Confucius (孔子) | 24 Histories

Overview

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and teacher traditionally dated 551-479 BC.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Kong Qiu	孔丘	Kǒng Qiū
Courtesy name	Zhongni	仲尼	Zhongni
Posthumous name	King of Propagated Culture	文宣王	Wénxuān Wáng
Epithet	Sage	聖	Shèng

Life and dates

Birth

BC 551 historical identification
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 38, passage 274; Book of Han 70, passage 124

Death

BC 479 二年
At Lu 魯
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 196
BC 479 historical identification
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 38, passage 274; Book of Han 70, passage 124
BC 479 仲尼沒後
Unspecified
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 18
BC 479 十四年
Died
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 34, passage 63
BC 478 湣公二十四年
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 152
death 卒
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 10

Show 2 more source-backed claims

died; 129 years before Zhou Grand Historian Tan saw Duke Xian of Qin 孔子死之後百二十九年
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 63, passage 21
the sage perished 聖人既沒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 35

Attested activity

昭明太子令
Directly stated · Book of Liang 27, passage 119
BC 551 to BC 479 BC 551-479
Strongly inferred · History of Song 436, passage 292
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子
Strongly inferred · History of Yuan 146, passage 87
BC 481 十二年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passages 189-191
BC 500 十五年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 218
BC 479 二年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 196

Show 160 more source-backed claims

BC 485 八年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 156
BC 484 九年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passages 157-158
BC 551 to BC 479 《春秋》雖書日食、星變之類
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 7
BC 551 to BC 479 allusion to Confucius's own lifetime
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 157, passage 69
BC 551 to BC 479 BC 551-479
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 32, passage 35
BC 551 to BC 479 BC 551-479
Uncertain · Book of Southern Qi 48, passage 100
BC 551 to BC 479 classical exemplum
Strongly inferred · Book of Southern Qi 55, passage 3
BC 551 to BC 479 Confucius (551-479 BC)
Strongly inferred · Book of Chen 4, passage 64; Book of Chen 24, passages 45, 135; Book of Han 6, passage 187; Book of Han 85, passage 37; Book of Later Han 34, passage 60; Book of Later Han 109, passage 53; History of Jin 35, passages 48, 244, 246; Old Book of Tang 131, passage 204; Old History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 74; Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 107; Old History of the Five Dynasties 120, passage 57; Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 132; Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 150; Book of Liang 37, passage 84; History of Liao 2, passage 5; History of Liao 93, passage 102; History of Ming 19, passage 21; History of Ming 140, passage 30; Draft History of Qing 353, passage 126; Draft History of Qing 378, passage 201; Draft History of Qing 443, passage 132; Draft History of Qing 445, passage 168; Book of Sui 77, passage 36; New Book of Tang 161, passage 96; New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 98; History of Yuan 2, passage 53; History of Yuan 171, passage 65; History of Yuan 204, passage 30
BC 551 to BC 479 historical identification as Confucius
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 21, passage 153; Draft History of Qing 105, passage 73
BC 551 to BC 479 Spring and Autumn activity of Confucius
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 25, passage 288
BC 551 to BC 479 Spring and Autumn career of Confucius
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 21, passage 100
BC 551 to BC 479 Spring and Autumn lifetime of Confucius
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 30, passage 158
BC 551 to BC 479 Spring and Autumn period
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 111, passage 70
BC 551 to BC 479 Spring and Autumn teaching of Zhongni
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 105, passage 279
BC 551 to BC 479 undated citation of Confucius
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passages 9, 11, 39, 48, 58
BC 551 to BC 479 不遇仲尼
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 5
BC 500 中國宗教遵孔
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 149
BC 493 二十六年，孔子如蔡
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 98
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 92, passage 1
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 94, passages 316, 328, 363; Book of Later Han 96, passages 274, 276; Book of Jin 109, passage 193; Records of the Three Kingdoms 63, passage 144
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 30; New Book of Tang 194, passage 208; Book of Zhou 23, passage 153
BC 500 仲尼
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 94, passage 211
BC 500 to BC 479 仲尼（引述）
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 111
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼／孔子（論語互鄉）
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 75, passages 146, 148-149
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼之世
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 55, passage 158
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼之去魯
Directly stated · Book of Han 98, passage 55
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼之門
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 40, passages 236, 260, 265
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼云
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 178
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼居，曾子侍
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 21, passage 84
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼所師
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 20, passage 19
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼抗浮云之志
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 117, passage 247
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼曰
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 12
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼有言
Directly stated · Book of Wei 96, passage 107
BC 500 仲尼有言
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 153
BC 479 仲尼沒後
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 18
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼畏匡
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 9
BC 500 仲尼論四科
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 30, passage 199
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼謂之不知礼
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
BC 551 to BC 479 仲尼贊《易》道
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 35, passage 108
BC 551 to BC 479 先師孔子
Strongly inferred · History of Ming 4, passages 36, 88
BC 551 to BC 479 先秦
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 134, passage 194
c. BC 500 先秦時期
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 48, passage 187
BC 479 十四年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 34, passage 63
BC 551 to BC 479 古之知義者莫如孔、孟
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 15, passage 108
BC 551 to BC 479 周、孔之才
Strongly inferred · Old Book of Tang 112, passage 214
BC 551 to BC 479 周、孔之軌躅
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 117, passage 86
BC 551 to BC 479 周孔／仲尼
Strongly inferred · Book of Jin 72, passages 230, 253
BC 551 to BC 479 周衰亂
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 350
BC 520 to BC 500 大項橐生七歲為孔子師
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 71, passage 198
c. BC 500 夫子（周代聖人）
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 6, passage 73
BC 551 to BC 479 夫子曰
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 26, passage 63
BC 551 to BC 479 夫子無入不自得者
Directly stated · History of Song 430, passage 164
BC 551 to BC 479 夫子罕言利者，常防其原也。
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 74, passages 3, 41
BC 551 to BC 479 子贛既學於仲尼
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 103, passage 44
BC 500 孔
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 47, passage 82
BC 551 to BC 479 孔丘有言
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 68, passage 126
BC 551 to BC 479 孔丘秘經
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 34, passage 25
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子 (Spring and Autumn lifetime of the speaker quoted, not the Han dialogue)
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 65, passages 166, 180
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子 Spring and Autumn activity
Strongly inferred · History of Song 430, passage 249
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子…逐於魯
Derived from the source · Records of the Grand Historian 76, passage 164
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 1, passage 242
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 38, passage 19; Book of Later Han 89, passage 357; Book of Later Han 110, passage 87; History of Jin 127, passage 49; Old Book of Tang 27, passage 35; Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passages 26, 34; Book of Liang 14, passage 290; Book of Liang 47, passage 273; Book of Liang 52, passage 94; Draft History of Qing 483, passage 4; Records of the Grand Historian 13, passage 62; Records of the Grand Historian 83, passage 194; Records of the Grand Historian 85, passage 99; Book of Song 55, passage 32; History of Yuan 103, passages 247, 249; History of Yuan 115, passage 93
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 65, passages 55, 63, 86, 94-95; Book of Han 70, passage 124; Book of Han 75, passage 216; Book of Later Han 33, passages 96-97; Book of Later Han 38, passage 227; Book of Later Han 39, passage 21; Book of Later Han 40, passages 78, 82; Book of Later Han 108, passages 93-94, 104, 137; Book of Jin 128, passages 71, 77; Old Book of Tang 153, passage 41; History of Liao 104, passage 111; History of Liao 109, passage 5; History of Ming 65, passage 29; History of Ming 284, passages 33, 252; History of Song 357, passages 84, 241; New Book of Tang 21, passage 56; History of Yuan 115, passage 130; History of Yuan 146, passage 158; History of Yuan 174, passage 194
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子
Dated from the passage context · Book of Wei 27, passage 56; Book of Wei 98, passage 212; New Book of Tang 175, passage 223
c. BC 500 孔子
Directly stated · Book of Chen 36, passage 127
BC 551 孔子
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 473, passage 68
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子（Spring and Autumn; temple dedication is Liao retrospective）
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 48, passage 180
BC 500 孔子（春秋時）
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 244
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子不云乎
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 258
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子之世
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 11, passage 90; Book of Later Han 75, passages 75, 93, 100; Book of Liang 38, passage 283
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子之世
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passages 181, 185, 189
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子之世
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 168
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子之門
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 194, passage 48
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子云
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 25, passage 182
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子五十四世孫
Strongly inferred · History of Yuan 180, passage 187
c. BC 500 to BC 479 孔子以為顏氏之子不貳過
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 222
BC 481 孔子作《春秋》
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 112, passage 14
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子作春秋
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 65, passage 233
BC 500 to BC 481 孔子修《春秋》
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 160, passage 74
BC 497 to BC 484 孔子周流天下
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 75, passage 295
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子因史文次春秋
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 13, passage 3
BC 492 to BC 489 孔子在陳
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 22-24
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子在齊而聞《韶》
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 65, passage 45
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子大聖
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 72, passage 15
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子定《書》
Strongly inferred · History of Song 484, passage 6
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子定其文
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 75, passage 221
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子小之
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 67
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子廟庭
Strongly inferred · History of Yuan 187, passage 21
c. BC 551 to c. BC 479 孔子所傳
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 281
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子所稱
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 25, passage 37
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子於鄉黨
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 30, passage 29
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子時
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 158
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子曰
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 26, passages 71, 76; Book of Han 65, passage 50; Records of the Grand Historian 3, passage 236
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子曰
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 38, passage 274; Book of Liang 25, passage 250; Records of the Grand Historian 126, passage 1; Book of Wei 91, passage 13
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子曰
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 110, 148, 152, 160, 162, 279, 284, 328; Records of the Grand Historian 55, passage 277
c. BC 500 孔子曰
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 37
BC 500 孔子曰
Directly stated · Book of Chen 32, passage 1
BC 500 孔子曰
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 104, passage 3
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子曰（春秋）
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 20, passage 3
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子曰「吾從周」
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 75, passage 243
c. BC 551 to c. BC 479 孔子書「元年」為《春秋》大法
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 133
c. BC 551 to c. BC 479 孔子未修《春秋》
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 131
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子正夏時
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 2, passage 261
BC 479 孔子死之後百二十九年
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 63, passage 21
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子生平
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 112
BC 500 孔子相魯
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 66, passage 126
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子稱
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 108, passage 2
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子稱
Directly stated · Book of Zhou 9, passage 150
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子稱剛近仁
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 146, passage 264
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子稱孟公綽
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 232
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子稱才難
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 140, passage 221
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子稱曰
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 104, passage 71
BC 500 to BC 479 孔子稱殷有三仁
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 65, passage 334
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子著春秋
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 39, passage 71
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子衣逢掖之衣
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 131, passage 51
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子言
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 22, passage 5
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子言
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 292
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子論前王之文獻
Strongly inferred · History of Song 497, passage 4
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子論楚復陳
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passages 92-93
BC 520 to BC 479 孔子適周
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 63, passage 2
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子錯其象
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 99, passages 138, 149
BC 551 to BC 479 孔子閔王路廢而邪道興
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 4-9
BC 551 to BC 479 孔宣父
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 145, passage 20
BC 551 to BC 479 孔宣父（孔子傳統生卒年）
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 12, passages 258, 264
BC 551 to BC 479 孔父
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 33, passage 15
BC 481 to BC 479 孔终篇于西狩
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 117, passage 262
BC 551 to BC 479 孔聖之言
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 38, passage 82
BC 551 to BC 479 孔門之世
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 31, passage 196
BC 551 孔墨荀孟
Directly stated · Book of Zhou 46, passage 15
BC 500 學於仲尼
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 70
BC 551 to BC 479 守孔約／孔忘味／登孔
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 117, passages 203, 210-211, 216, 229
BC 500 定十年
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 122, passage 187
BC 551 to BC 479 宣父稱顏子
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 44, passage 158
c. BC 500 所謂孔子乘殷之路者
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 59
BC 551 to BC 479 抑揚孔、墨／有仲尼之學
Dated from the passage context · Book of Liang 6, passages 145, 176
BC 551 to BC 479 故孔子欲居九夷也
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 96, passage 5
BC 551 to BC 479 文宣王
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 102; Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 126
BC 551 to BC 479 昔
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 1-2, 5, 10, 12, 35
BC 551 to BC 479 昔仲尼
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 107; New Book of Tang 95, passage 85
BC 551 to BC 479 昔春秋時
Strongly inferred · History of Song 436, passages 28-29
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋
Directly stated · Book of Liang 16, passage 176; New Book of Tang 56, passage 233
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋
Strongly inferred · History of Ming 13, passage 40; Book of Southern Qi 6, passage 162; History of Song 253, passage 163
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 133, 137
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋/孔子
Strongly inferred · Book of Jin 127, passage 200
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋之世
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 91, passages 109, 206
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋之世
Strongly inferred · History of Ming 11, passage 118; New Book of Tang 173, passage 253
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋之世
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 472, passage 20
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋之後
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passage 52
BC 500 春秋時
Directly stated · Book of Han 82, passage 146
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋晚期
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 39, passage 280; Book of Liang 25, passage 191
BC 551 to BC 479 春秋末
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 117, passages 181-182
BC 478 湣公二十四年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passages 151-152
BC 496 湣公六年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 139
BC 489 湣公十三年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passages 142-143
BC 551 to BC 479 祭孔宣父
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passage 183
BC 551 to BC 479 自堯、舜、三代以來
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 4
BC 551 to BC 479 論語孔子曰
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 75, passage 49
BC 500 贊曰：姬制孔作
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 10, passage 209
BC 500 遊、夏 / 孔氏
Strongly inferred · Records of the Three Kingdoms 31, passage 148
BC 481 顏淵死
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 65, passages 372-373

