誅，幸矣，敢乘馬而衣裘乎！」 Congzhou fitted him out and sent him to Liang. Xun said: “A beaten man spared by Liang is already lucky—how dare I ride a horse and wear fine furs?”

太祖賜之冠帶，飲之以酒，鄩辭以量小，太祖曰：「取兗州，量何大乎？」 Taizu gave him cap and belt and poured wine; Xun pleaded a weak head for drink. Taizu said: “You took Yanzhou—was that the act of a small man?”

是時，太祖已領四鎮，將吏皆功臣舊人，鄩一旦以降將居其上，及諸將見鄩，皆用軍禮，鄩居自如，太祖益奇之。 Taizu already commanded four circuits; his officers were old companions in merit. Xun, a fresh surrender, sat above them; every general saluted by military rite, and Xun took it as his due—Taizu marveled at him.

太祖即位，累遷左龍武統軍。 At Taizu’s accession Xun rose to Left Dragon Martial Commander.

劉知俊叛，陷長安，太祖遣鄩與牛存節討之，知俊走鳳翔，太祖乃以長安為永平軍，拜鄩節度使。 When Liu Zhijun rebelled and seized Chang’an, Taizu sent Xun and Niu Cunjie against him. Zhijun fled to Fengxiang; Taizu made Chang’an the Yongping circuit and gave Xun its governorship.

楊師厚卒，分相、魏為兩鎮，末帝恐魏兵亂，遣鄩以兵屯於魏縣。 After Yang Shihou died the court split Xiang and Wei into two commands. Fearing mutiny in Wei, the Last Emperor sent Xun to camp at Wei county.

莊宗入魏，鄩以謂晉兵悉從莊宗赴魏，而太原可襲，乃結草為人，執以旗幟，以驢負之往來城上，而潛軍出黃澤關襲太原。 Zhuangzong entered Wei. Xun reasoned that every Jin soldier had followed him there and that Taiyuan lay open; he mounted straw dummies with flags on donkeys and marched them along the walls while his army slipped out through Huangze Pass toward Taiyuan.

鄩至樂平，遇雨，不克進而旋，急趨臨清，爭魏積粟，而周德威已先至，鄩乃屯於莘縣，築甬道及河以饋軍。 Rain stopped Xun at Leping and forced him back. He raced to Linqing for Wei’s grain stores, but Zhou Dewei was already there; Xun fell back to Shen County, built a supply road to the river, and fed his men.

久之，末帝以書責鄩曰：「閫外之事全付將軍，河朔諸州一旦淪沒。 Months later the Last Emperor wrote in rebuke: “I gave you full command beyond the pass, and Hebei fell in a day.

今倉儲已竭，飛免不充，將軍與國同心，宜思良畫！」 Stores are empty and no convoy can refill them. Stand with the throne and find a way forward!”

鄩報曰：「晉兵甚銳，未可擊，宜待之。」 Xun answered: “Jin is too keen to fight now. Wait.”

末帝復遣問鄩必勝之策，鄩曰：「臣無奇術，請人給米十斛，米盡則敵破矣！」 The Last Emperor asked again for a sure plan. Xun said: “I have no trick—only give every man ten hu of grain. When the grain is gone, the enemy breaks.”

末帝大怒，誚鄩曰：「將軍蓄米，將療饑乎？ The Last Emperor raged: “Are you stockpiling rice to feed yourselves?

鄩召諸將謀曰：「主上深居禁中，與白面兒謀，必敗人事。 Xun called his officers and said: “The emperor sits in the inner palace taking counsel from soft-faced courtiers—he will ruin this war.

諸將皆欲戰，鄩乃悉召諸將坐之軍門，人以河水一杯飲之，諸將莫測，或飲或辭，鄩曰：「一杯之難猶若此，滔滔河流可盡乎？」 They all wanted battle. Xun seated them at the gate and gave each a cup of river water. Some drank, some refused, baffled. Xun said: “One cup is hard enough—can you drink the whole Yellow River?”

是時，莊宗在魏，數以勁兵壓鄩營，鄩不肯出，而末帝又數促鄩，使出戰。 Zhuangzong at Wei kept sending crack troops against Xun’s lines; Xun would not budge, but the Last Emperor kept ordering him out.