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Parent of Parent of Zisi (子思之父)
father 父
Strongly inferred · History of Ming 284, passage 34
Ancestor of Zisi (子思)
grandfather of 孫 · 2 generations
grandson 孫 · 2 generations
Directly stated · History of Ming 284, passage 34
Ancestor of Kong Miao (孔邈)
forty-first-generation descendant 四十一代孫 · 41 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 126
Ancestor of Kong Renyu (孔仁玉)
descendant carrying on King Wenxuan's line 孔氏襲文宣王者 · paternal line · 43 generations
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passage 138
Ancestor of Kong Renyu (孔仁玉)
forty-third-generation descendant 四十三代孫 · paternal line · 43 generations
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 102
Ancestor of Kong Yuancuo (元措)
fifty-first-generation descendant 五十一世孫 · paternal line · 51 generations
fifty-first-generation descendant 五十一代孫 · paternal line · 51 generations
Directly stated · History of Yuan 2, passage 53; History of Yuan 146, passage 87
Ancestor of Kong Sihui (孔思晦)
fifty-fourth-generation descendant 五十四世孫 · paternal line · 54 generations
Directly stated · History of Yuan 180, passage 187
Ancestor of Kong Xixue (孔希學)
fifty-sixth-generation descendant of the Sage 先聖五十六代孫 · 56 generations
Directly stated · History of Ming 284, passage 5
Ancestor of Kong Yinzhi (孔廕植)
sixty-fifth-generation descendant 六十五代孫 · paternal line · 65 generations
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 4
Ancestor of Marquis of Baocheng (褒成侯)
descendant 之后 · paternal line
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 108, passages 104, 140
Spouse of Jiguan Shi (勣官氏)
husband 夫
wife 妻
Directly stated · History of Yuan 36, passage 12
Child of Zhengzai, Mother of Confucius (徵在)
mother 母 · maternal line
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 26
Child of Father of Confucius (聖父)
Sage's father 聖父
Directly stated · History of Yuan 180, passage 211
Child of Mother of Confucius (聖母)
Sage's mother 聖母
Directly stated · History of Yuan 180, passage 212

Kinship Role disciples · Count 70
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 10
descendants at Qufu and Xi'an
Kinship Role descendants · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · History of Ming 284, passage 253

Key source chapters

Career and standing

First Sage 先聖
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 12, passage 258
minister 相
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 218
sage and classical editor 聖人
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 4-5
sage teacher 孔子
Directly stated · History of Ming 65, passage 29
sage-author 孔子
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 233
sage-teacher 聖人
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 140, passage 228

Show 15 more source-backed claims

chancellor of Lu 相魯
Appointed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 66, passage 126
minister of Lu 相魯
BC 500 十五年 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 218
uncrowned king 素王
Ascribed
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 160
Perfect Sage and Exalted Teacher 大成至聖先師
AD 1645 二年 · Fixed as tablet title
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 112
seasonal sacrificial rank equal to the feudal lords 時祭舊品，秩比諸侯
Held posthumously
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 6, passage 164
Exalted Father 宣父
Held
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 12, passage 258
First Sage 先聖
Held
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 12, passages 258, 264
King of Propagated Culture 文宣王
Held
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 21, passage 100
Xuan Sheng 宣聖
Held
Directly stated · History of Yuan 103, passage 247
temple to Confucius 孔子廟
AD 918 三年五月乙亥 · Honored by temple construction
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 1, passage 242
Perfect Sage and Exalted King of Culture and Propagation 大成至聖文宣王
AD 1645 二年 · Proposed restoration on spirit tablet · retrospective tablet title; not Confucius's own activity date
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 112
imperial title 帝號
AD 1038 to AD 1227 夏國尊孔 · Revered with
Directly stated · History of Jin 134, passage 194
king 王
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · History of Yuan 180, passage 211
Great Accomplished Ultimate Sage Literary Propagation King 大成至聖文宣王
Held
Directly stated · History of Yuan 36, passage 12
base and lowly 卑賤
Lowly
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 95

Places and affiliations

Zhou 周
Relation Lived under
Strongly inferred · History of Ming 4, passage 88
Polity Lu · Relation Philosopher of
Directly stated · Book of Han 82, passage 146
Polity Eastern Zhou 東周 · Relation Lived under
Strongly inferred · History of Song 436, passages 28-29
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Active in
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 40, passage 260
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Associated with
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 38, passage 274; Old Book of Tang 112, passage 214; Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 292; New Book of Tang 12, passage 258; New Book of Tang 140, passage 221
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passages 158, 196

Show 27 more source-backed claims

Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Associated
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 65, passage 343
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Lived in
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 11, passage 90
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Lived under
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 75, passage 75; Old History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 102; New Book of Tang 21, passage 56
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Lived
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 146, passage 264
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Native of
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 6, 22
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 34, passage 63
Polity Lu 魯 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 218
Polity Spring and Autumn 春秋 · Relation Lived under
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 75, passage 146
Polity Zhou 周 · Relation Lived under
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 350
Polity Zhou 周 · Relation Lived under
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 75, passage 243
Polity Zhou 周 · Relation Lived under
Strongly inferred · History of Ming 11, passage 118; History of Yuan 146, passage 158
BC 489 湣公十三年
At Chen 陳 · Relation Resided in
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 143
At Chen 陳 · Relation Sojourned in
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 22
At Chen 陳 · Relation Traveled from
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 156
At Confucius temple 孔子廟 · Relation Commemorated at
Directly stated · History of Yuan 103, passage 249
At Lu 魯 · Relation Returned to
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 158; Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 6
At Nishan 尼山 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · History of Yuan 180, passage 209
At Qi 齊 · Relation Traveled to
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 5
At Qi 齊 · Relation Visited
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 45
At Que village 闕里 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passages 96-97
At Qufu 曲阜 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · History of Ming 284, passage 253
At Qufu 曲阜 · Relation Temple at
Directly stated · History of Yuan 36, passage 57
At temples of the First Teacher 先師廟 · Relation Dedicatee of
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 105, passage 73
At Wei 衛 · Relation Entered
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 156
At Wei 衛 · Relation Resided at
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 17
At Wei 衛 · Relation Traveled to
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 6
At Xuan Sheng temple 宣聖廟 · Relation Commemorated at
Directly stated · History of Yuan 103, passage 247

Learning and skills

Belief Confucian ritual teaching 孔教 · Relation Name source of
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 149
Belief Confucianism 孔子之道 · Relation Founder of
Strongly inferred · History of Yuan 115, passage 130
Belief Zhou ritual model 從周 · Relation Adherent of · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子) Witness Person Id Zhang Yuanzu (張元祖)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 243
Skill learning 學 · Level canonical model · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Wei Zheng (魏徵)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 6, passage 176

Works and attributed material

Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 233; Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 9
Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 160; History of Song 436, passage 30
Changes 易
Relation Praised · Mode named-person-speech Speaker Zixian (子顯)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 35, passage 108
its text 其文
Relation Editor · Mode quoted-source Speaker Jia Juanzhi (賈捐之)
Directly stated · Book of Han 75, passage 221
writings of Kong 孔書
Relation Associated author
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 40, passage 265
Xia Minor Calendar 夏小正
Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 2, passage 261

Show 134 more source-backed claims

Correct Sayings of Confucius 孔子正言
Relation Attributed author
Directly stated · Book of Chen 24, passage 135
Analects 論語
Relation Attributed speaker
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passages 348, 350
saying on succeeding Zhou 其有繼周，雖百世可知
Relation Attributed speaker
Directly stated · Book of Liang 25, passage 191
saying on slow speech and quick action 君子欲訥於言而敏於行
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 153
saying on succeeding Zhou ritual forms 繼周者行夏正乘殷輅服周冕
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 37
secret classics 秘經
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 34, passage 25
Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 160, 233-236, 240; History of Liao 112, passage 14; History of Song 436, passage 30; New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 1, 7
Spring and Autumn 春秋
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 99, passage 149; Book of Later Han 39, passage 71
the arts of Confucius 孔子之術
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 328
the classic ending with the western hunt (Spring and Autumn) 西狩终篇
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 262
the sage's teachings 孔聖之言
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 38, passage 82
the saying on three injurious friendships 損者三友
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 105, passage 279
the uncrowned king's plain classic 素文
Relation Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 211
Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
Relation Canonical author sage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passages 133, 137
Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
Relation Compiler
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 160, passage 74; Records of the Grand Historian 13, passage 3
Confucius temple 孔子廟
Relation Dedicatee
Directly stated · History of Song 253, passage 163
Book of Documents 書
Relation Editor
Directly stated · History of Song 484, passage 6
Documents 書
Relation Editor
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 4; New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 4
Odes 詩
Relation Editor
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 4; New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 4
Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
Relation Editor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 131, 133
Temple of King Wenxuan 文宣王廟
Relation Honoree
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 74, 76
Owl 鴟鴞
Relation Interpreter
Directly stated · History of Song 357, passage 241
historical records 史記
Relation Reader
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 92
Confucian teaching 孔子之教
Relation Source of
Directly stated · History of Yuan 146, passage 158
Analects 論語
Relation Speaker in
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passages 93, 100
the Way of Confucius 孔子之道
Relation Teachings of
Directly stated · History of Yuan 115, passage 130
Imperial Genealogies 帝系姓
Relation Transmitter
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 281
Virtues of the Five Emperors 五帝德
Relation Transmitter
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 281
Speech · Speaker · Speaker Confucius (孔子) · About Person Ids Zigong (子貢), Yan Hui (顏回)
Directly stated · Book of Han 103, passages 47-48
AD 200 五年春
Dream speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Zheng Xuan (鄭玄) · Mode dream Witness Person Id Zheng Xuan (鄭玄)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 40, passage 241
AD 951 高祖親征兗州
Dream announcement · Speaker · With Guo Wei (郭威)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 130, passages 127, 132
太伯可謂至德矣，三以天下讓，民無得而稱焉
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Embedded In Person Id The Grand Historian (太史公) · Mode named-source-report Witness Person Id The Grand Historian (太史公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 292
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Extent s0001, s0002 · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 126, passages 1-2
Allusion · Exemplar · Paraphrased · Mode quotation Speaker Zhang Zhan (張湛)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 30, passage 29
You can govern the levies of a thousand-chariot state.
Assessment · Speaker · With Zhong You (仲由) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 53
Dialogue · Questioner · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 93
Book of Documents 書
Editorial act · Editor
Directly stated · History of Song 484, passage 6
Judgment · Subject · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 13, passages 6, 9
Judgment · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 25, passage 37
Judgment · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · History of Jin 127, passages 49-50
Lament · Speaker · Direct quotation · Units s0372, s0373 · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 372-373
Narration · Subject · Paraphrased · Silent-subject continuation of the Confucius lament in s0094.
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 95
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · With Yan Hui (顏子) · Mode named-source-report Speaker Li Qiyun (李棲筠)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 44, passage 158
Quotation · Speaker · With Zigong (賜)
Directly stated · Book of Wei 96, passage 107
Quotation · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Speaker Confucius (孔子) Witness Person Id Yao Cha (姚察)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 16, passage 176
Changes 易
Quotation · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 11-12
Quotation · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passages 244-245, 259-262
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Speaker Shizong (世宗)
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 71
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report
Directly stated · Book of Chen 36, passage 127
Quotation · Speaker · Mode named-source-report
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 187
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Source Person Id Wei Zheng (魏徵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 21, passage 56
Quotation · Speaker · Mode quotation Source Person Id Peng Yan (彭偃)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 131, passage 204
Quotation · Speaker · Quote true · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 39, passages 21, 40
Lead them with policies, align them with punishments, and the people will escape but have no shame 導之以政，齊之以刑，民免而無恥
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 180
Luxury breeds rudeness; niggardliness leaves you mean. 奢則不遜，儉則固。
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 166
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 11, passage 90
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Du Lin (杜林)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 30, passages 158-159
Quotation · Attributed speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Cheng Zhen (程振)
Directly stated · History of Song 357, passage 241
Quotation · Attributed speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Li Xijing (李熙靖)
Directly stated · History of Song 357, passages 84-85
Quotation · Speaker · Mode quoted-in-document Speaker Murong Chao (慕容超)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 128, passages 71, 77
Quotation · Quoted figure · Mode quoted-source
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 21, passage 84
Quotation · Speaker · Quote true
Directly stated · History of Liao 93, passage 102
Analects on ritual inheritance 殷因於夏禮
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 284-286
Analects saying on Shun 亡為而治者其舜乎
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 279-281
Quotation · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 38, passage 227; Book of Liang 14, passage 290; History of Liao 108, passage 2; New Book of Tang 175, passage 223
Lüshi Chunqiu 呂氏春秋
Quotation · Subject · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 295
Quotation · Speaker · Quoted By Person Id Jing Xianjun (敬顯儁)
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 25, passage 182
損者三友
Quotation · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 105, passage 279
唯名與器，不可以假人
Quotation · Speaker
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 160, passage 78
Quotation · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Han 55, passage 158; Book of Han 85, passage 37; Draft History of Qing 353, passage 126
Quoted exemplum · Subject · Direct quotation · Mode quotation
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 95, passage 85
Quoted saying · Speaker · Mode direct-attribution Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 38, passage 274
Quoted saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Yuan Zhu (袁著)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 39, passage 280
Saying · Speaker · With Zi Xia (子夏) · Mode quotation Source Person Id Zhang Fen (張奮)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 40, passage 82
grief must not destroy one’s nature
Saying · Source · Direct quotation · Mode direct-quotation Source Person Id Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Wei 98, passage 212
grief must not destroy one's nature 毀不滅性
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Book of Liang 47, passage 273
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Speaker Zhao Liang (趙良)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 68, passage 126
Saying · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Witness Person Id Sima Qian (司馬遷)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 153
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Source Person Id Liu Shi (劉寔)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 222
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子) Source Person Id Li Qi (李琪)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 58, passage 178
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Source Person Id Grand Historian (太史公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 55, passage 277
Saying · Speaker · Mode quotation Source Person Id Zhang Fen (張奮)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 40, passages 78-80, 83-84
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子) Witness Person Id Zengzi (曾子)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 26, passage 63
不知命，亡以為君子
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 257
天地之性人為貴。
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 250
攻乎異端，斯害也已
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 72, passage 253
Good household governance can be carried into public office. 居家理治，可移於官。
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 25, passage 250
Saying · Subject · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Li Fan (李燔)
Directly stated · History of Song 430, passage 164
spoke of companions who could tell gain from loss
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quoted-document Speaker Li Keyong (李克用)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 30
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Units s0334 · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 334
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 110, 148, 152, 162
Saying · Speaker · Paraphrased
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passage 15
A craftsman must sharpen his tools.
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 112
To send the people to war without teaching them is to abandon them.
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 52
上興讓則下不爭
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 185
人能弘道，非道弘人
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 50
君子居之，何陋之有！
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 96, passage 276
能以禮讓為國，則不難也
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 181
employs men according to their capacities 使人也器之
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 140, passage 228
I follow Zhou 吾從周
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 243
Talent is hard to find—is that not exactly the case? 才難，不其然乎？
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Wei 91, passage 13
talent is hard to find 才難
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 140, passage 221
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Topic governance by virtue and rites
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passages 147-148
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Topic the dependence of just punishment on rites and music
Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passages 149-150
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Units s0250
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Units s0258, s0259
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passages 258-259
Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passages 99-100; Book of Liang 25, passage 191; New Book of Tang 146, passage 264
九夷可居
Saying · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 96, passage 274
其身正，不令而行；其身不正，雖令不從
Saying · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Liang 38, passages 283-284
rarely spoke of profit 罕言利
Saying · Speaker
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 74, passage 3
Saying · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Han 91, passages 109, 206-207; Records of the Grand Historian 104, passage 71
Speech · Speaker · With Zigong (子貢) · Mode quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 108, passage 137
Speech · Speaker · With Meng Gongchuo (孟公綽) · Direct quotation · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 189, passage 232
Speech · Speaker · With Zilu (子路) · Mode quotation Speaker Cui Yuan (崔𣏌)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 56, passage 233
Speech · Speaker · Paraphrased · Mode named-source-report Speaker Ming Taizu (太祖)
Directly stated · History of Ming 65, passage 33
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Speaker Zhan Tong (詹同)
Directly stated · History of Ming 65, passage 29
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quoted-source Source Person Id Su Chuo (蘇綽) Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Strongly inferred · Book of Zhou 23, passage 241
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quoted-source Source Person Id Su Chuo (蘇綽)
Directly stated · Book of Zhou 23, passage 153
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passages 189-191
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Source Work Analects, Huxiang 論語互鄉
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 149
A gentleman does not dismiss a saying merely because of who said it. 君子不以人廢言。
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · History of Liao 109, passage 5
吾道窮矣
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 8
歸與！歸與！吾黨之小子狂簡，斐然成章，不知所以裁之。
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 22-24
茍有用我者，期月而已矣
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 7
No phoenix comes; the Yellow River sends up no chart—for me it is over. 鳳鳥不至，河不出圖，吾已矣夫！
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 94
The gentleman's virtue is wind; the commoner's virtue is grass. 君子之德風，小人之德草，草上之風必偃。
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 63
To strike before you have taught is tyranny. 不教而誅謂之虐。
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 86
Virtue never stands alone; it has neighbors 德不孤，必有鄰
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 55
Whoever may succeed the Zhou should use the Xia calendar, ride the Yin carriage, wear the Zhou cap, and for music adopt the Shao and the Wu. 其或繼周者，行夏之正，乘殷之輅，服週之冕，樂則《韶》、《舞》。
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 37
Analects 論語
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passages 49-50
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Chen 32, passage 1; Book of Han 20, passages 3-11; Book of Han 22, passages 5-12; Book of Han 26, passages 71, 76; Book of Han 104, passage 3; Book of Later Han 92, passage 1; Book of Later Han 96, passage 5; Draft History of Qing 483, passages 73-74; Records of the Grand Historian 13, passages 62-65; Records of the Grand Historian 23, passages 12, 17; Records of the Grand Historian 61, passages 11-12, 48-51, 54; Book of Zhou 9, passage 150
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · History of Liao 104, passages 111-112; Records of the Grand Historian 3, passage 236; Records of the Grand Historian 36, passages 92-93; Records of the Grand Historian 63, passages 8-13
hold to spare restraint undivided
Teaching · Author · Mode allusion
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 203
discussion of the four categories, beginning with virtue and conduct and ending with letters and learning 論四科，始乎德行，終乎文學
Teaching · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Ruan Xiaoxu (阮孝緒) Witness Person Id Yao Cha (姚察)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 30, passage 199