莊宗與諸將謀曰：「劉鄩學《六韜》，喜以機變用兵，本欲示弱以襲我，今其見迫，必求速戰。」 Zhuangzong told his officers: “Xun knows the Six Secret Teachings and lives by surprise. He wanted to look weak and trap us; now that he is harried he will have to fight fast.”

鄩果報末帝曰：「晉王西歸，魏無備，可擊。」 Xun reported to the Last Emperor: “Zhuangzong has gone west; Wei is bare—we can hit it.”

鄩忽見晉軍，驚曰：「晉王在此邪！」 Xun saw the Jin host and cried: “Zhuangzong—here?”

兵稍卻，追至故元城，莊宗與符存審為兩方陣夾之，鄩為圓陣以禦晉人。 His line buckled. Pursued to old Yuancheng, Zhuangzong and Fu Cunjian closed on him from two sides; Xun drew a circle to meet Jin steel.

兵再合，鄩大敗，南奔，自黎陽濟河，保滑州。 They clashed twice; Xun broke; he ran south, crossed at Liyang, and held Huazhou.

明年，河朔皆入於晉，降鄩亳州團練使。 The next year Hebei fell to Jin; Xun was reduced to regiment trainer at Bozhou.

兗州張萬進反，拜鄩兗州安撫制置使。 When Zhang Wanjin rebelled at Yanzhou, Xun was named Yanzhou pacification commissioner.

萬進敗死，乃拜鄩泰寧軍節度使。 Wanjin was beaten and killed; Xun was then made military governor of Taining.

朱友謙叛，陷同州，末帝以鄩為河東道招討使，行次陜州，鄩為書以招友謙，友謙不報，留月余待之。 When Zhu Youqian rebelled and seized Tongzhou, the Last Emperor sent Xun as Hedong-route pacification commissioner. At Shaan he wrote to win Youqian over; Youqian never answered, and Xun waited more than a month.

尹皓、段凝等素惡鄩，乃譖之，以為鄩與友謙親家，故其逗留以養賊。 Yin Hao, Duan Ning, and others had long hated him; they whispered that Xun and Youqian were kin by marriage and that he was stalling to feed the rebellion.

已而鄩兵數敗，乃罷鄩歸洛陽，冘殺之，年六十四，贈中書令。 His army lost again and again; he was recalled to Luoyang and quietly executed at sixty-four; posthumously he was made Director of the Secretariat.

鄩妾王氏有美色，鄩卒後，入明宗宮中，是為王淑妃。 Xun’s concubine Lady Wang was famed for her beauty; after his death she entered Mingzong’s palace as Wang Shufei.

明宗晚年，淑妃用事，鄩二子皆被恩寵。 In Mingzong’s last years Shufei ruled from behind the screen; both of Xun’s sons basked in favor.

廢帝入立，拜遂雍淄州刺史，以鄩兄琪之子遂清代遂雍為西京副留守。 When the Deposed Emperor took the throne, Sui Yong was made prefect of Zibo; Sui Qing, son of Xun’s elder brother Qi, replaced him as deputy intendant of the Western Capital.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 23Volume 23 Later Liang Biographies 3: Yang Shihou, Wang Jingren, He Gui, Wang Tan, Ma Sixun, Wang Qianyu, Xie Yanzhang · 1 passage

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劉鄩敗于故元城，走黎陽，貝、衞、洺、磁諸州皆入于晉。 Liu Xun was beaten at former Yuancheng and fled to Liyang. Bei, Wei, Ming, and Ci prefectures all passed to Jin.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 33Volume 33 Biographies of Martyrs to Service 13: Zhang Yuande, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Wang Sitong, Zhang Jingda, Di Jinzong, Shen Bin, Wang Qing, Shi Yanchao, Sun Cheng · 5 passages

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梁貞明三年，魏博節度使楊師厚卒，末帝分魏、相等六州為兩鎮，懼魏軍不從，乃遣劉鄩將兵萬人，屯於魏以虞變。 In Liang’s third Zhenming year, Weibo governor Yang Shihou died; the Last Emperor split Wei and five other prefectures into two commands, fearing mutiny, and sent Liu Yan with ten thousand men to camp at Wei.