Events and relationships

Accepted Bi Xi summons
Allusion · Exemplar · With Bi Xi (佛肸)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 109, passage 193
Arranged and set forth ancient worthies
Scholarly · Compiler · With Bo Yi (伯夷)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 9
Arranged annals
Scholarly · Editor
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 13, passages 3-4, 6
Assisted at Jiagu meeting
Diplomatic · Assistant
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 122, passage 187
Birthplace and disciples described in the Separate Preface to the Classic of Filial Piety
AD 959 顯德六年八月壬寅 · Posthumous work reference · Biographical subject
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 120, passages 55, 57
Circulated throughout the world
Travel · Traveler · Mode named-source-report Source Work Lüshi Chunqiu 呂氏春秋
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 295

Show 117 more source-backed claims

Cited for double name taboo rule
Scholarly · Exemplar
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 26
Classic drew qilin at the end
Omen · Associated figure
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 211
Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
Scholarly · Author · Composed
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 160, 233; New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 1
Considered nine Yi habitable
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 96, passage 274
Corrected music
Scholarly · Editor · At Lu 魯
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 6
Corrected xia calendar
Scholarly · Editor · [object Object]
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 2, passage 261
Could not escape the age slandering him
Scholarly · Subject of slander · With Mo Di (墨翟)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 189
Declared talent hard to find
Scholarly · Speaker
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 140, passage 221
Descendant inherited the title Duke Yansheng
AD 1233 五年癸巳 · Posthumous lineage reference · Ancestor · With Kong Yuancuo (元措)
Dated from the passage context · History of Yuan 2, passage 53
Did not answer about battle formations
Audience · Addressee · With Duke Ling of Wei (衛靈公)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 74, passage 41
Disciples received sacrifice
AD 85 元和二年 · Ritual · Associated recipient · At Lu 鲁
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 109, passage 53
Discussed former kings documents
Scholarly · Speaker
Directly stated · History of Song 497, passage 4
Odes and Documents 詩、書
Scholarly · Editor · Edited
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 4
Embodied aims in Spring and Autumn to frighten rebels
Scholarly · Author
Directly stated · History of Song 436, passage 30
Ended his classic with the western hunt
Scholarly · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 262
Entered Wei from Chen
BC 485 八年 · Travel · Traveler
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 156
Executed
Legal · Authority · With Shaozheng Mao (少正卯)
Directly stated · History of Liao 111, passage 70
Fixed the text
Scholarly · Editor · Mode quoted-source Speaker Jia Juanzhi (賈捐之)
Directly stated · Book of Han 75, passage 221
Forgot flavor after hearing Shao
Cultural · Auditor
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 210
Heard Shao music
Cultural · Listener · At Qi 齊
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 5
Heard the Shao
Cultural · Listener · At Qi 齊
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 45
Held Three Bonds essential to human way
Scholarly · Moral critic
Directly stated · History of Song 436, passage 29
Imagined in selection hall
Counterfactual · Exemplar
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 153, passage 41
Imperial commentary composed on a work bearing his name
AD 542 大同八年 · Posthumous work reference · Attributed author
Directly stated · Book of Chen 24, passage 135
Invoked as a teacher who hurried from court to court
AD 25 to AD 36 建武初 · Later reference · Historical exemplar
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 34, passage 60
Invoked in a philosophical allusion
AD 541 弘正啟梁武帝 · Later reference · Historical authority
Dated from the passage context · Book of Chen 24, passage 45
Invoked in a political criticism
AD 1846 二十六年 · Later reference · Quoted authority
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 378, passages 201, 205
Judged extravagance and frugality
Scholarly · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 166
Judged government by edicts and punishments
Scholarly · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 180
Judged
Scholarly · Speaker · With Yan Hui (顏氏之子)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 222
Lamented
Scholarly · Speaker · Summary He grieved that such omens could be brought about, yet his low station barred him. 自悲可致此物，而身卑賤不得致也
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 94-95
Left Lu and later returned
Travel · Departing sage
Directly stated · Book of Han 98, passage 55
Made names more illustrious
Scholarly · Patron of reputation · With Bo Yi (伯夷)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 58
Mat never grew warm from restless teaching
Exemplum · Exemplar
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 229
Most grieved at Huangchi meeting
Ritual · Grieving observer · At Huangchi 黃池
Directly stated · History of Song 436, passage 41
Paired with the Duke of Zhou as what worldly Ruists embrace
Intellectual · Canonical authority
Directly stated · Book of Jin 72, passage 230
Praised Changes dismissed Eight Canons expounded Regional Officers removed Nine Mounds
Allusion · Exemplar · Mode named-person-speech Speaker Zixian (子顯)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 35, passage 108
Prayer model in imperial poem
Literary allusion · Alluded exemplar
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 173, passage 253
Prescribed Xia calendar, Yin carriage, Zhou cap, and Shao and Wu music for a successor to Zhou
Scholarly · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 37
Que village brambles cleared
Omen interpretation · Invoked sage
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passages 96-97
Quoted in a moral exhortation
AD 546 中大同元年 · Later reference · Quoted authority
Dated from the passage context · Book of Liang 37, passage 84
Quoted on knowing Heaven's mandate at fifty
AD 779 大曆末 · Later reference · Quoted authority
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 131, passages 169, 204
Quoted on millet as the chief of the five grains
AD 588 Li Shiqian's lifetime · Later reference · Quoted authority
Dated from the passage context · Book of Sui 77, passage 36
Received the shidian sacrifice as Master Confucius; the Chenghua date is a later commemoration, not his own activity
AD 1465 成化元年三月丁巳 · Ritual · Honoree
Directly stated · History of Ming 13, passage 40
Received Huxiang youth
Teaching · Teacher · At Huxiang 互鄉
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passages 148-149
Received libation with pavilion stands
Ritual · Honoree
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 21, passage 100
Received libation
Ritual · Recipient
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 12, passage 258
Received sacrifice
Ritual · Recipient
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 12, passage 264
Received seasonal offering
AD 1451 景泰二年二月 · Ritual · Honoree
Directly stated · History of Ming 11, passage 118
Refused purchased wine
Personal · Subject
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 350
Refused to discuss warfare
BC 484 九年 · Scholarly · Addressee · With Kong Yu (孔圉)
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 157
Responded to qilin capture
Omen · Witness
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 8
Restored rites and music
Scholarly · Editor
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 4
Returned to Lu
BC 484 九年 · Travel · Traveler
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 37, passage 158
Sacrifices ordered restored
AD 498 永泰元年三月戊申 · Ritual · Honoree · Mode edict Speaker Emperor Ming (明帝)
Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 6, passages 162, 165-166, 218
Seasonal sacrifice ordered
AD 1060 清寧六年 · Ritual · Honoree
Directly stated · History of Liao 21, passage 153
Served as xiang in Lu
BC 500 十五年 · Appointment · Minister
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 218
Set his will above drifting clouds
Scholarly · Actor
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 247
Sighed at the juncture of diminishing and increasing
Intellectual · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passage 15
Sighed over flowering without fruit
Literary allusion · Subject · Mode quotation Speaker Xu Mian (徐勉)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 25, passage 288
Solicited rulers
Political · Petitioner · Quantity more than seventy
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 7
Taught that the Six Arts serve one purpose in governance
Scholarly · Speaker
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 126, passages 1-2
Taught rectification of names
Dialogue · Respondent · With Zilu (子路) · Mode quotation Speaker Cui Yuan (崔𣏌)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 56, passage 233
Temple named as site for proposed attendant sacrifices
AD 1208 to AD 1224 嘉定 · Ritual · Temple dedicatee
Dated from the passage context · History of Song 436, passage 292
Temple sacrifice music prescribed
Ritual · Honoree
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 144, passage 183
Threatened at Kuang; gaunt at Chen and Cai
Personal · Victim
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 9
Transmitted the Way without holding the throne
Intellectual · Teacher
Directly stated · History of Ming 284, passage 33
Turned back at the river after Mingdu killed
Travel · Agent
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 94, passage 363
Wasted away
Hardship · Subject · At Chen and Cai 陳蔡
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 74, passage 39
Went to Cai
BC 493 孔子如蔡 · Travel · Visitor
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 98
Went to ask rites
Travel · Visitor · With Laozi (老子) · At Zhou 周
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 63, passage 2
Went to
BC 496 湣公六年 · Travel · Traveler · At Chen 陳
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 139
Wished to dwell among nine Yi
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 96, passage 5
Wore broad sleeved garment
Personal · Wearer
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 131, passage 51
Relation Teacher of · Person Min Ziqian (閔子騫)
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 30, passages 199, 201; Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
Relation Teacher of · Person Zengzi (曾子)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 26, passage 63
Relation Student of · Person Laozi (老子) · Mode commentator-judgment Speaker Zhang Yan (張晏)
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 20
Relation Student of · Person Laozi (老子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 19
Relation Teacher of · Person Ziyou (子游)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 374
Relation Critic of · Person Guan Zhong (管仲)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 67
Relation Teacher of · Person Yan Hui (顏回)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passages 372, 374; Book of Later Han 75, passage 95; Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 39; New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 5
Relation Teacher of · Person Yan Hui (顏回)
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 117, passages 216, 262; Book of Liang 30, passages 199, 201
Relation Teacher of · Person Zhong You (仲由)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 135; Draft History of Qing 483, passage 73
Relation Teacher of · Person Zhonggong (仲弓)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
Relation Teacher of · Person Zigong (子貢)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 108, passage 137; Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 70
Relation Teacher of · Person Zigong (子貢)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
Relation Teacher of · Person Zixia (子夏)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 35; Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 16
Relation Teacher of · Person Zixia (子夏)
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 30, passages 199, 201; Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
Relation Teacher of · Person Lin Fang (林放)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 59
Relation Teacher of · Person Yan Hui (顏子)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 44, passage 158
Relation Teacher of · Person Zi Xia (子夏)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 40, passage 82
Relation Teacher of · Person Transmitting Sage (宗聖)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 117
Relation Teacher of · Person Zixia (子夏)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 374
Relation Teacher of · Person Zaiwo (宰我)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 374
Relation Teacher of · Person Ziyou (子遊)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
Relation Teacher of · Person Zizhang (子張)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 10-11
Relation Teacher of · Person Dantai Ziyu (澹臺子羽)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 10-11
Relation Teacher of · Person Kong Ji (孔伋)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 35
Relation Teacher of · Person Yan Zhuoju (顏涿聚)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 75
Relation Subject of · Person Duke Ai of Lu (哀公)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 94, passage 328
Relation Teacher of · Person Yan Hui (顏氏之子)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 222
Relation Student of · Person Xiang Tuo (項橐)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 71, passage 198
Relation Teacher of · Person Ziyou (子游)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 35
Relation Teacher of · Person Shang Qu (商瞿)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 168
Relation Teacher of · Person Zixia (子夏)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 10-11
Relation Teacher of · Person Zigong (子贛)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 374
Relation Invitee of · Person Bi Xi (佛肸)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 109, passage 193
Relation Teacher of · Person Zai Wo (宰予)
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 281
Relation Teacher of · Person Restoring Sage (复聖)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 117
Relation Teacher of · Person Ziyou (子游)
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 30, passages 199, 201
Relation Teacher of · Person Zigong (賜)
Directly stated · Book of Wei 96, passage 107
Relation Teacher of · Person Youzi (有子)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
Relation Teacher of · Person Zizhang (子張)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 27, passage 35
Relation Teacher of · Person Zizhang (子張)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120
Relation Teacher of · Person Zilu (子路)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 10-11
Relation Teacher of · Person Zigong (子貢)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 10-11
Relation Teacher of · Person Boniu (伯牛)
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 483, passage 120

Assessments and attributes

Assessment man of reputation (聞) · About Person Id Lü Buwei (呂不韋) · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 85, passage 99
Assessment elevated and suppressed in Gaozu's cultural policy · About Person Id High Ancestor (高祖) · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Wei Zheng (魏徵)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 6, passage 145
Assessment a sage yet slandered by Shusun Wushu · Mode quotation Speaker Feng Dao (馮道)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 107
Assessment alone refused to accept an age that normalized kin and court slaughter; regarded broken Three Bonds as reducing men to beasts · Mode quotation Speaker Chen Liang (陳亮)
Directly stated · History of Song 436, passage 29
Assessment approve one who comes purified; do not guarantee his past · Mode quoted-source Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 75, passage 149
Assessment belittled Guan Zhong · Mode historian-report · With Guan Zhong (管仲)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 67

Show 35 more source-backed claims

Assessment bright sagehood; model to the hundred kings; measure for a thousand years · Mode edict Speaker Emperor Ming (明帝)
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 6, passages 162-163
Assessment called-Yao-magnificent · With Yao (堯) · Mode quoted-source Speaker Jia Juanzhi (賈捐之)
Directly stated · Book of Han 75, passage 216
Assessment called-Yu-without-blemish · With Yu the Great (大禹) · Mode quoted-source Speaker Jia Juanzhi (賈捐之)
Directly stated · Book of Han 75, passage 216
Assessment cited by Bian Shao as model of silent agreement · Mode quotation Speaker Bian Shao (邊韶)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 89, passage 357
Assessment could not escape contemporaneous slander · Mode named-source-report Speaker Liu Shi (劉寔)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 41, passage 189
Assessment declined to claim sageliness and perfect benevolence · Mode self-report Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 5
Assessment did not explain causes of solar eclipses and stellar irregularities recorded in the Spring and Autumn · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 7
Assessment Did not strike the four usurpers' titles as rulers · Mode historian-judgment Speaker yu (予)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 2, passage 133
Assessment did not understand ritual propriety because his extravagance rivaled his sovereign · With Guan Zhong (管仲) · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 112, passage 250
Assessment discarded fortune-telling among ill omens · Mode commentator-judgment Speaker Sun Sheng (孫盛)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 63, passage 144
Assessment effect of accumulated goodness and virtue · Mode quoted-speech
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 55
Assessment enduring-civilizing-influence-in-Qi-Lu · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 21
Assessment Han imperial equipage identified with Confucius riding the Yin road · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 59
Assessment harbored indignation · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 96, passage 274
Assessment invoked as exemplar of talent insufficient to rescue a doomed polity · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 112, passage 214
Assessment joy of Confucius and Mencius held as learning goal · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Chen Chun (陳淳)
Directly stated · History of Song 430, passage 249
Assessment Laozi is like a dragon · With Laozi (老子) · Mode speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 63, passage 13
Assessment later pedantic scholars treated his writing of yuan-nian in the Spring and Autumn as that classic’s grand law · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 133
Assessment most pained by the Huangchi meeting, taken to show China had no capable men · Mode quotation Speaker Chen Liang (陳亮)
Directly stated · History of Song 436, passage 41
Assessment music-is-not-merely-bells-and-drums · Mode quotation Speaker Confucius (孔子) Source Person Id Wei Zheng (魏徵)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 21, passage 56
Assessment praised-conduct-of-wenbos-mother · With Mother of Wenbo (文伯之母) · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Zhang Yan (張晏)
Directly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 19
Assessment ridiculed-for-seeking-wealth · Person Zigong (子貢) · Mode named-person-judgment Source Person Id Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 103, passage 47
Assessment sage whose virtue covers the people; Way surpasses kings · Mode edict Speaker Xiao Fangzhi (蕭方智)
Directly stated · Book of Liang 6, passages 73-74
Assessment sage whose words should be transmitted without break · Mode quotation Speaker Zhu Fu (朱浮)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 38, passage 82
Assessment singled out Yan Yuan alone among the seventy disciples as loving learning · With Yan Hui (顏回) · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 39
Assessment supreme sage · Mode quotation Speaker Yelü Bei (突欲)
Directly stated · History of Liao 72, passage 15
Assessment suspected privately retailed wine as thin, poor, and unreliable and would not drink it · Mode named-source-report Speaker Lu Kuang (魯匡)
Directly stated · Book of Han 27, passage 350
Assessment teacher to every ruler; united the Way of former sages · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Ming Taizu (明太祖)
Directly stated · History of Ming 284, passage 33
Assessment The Shao is utterly beautiful and utterly good · With Shun (舜) · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 152
Assessment The Wu is utterly beautiful, not yet utterly good · Mode quoted-speech Speaker Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 162
Assessment true exemplar; fame fills heaven and the abyss · Mode speaker-judgment Speaker Host (主人)
Directly stated · Book of Han 117, passage 262
Assessment used as an exemplar of exceptional wisdom · Mode quoted-source-judgment Source Person Id Jia Yi (賈誼)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 48, passage 187
Assessment worthy · Person Yan Hui (顏回) · Mode named-person-judgment Source Person Id Confucius (孔子)
Directly stated · Book of Han 103, passage 47
Item ritual vessels 禮器 · Relation Associated with · Kong-family/Confucius ritual vessels carried by Lu scholars
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passages 17, 19
Item temple of Confucius 孔子廟庭 · Relation Enshrined in
Directly stated · History of Yuan 187, passage 21