當是時，源德為鄩守貝州。 At that time Yuande, under Liu Yan, held Bei Prefecture.

且源德雖恃劉鄩之兵，然與滄州相首尾，今德州居其中而無備，不如先取之，則滄、貝之勢分而易圖也。」 Yuande relies on Liu Yan, but he and Cangzhou back each other; Dezhou lies between, undefended—take it first, and Cang and Bei will be split and easier to crack."

已而劉鄩大敗於故元城，南走黎陽，晉軍攻破洺州，而衛州刺史來昭、邢州節度使閻寶皆以城降晉，磁州刺史靳昭、相州張筠、滄州戴思遠皆棄城走。 Soon Liu Yan was crushed at Old Yuancheng and fled to Liyang; Jin took Luozhou; Lai Zhao of Weizhou and Yan Bao of Xingzhou surrendered; Jin Zhao, Zhang Yun, and Dai Siyuan fled their posts.

晉已下魏博，梁將劉鄩軍於洹水，莊宗以百騎覘敵，遇鄩伏兵，圍之數重，幾不得脫，魯奇力戰，手殺百餘人，身被二十餘創，與莊宗決圍而出。 After Jin took Weibo, Liu Yan camped on the Huan; Zhuangzong scouted with a hundred horsemen, walked into an ambush, and was nearly trapped; Luqi fought hand to hand, slew a hundred men, took twenty wounds, and broke out with him.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 36Volume 36 Biographies of Righteous Sons 16: Li Sizhao, Li Siben, Li Si'en, Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian · 4 passages

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天祐十三年，從莊宗擊劉鄩於故元城，下洺、磁諸州，六月，還軍振武。 In Tianyou's thirteenth year he followed Zhuangzong against Liu Yun at Old Yuancheng, took Bo and Ci, and in the sixth month marched back to Zhenwu.

劉鄩攻太原，兵趣樂平，嗣恩從後追之，自佗道先入太原以守。 When Liu Yun marched on Taiyuan toward Leping, Si'en trailed behind, cut by another road, and entered Taiyuan first to hold the city.

鄩兵去，嗣恩亦以兵會莊宗於魏，從戰於莘。 When Yun withdrew, Si'en joined Zhuangzong at Wei and fought at Xin.

莊宗與劉鄩戰於魏博，梁遣王檀來，乘虛襲太原，存璋以汾州兵入太原距守，以功遷大同軍防禦使，遂為節度使。 While Zhuangzong fought Liu Yun at Weibo, Liang sent Wang Tan to strike Taiyuan in its weakness; Cunzhang rushed Fen troops in to hold the city, won Datong defender, then full governor.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 5 passages

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太祖遣劉鄩、牛存節攻知俊，知俊遂奔於茂貞，茂貞地狹，無以處之，使之西攻靈武。 Zhu Wen sent Liu Yun and Niu Cunjie against him. Zhijun fled to Maozhen, whose lands were too narrow to hold him; Maozhen sent him west against Lingwu.

遣劉鄩以兵六萬渡河，聲言攻鎮定，王彥章以騎兵五百入魏州，屯金波亭以虞變； He sent Liu Yun with sixty thousand men across the river, feigning a strike on Zhen and Ding, while Wang Yanzhang entered Wei with five hundred horse and camped at Jinbo Pavilion to watch for trouble;

但以六州還魏，而詔劉鄩反兵，皇帝可以高枕。」 Give the six prefectures back to Wei and recall Liu Yun, and the Emperor can sleep easy.”

異還，言彥狂蹶不足畏，宜促鄩兵擊之。 Yi came back and said Yan was a mad rebel, nothing to fear—push Liu Yun to strike.

末帝優詔答之，言：「王镕死，鎮人請降，遣鄩以兵定鎮州，非有佗也，若魏不便之，即召鄩還。」 The Last Emperor answered gently: “Wang Rong is dead; Zhen asks to submit; I sent Liu Yun to settle it—nothing more. If Wei is uneasy, I will recall him.”