Source notes

Some say Mo Di contemporary with Confucius, others after
Field chronology-vs-Mo-Di · With Mo Di (墨翟) · Mode named-source-report
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 74, passage 94
Historicity historical
Directly stated · Book of Han 26, passage 71; Book of Han 27, passage 350; Book of Han 65, passages 55, 166, 279; Book of Han 75, passage 216; Book of Later Han 30, passage 3; Book of Later Han 33, passages 15, 96; Book of Later Han 38, passage 227; Book of Later Han 39, passages 71, 280; Book of Later Han 40, passages 187, 260; Book of Later Han 75, passages 146, 243, 295; Book of Later Han 96, passage 274; Book of Jin 41, passage 222; Book of Jin 72, passages 230, 253; Book of Jin 109, passage 193; Old Book of Tang 153, passage 41; Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 107; Old History of the Five Dynasties 77, passage 26; Old History of the Five Dynasties 126, passage 107; Book of Liang 25, passages 191, 288; Book of Liang 35, passage 108; Book of Liang 37, passage 84; History of Liao 48, passage 180; History of Ming 13, passage 40; History of Ming 140, passage 30; History of Ming 284, passage 252; Draft History of Qing 105, passage 73; Draft History of Qing 245, passage 112; Draft History of Qing 473, passage 56; Records of the Grand Historian 31, passage 292; Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 9; Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 168; Records of the Grand Historian 126, passage 1; History of Song 253, passage 163; History of Song 430, passage 249; Book of Wei 91, passage 14; New Book of Tang 12, passage 258; New Book of Tang 21, passage 56; New Book of Tang 44, passage 158; New Book of Tang 56, passage 233; New Book of Tang 140, passage 221; New Book of Tang 173, passage 253; New Book of Tang 194, passages 48, 208; New History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 131; New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 1, 4, 7; History of Yuan 2, passage 53; History of Yuan 103, passages 247, 249; History of Yuan 115, passages 93, 130; History of Yuan 146, passage 158; History of Yuan 180, passage 187; History of Yuan 204, passage 30
Value historical
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 96, passage 5; Book of Jin 41, passage 181; Old Book of Tang 157, passage 69; Old History of the Five Dynasties 60, passage 30; History of Yuan 174, passage 194
Ritual classics incomplete since Confucius's time 禮固自孔子時而其經不具
Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 121, passage 158
Had seventy-two disciples who received cult at Lu alongside him.
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 109, passage 53
had the wild and the narrow among his followers
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 194, passage 208

Show 2 more source-backed claims

He could in principle bring the phoenix and river-chart omens, but his humble station prevented it. 可致此物，而身卑賤不得致
Directly stated · Book of Han 65, passage 95
His disciples had nothing on the causes of eclipses and stellar anomalies to transmit to posterity 故其弟子之徒，莫得有所述於後世也
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 7

Later references and commemoration

Cited as receiving regular spring and autumn sacrifices
AD 929 天成四年八月 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 107
His temple's offerings were ranked above those of the Martial King of Completion
AD 783 to AD 784 德宗居奉天 · Posthumous commemoration · Ritual honoree
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 161, passages 94, 96
Lecture hall at his temple was struck by thunder
AD 932 長興三年六月壬戌 · Posthumous commemoration · Temple honoree
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passages 144, 150
Received a libation sacrifice from the National Academy
AD 1311 仁宗即位…釋奠 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Directly stated · History of Yuan 204, passage 30
Received a libation sacrifice
AD 1567 隆慶元年八月癸未朔 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Directly stated · History of Ming 19, passage 21
Received a sacrifice performed by the emperor
AD 1197 承安二年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 35, passage 48

Show 7 more source-backed claims

Received an imperial temple sacrifice
AD 1141 皇統元年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 35, passage 244
Received imperial homage at his temple
AD 919 四年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passage 5
Received regular spring and autumn libation sacrifices
AD 1174 大定十四年 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 35, passage 246
Received sacrifice
AD 952 廣順二年六月 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree · At Qufu 曲阜
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 11, passage 98
Rites maintained by an appointed descendant
AD 567 光大元年十二月庚寅 · Posthumous commemoration · Honoree · With Kong Yingzhe (孔英哲)
Directly stated · Book of Chen 4, passage 64
Temple built and repaired through levies on officials' salaries
AD 909 開平三年 · Posthumous commemoration · Temple honoree
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 74, 76
Temple rites reviewed by the Ministry of Rites
AD 1371 洪武四年 · Posthumous commemoration · Ritual honoree
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 140, passage 30

References in the histories

Search passages

History

414 passages

Book of Northern Qi, Chapter 25Volume 25 Biographies 17: Zhang Zuan; Zhang Liang; Zhang Yao; Zhang Qi; Xu Yuan; Wang Jun; Wang Hong · 1 passage

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尚書敬顯儁曰：「孔子云：『微管仲，吾其被發左衽矣』以此言之，右衽為是。」 Minister Jing Xianjun said, "Confucius said, 'Were it not for Guan Zhong, we would wear our hair loose and our lapel to the left.' By this reasoning the right lapel is correct."

Book of Northern Qi, Chapter 38Volume 38 Biographies 30: Xin Shu; Yuan Wenyao; Zhao Yanshen · 1 passage

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邢卲聞之，遺術書曰：「昔鐘離意云『孔子忍渴於盜泉』，便以珠璣委地，足下今能如此，可謂異代一時。」 Xing Shao heard and wrote Shu: "Long ago Zhongli Yi said that Confucius would endure thirst rather than drink from Robber Spring, and so cast pearls and jade aside; you, sir, can do as much today—truly one moment in another age."

Book of Chen, Chapter 4Volume 4: Emperor Fei · 1 passage

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十二月庚寅，以兼從事中郎孔英哲為奉聖亭侯，奉孔子祀。 On gengyin day of the twelfth month Kong Yingzhe, acting regular attendant, was made Marquis of Fengsheng Pavilion to maintain the rites to Confucius.

Book of Chen, Chapter 24Volume 24: Zhou Hongzheng; Yuan Xian · 2 passages

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而宣尼比之桎梏，絕韋編於漆字，軒轅之所聽瑩，遺玄珠於赤水。 Yet Confucius called it fetters and broke the leather cords at the lacquered text; what the Yellow Emperor polished, he left as the dark pearl in Red Water.

大同八年，武帝撰孔子正言章句，詔下國學，宣制旨義。 In Datong year eight the emperor composed his commentary on the Correct Sayings of Confucius and ordered the National University to expound the imperial interpretation.

Book of Chen, Chapter 32Volume 32: Filial Piety · 1 passage

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孔子曰：「夫聖人之德，何以加於孝乎！」 Confucius said, "Of the sage's virtue, what can be added to filial piety!"

Book of Chen, Chapter 36Volume 36: Chen Shuling, Prince of Shixing; Chen Bogu, Prince of Xin'an · 1 passage

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史臣曰：孔子稱「富與貴，是人之所欲，非其道得之，不處也」。 The historiographer says: Confucius said, "Wealth and honor are what men desire; if not obtained by the proper way, one does not dwell in them."

Book of Han, Chapter 2Volume 1: Annals of Emperor Gaozu 2 · 1 passage

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過魯，以大牢祠孔子。 Passing through Lu, he sacrificed to Confucius with a greater sheep offering.

Book of Han, Chapter 6Volume 5: Annals of Emperor Jing · 1 passage

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贊曰：孔子稱「斯民，三代之所以直道而行也」，信哉！ Appraisal: Confucius said, 'This people is why the Three Dynasties could follow the straight path'—how true!

Book of Han, Chapter 20Table of Ancient and Modern Persons · 2 passages

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孔子曰：「若聖與仁，則吾豈敢？」 Confucius said, "As for claiming sagehood and perfect benevolence, how could I dare?"

張晏曰：「老子玄默，仲尼所師，雖不在聖，要為大賢，文伯之母達於禮典，動為聖人所歎，言為後世所則，而在第四。田單以即墨孤城復強齊之大，魯連之博通，忽於榮利，藺子申威秦王，退讓廉頗，乃在第五。大姬巫怪，好祭鬼神，陳人化之，國多淫祀，寺人孟子違於大雅，以保其身，旣被宮刑，怨刺而作，乃在第三。嫪毐上烝，昬亂禮度，惡不忍聞，乃在第七。其餘差違紛錯不少，略舉揚較，以起失謬。獨馳騖於數千歲之中，旁觀諸子，事業未究，而尋遇竇氏之難，使之然乎？」 Zhang Yan said, "Laozi was deep and silent, and Confucius regarded him as a teacher. Though not ranked among sages, he surely counts as a great worthy. Wenbo's mother mastered the ritual classics; the sage praised her conduct and later ages took her words as a model—yet she appears in the fourth grade. Tian Dan restored great Qi from the isolated city of Jimo; Lu Lian was broadly learned yet disdained fame and profit; Lord Lin awed the King of Qin and yielded to Lian Po—yet they are placed in the fifth grade. Great Ji practiced sorcery and loved sacrificing to ghosts and spirits; the people of Chen were transformed by her and the state was full of improper cults. The eunuch Mengzi, turning from the great elegant style to preserve himself—after castration, wrote in resentment—yet is placed in the third grade. Lao Ai committed incest at court and threw ritual order into chaos, in deeds too foul to bear hearing—yet he is placed in the seventh grade. Discrepancies and errors are many; I have cited a few to expose the faults. Did he gallop alone across thousands of years, looking on at the various masters while his work remained unfinished, then soon meet the Dou family's disaster—and did that make it turn out this way?"

Book of Han, Chapter 22Volume 20: Prominent People from the Past Until the Present · 2 passages

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孔子曰：「若聖與仁，則吾豈敢？」 Confucius said, "If you speak of sageliness and perfect benevolence, I would not presume to claim them."

〈張晏曰：「老子玄默，仲尼所師，雖不在聖，要為大賢，文伯之母達於禮典，動為聖人所歎，言為後世所則，而在第四。〈Zhang Yan comments: "Laozi was deep and reserved, and even Confucius learned from him. Though not classed as a sage, he was certainly a great worthy. Wenbo's mother was thoroughly versed in ritual, praised by sages for her conduct, and imitated by later generations for her words, yet she is only placed in the fourth class.

Book of Han, Chapter 25Volume 23: Treatise on Punishment and Law · 5 passages

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孔子傷焉，曰：「以不教民戰，是謂棄之。」 Confucius lamented it, saying: 'To send the people to war without teaching them is to abandon them.'

孔子曰：「工欲善其事，必先利其器。」 Confucius said: 'If a craftsman wishes to do good work, he must first sharpen his tools.'

孔子傷之，曰：「導之以德，齊之以禮，有恥且格； Confucius lamented it, saying: 'Guide with virtue and align with rites, and people will have shame and also rectify;

孔子曰：「如有王者，必世而後仁； Confucius said: 'If there were a true king, it would take a generation before benevolence;

孔子曰：「古之知法者能省刑，本也； Confucius said: 'Those who understood law in antiquity could reduce punishments-this is root;

Book of Han, Chapter 26Volume 24a: Treatise on Trade 1 · 2 passages

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故孔子曰：「道千乘之國，敬事而信，節用而愛人，使民以時。」 Confucius said, 'To govern a state of a thousand chariots, be reverent in affairs and trustworthy, be frugal in expenditure and cherish the people, and employ the people only in season.'

孔子曰「苟有用我者，期月而已可也，三年有成」，成此功也。 Confucius' 'three years to achievement' points to precisely this socio-economic-moral consolidation.

Book of Han, Chapter 27Volume 24b: Treatise on Trade 2 · 1 passage

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論語孔子當周衰亂，酒酤在民，薄惡不誠，是以疑而弗食。 In the Analects, Confucius lived when Zhou was declining and chaotic, with wine retail in private hands; its quality was thin, poor, and unreliable, so he suspected it and would not drink.

Book of Han, Chapter 38Volume 29: Treatise on Rivers and Canals · 1 passage

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孔子曰：「多聞而志之，知之次也。」 As Confucius said, "To hear broadly and record it well is the next step toward knowledge."

Book of Han, Chapter 55Volume 46: The Lords of Wan, Wei, Zhi, Zhou and Zhang · 1 passage

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贊曰：仲尼有言「君子欲訥於言而敏於行」，其萬石君、建陵侯、塞侯、張叔之謂與？ The appraisal says: Confucius said, “The gentleman wishes to be slow in speech yet quick in action.” Was he not speaking of the Lord of Wan, the Marquis of Jianling, the Marquis of Sai, and Zhang Shu?

Book of Han, Chapter 65Volume 56: Dong Zhongshu · 23 passages

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夫虞氏之不為政久矣，然而樂頌遺風猶有存者，是以孔子在齊而聞《韶》也。 The house of Yu has not ruled for ages, yet echoes of its ritual songs remain—which is why Confucius could hear the Shao in Qi.

孔子曰「人能弘道，非道弘人」也。 Confucius said, “Men broaden the Way; the Way does not broaden men.”

周公曰「復哉復哉」，孔子曰「德不孤，必有鄰」，皆積善累德之效也。 The Duke of Zhou said, “Return, return!” Confucius said, “Virtue never stands alone; it has neighbors”—both are the effects of accumulated goodness piled up in virtue.

孔子曰：「君子之德風，小人之德草，草上之風必偃。」 Confucius said, “The gentleman’s virtue is wind; the commoner’s virtue is grass—let the wind sweep the grass and the grass must bend.”

孔子曰：「不教而誅謂之虐。」 Confucius said, “To strike before you have taught is tyranny.”

孔子曰：「鳳鳥不至，河不出圖，吾已矣夫！」 Confucius said, “No phoenix comes; the Yellow River sends up no chart—for me it is over.”

孔子曰：「腐朽之木不可雕也，糞土之牆不可圬也。」 Confucius said, “Rotten wood will not take the knife; a dung-plastered wall will not take the trowel.”

故孔子曰：「如有王者，必世而後仁，」此之謂也。 Confucius said, “Give a true king one generation and kindness would fill the land”—he meant exactly this.

孔子曰「《韶》盡美矣，又盡善矣」，此之謂也。 Confucius said of the Shao, “It is perfect in beauty and perfect in goodness”—he spoke of this age.

孔子作《春秋》，先正王而系萬事，見素王之文焉。 Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, beginning with the true king and threading every event, revealing the charter of the “king without a throne.”

孔子曰「《武》盡美矣，未盡善也」，此之謂也。 Confucius said of the Wu dance, “The form is perfect, the goodness not yet perfect”—he meant this harder age.

故孔子曰：「奢則不遜，儉則固。」 Confucius said, “Luxury breeds rudeness; niggardliness leaves you mean.”

故孔子曰「導之以政，齊之以刑，民免而無恥」，此之謂也。 Confucius said, “Drive the people with edicts, herd them with penalties, and they may stay out of jail but will feel no shame”—this is what that describes.

孔子作《春秋》，上揆之天道，下質諸人情，參之於古，考之於今。 Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals with one eye on Heaven’s pattern, one on human passion, checked against old ages and today.

故孔子曰：「天地之性人為貴。」 Confucius said, “Of all nature between Heaven and earth, none is nobler than man.”

故孔子曰「不知命，亡以為君子」，此之謂也。 Hence Confucius said, “Without knowing Heaven’s charge, one cannot be a gentleman”—he meant this ladder of self-cultivation.

故孔子曰：「亡為而治者，其舜乎！」 Confucius said, “To rule without fuss—perhaps only Shun managed it.”

孔子曰：「殷因於夏禮，所損益可知也； Confucius said, “Shang took Xia’s rites—what it dropped or added can be known;

臣愚以為諸不在六藝之科孔子之術者，皆絕其道，勿使並進。 I urge you to bar every path that is not the Six Classics and Confucius' teaching from advancing alongside the true Way.

孔子稱殷有三仁，寡人亦以為粵有三仁。 Confucius called Shang's three men humane; I say Yue had three as well.

是以仲尼之門，五尺之童羞稱五伯，為其先詐力而後仁誼也。 Even a child at Confucius' gate is ashamed to praise the Five Hegemons—they put fraud and force ahead of kindness and right.

及仲舒對冊，推明孔氏，抑黜百家。 Dong's policy answers exalted Confucius and set the hundred schools aside.

故顏淵死，孔子曰『噫！ When Yan Hui died, Confucius cried, "Alas!

Book of Han, Chapter 70Volume 60: Du Zhou · 4 passages

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孔子曰：『仁遠乎哉！』 Confucius asked, "Is humanity really so far away?"

孔子曰：『孝無終始，而患不及者，未之有也。』 Confucius said, "No one who fails to practice filial duty from beginning to end escapes the consequences."

孔子曰：『視其所以，觀其所由，察其所安，人焉瘦哉？』 Confucius said, "Study his acts, trace his motives, note where he is content—then how can character stay hidden?"

孔子曰『惡紫之奪硃』，當世治之所務也。 Confucius said he hated how purple crowds out true red—that is the reform our age most needs.

Book of Han, Chapter 74Volume 64a: Yan, Zhu, Wuqiu, Zhufu, Xu, Yan, Zhong, Wang, and Jia 1 · 2 passages

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孔子曰：「吾何執，執射乎？」 Confucius said: "What shall I hold to? Shall I hold to archery?"

陳涉無千乘之尊、疆土之地，身非王公大人名族之後，無鄉曲之譽，非有孔、曾、墨子之賢，陶朱、猗頓之富也。 Chen She owned no kingdom, no famous name, no village cheering him on—he was no sage and no millionaire.

Book of Han, Chapter 75Volume 64b: Yan, Zhu, Wuqiu, Zhufu, Xu, Yan, Zhong, Wang, and Jia 2 · 2 passages

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臣聞堯舜，聖之盛也，禹入聖域而不優，故孔子稱堯曰「大哉」，韶曰「盡善」，禹曰「無間」。 Yao and Shun stood at the summit of sagehood; Yu entered that company yet did not surpass them—which is why Confucius called Yao 'magnificent,' the Shao music 'perfect in goodness,' and Yu 'without blemish.'

及其衰也，南征不還，齊桓捄其難，孔子定其文。 In decline, kings marched south and never came home; Duke Huan of Qi had to rescue the house of Zhou, and Confucius fixed its text.

Book of Han, Chapter 76Volume 65: Dongfang Shuo · 1 passage

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譬若以周、邵為丞相，孔丘為御史大夫，太公為將軍，畢公高拾遺於後，弁嚴子為衛尉，皋陶為大理，後稷為司農，伊尹為少府，子贛使外國，顏、閔為博士，子夏為太常，益為右扶風，季路為執金吾，契為鴻臚，龍逢為宗正，伯夷為京兆，管仲為馮翊，魯般為將作，仲山甫為光祿，申伯為太僕，延陵季子為水衡，百里奚為典屬國，柳下惠為大長秋，史魚為司直，蘧伯玉為太傅，孔父為詹事，孫叔敖為諸侯相，子產為郡守，王慶忌為期門，夏育為鼎官，羿為旄頭，宋萬為式道候。」 Imagine the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Shao as your chancellors; Confucius as chief censor; the Grand Duke as commander; Duke Bi Gao as court remonstrant; Bian Zhuangzi as captain of the guard; Gao Yao as chief judge; Hou Ji as minister of agriculture; Yi Yin as palace treasurer; Zigong as foreign envoy; Yan Hui and Min Ziqian as court scholars; Zixia as master of rites; Yi as western capital intendant; Zilu as capital commandant; Xie as master of guest ceremonies; Guan Longpeng as keeper of the imperial genealogy; the minister Boyi as metropolitan governor; Guan Zhong as northern capital intendant; Lu Ban as chief engineer; Zhong Shanfu as palace chamberlain; the Earl of Shen as master of the horse; Prince Jizi of Yanling as keeper of parks and waters; Baili Xi as commissioner for dependent peoples; Liuxia Hui as chamberlain to the empress; Shi Yu as censor of conduct; Qu Boyu as grand tutor; Kong Fu as supervisor of the heir apparent's household; Sunshu Ao as chancellor to the feudal lords; Zichan as commandery governor; Prince Qingji as a palace gate guard; Xia Yu as cauldron officer; Yi the Archer as vanguard officer; and Song Wan as road-clearing scout."

Book of Han, Chapter 82Volume 71: Jun, Shu, Yu, Xue, Ping and Peng · 1 passage

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自元帝時，韋玄成為丞相，奏罷太上皇寢廟園，當上書言：「臣聞孔子曰：『如有王者，必世而後仁。』 Under Emperor Yuan, Chancellor Wei Xuancheng had persuaded the throne to close the shrine park of the Exalted Supreme Emperor. Ping Dang memorialized: "Confucius said, 'Give a true king one generation and benevolence will appear.'

Book of Han, Chapter 85Volume 74: Wei Xiang and Bing Ji · 1 passage

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今左右不憂此，乃欲發兵報纖介之忿於遠夷，殆孔子所謂『吾恐季孫之憂不在顓臾而在蕭牆之內』也。 Those about you ignore this rot yet talk of war over a trifling score with distant tribes—exactly Confucius’s fear that the Ji clan’s peril lay not in Zhuanyu but inside its own walls.

Book of Han, Chapter 88Volume 77: Gai, Zhuge, Liu, Zheng, Sun, Wujiang and He · 3 passages

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昔趙簡子殺其大夫鳴犢，孔子臨河而還。 They cited Confucius turning back from the Yellow River when Zhao Jianzi killed his worthy.

孔子曰：『奚取於三家之堂！』 Confucius said, 'What place has this in the halls of the Three Families?'

孔子曰：「吾未見剛者。」 Confucius said, "I have not seen the resolute."

Book of Han, Chapter 91Volume 80: The Six Sons of Emperors Xuan and Yuan · 2 passages

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今乃遭命，離於惡疾，夫子所痛，曰：『蔑之，命矣夫！ Now fate has struck, and he is stricken with grievous illness. The Master lamented, saying, 'Alas for him! Such is fate!'

孔子曰：『過而不改，是謂過矣。』 Confucius said, ‘A fault uncorrected is a true fault.’

Book of Han, Chapter 94Volume 83: Xue Xuan and Zhu Bo · 4 passages

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孔子曰：『陳力就列，不能者止。』 Confucius said, "Take a post only if you can fill it; otherwise step down."

孔子曰：「如有所譽，其有所試。」 Confucius said, "If I praise a man, I have tested him."

孔子曰：『必也正名。』 Confucius said, "The first task is to set names right."

孔子曰：「久矣哉，由之行詐也！」 Confucius said of Zilu, "His tricks have gone on far too long!"

Book of Han, Chapter 96Volume 85: Gu Yong and Du Ye · 2 passages

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昔曾子問從令之義，孔子曰：「是何言與！」 When Zengzi asked about blind obedience, Confucius cried, "What talk is that!"

孔子稱「友多聞」，三人近之矣。 Confucius called "friends much hearing"—these three men neared it.

Book of Han, Chapter 98Volume 87a: Yang Xiong 1 · 1 passage

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昔仲尼之去魯兮，婓□遲遲而周邁，終回復於舊都兮，何必湘淵與濤瀨！ When Confucius left Lu he lingered and wandered the circuit of states, yet at last he came home to his city— he did not need the Xiang's depths and boiling rapids!

Book of Han, Chapter 99Volume 87b: Yang Xiong 2 · 5 passages

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是以宓犧氏之作《易》也，綿絡天地，經以八卦，文王附六爻，孔子錯其象而彖其辭，然後發天地之臧，定萬物之基。 So Fuxi’s 《Changes》 laced heaven and earth, the eight trigrams forming its warp; King Wen added the six lines; Confucius aligned the images and wrote the judgments—only then could the hidden stores of nature be opened and the basis of the ten thousand things fixed.

孔子作《春秋》，幾君子之前睹也。 Confucius wrote the 《Spring and Autumn》 for the few who could already see what was coming.

降周迄孔，成於王道，終後誕章乖離，諸子圖微。 From the fall of Zhou to Confucius the kingly way was perfected; later ages splintered into wild doctrines as each school chased its own subtle teaching.

仲尼以來，國君、將相、卿士、名臣參差不齊，一概諸聖。 Since Confucius, rulers, generals, ministers, and famous officers have risen uneven heights—here they are judged by one sage standard.

仲尼之後，訖於漢道，德行顏、閔、股肱蕭、曹，□及名將尊卑之條，稱述品藻。 From Confucius down to Han times—Yan Hui and Min Ziqian for virtue, Xiao He and Cao Shen as arms of state, and the ranking of celebrated generals—each is weighed and characterized.

Book of Han, Chapter 102Volume 90: Cruel Officials · 1 passage

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孔子曰：「導之以政，齊之以刑，民免而無恥； Confucius said, "Guide them with edicts and police them with penalties, and they stay out of trouble but feel no shame;

Book of Han, Chapter 103Volume 91: Usurers · 2 passages

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子贛既學於仲尼，退而仕衛，發貯鬻財曹、魯之間。 After studying with Confucius, Zigong left to serve Wei and made a fortune buying cheap and selling dear between Cao and Lu.

然孔子賢顏淵而譏子贛，曰：「回也其庶乎，屢空。 Yet the Master praised Yan Hui and chided Zigong, saying, "Hui is close to perfection, yet he is repeatedly in want.

Book of Han, Chapter 104Volume 92: Youxias · 1 passage

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孔子曰：「天下有道，政不在大夫。」 Confucius said, "When the Way holds sway, government does not rest with the ministers."

Book of Han, Chapter 105Volume 93: Flatterers · 1 passage

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故仲尼著「損者三友」，王者不私人以官，殆為此也。 Confucius therefore warned of "three friendships that injure you," and the sage-kings never handed out rank for love alone—this is what he meant.

Book of Han, Chapter 117Volume 100a: Afterword and Family History 1 · 9 passages

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今吾子已貫仁誼之羈絆，繫名聲之韁鎖，伏周、孔之軌躅，馳顏、閔之極摯，既繫攣於世教矣，何用大道為自眩曜？ Now you, sir, have already put on the fetters of benevolence and duty and tied yourself to the reins and locks of reputation. You crouch in the tracks of the Duke of Zhou and Confucius and race toward the utmost earnestness of Yan Hui and Min Ziqian; since you are already bound fast by worldly teaching, why use the great Way merely to dazzle yourself?

溺招路以從己兮，謂孔氏猶未可，安慆慆而不萉兮，卒隕身虖世禍。 Jie Ni invited Zilu to follow him, dismissing Confucius as still unworthy; Zilu would not withdraw from the world's turmoil, and in the end it cost him his life.

物有欲而不居兮，亦有惡而不避，守孔約而不貳兮，乃輶德而無累。 You may crave yet not clutch, shrink from evil yet not dodge duty; hold fast to the Master's spare rule and virtue rides easy.

虞韶美而儀鳳兮，孔忘味於千載。 The Shao dance of Emperor Shun so moved nature that phoenixes flocked; Confucius forgot his meal for ages after hearing it.

素文信而底麟兮，漢賓祚于異代。 The uncrowned king's classic drew the qilin at the end; Han inherited that mandate in a later era.

登孔、顥而上下兮，緯群龍之所經，朝貞觀而夕化兮，猶諠己而遺形，若胤彭而偕老兮，訴來哲以通情。 Climb the heights of Confucius and Yan Hui, follow the dragons' tracks, wake to the true pattern by dusk though ego still chatters, shed the shell, and if you walk with Peng Zu into age, leave a thread of feeling for sages yet unborn.

夫德不得後身而特盛，功不得背時而獨章，是以聖喆之治，棲棲皇皇，孔席不煗，墨突不黔。 Virtue cannot peak if you put yourself last, nor can merit blaze if you ignore the hour; hence true sages never rest—Confucius' mat stayed cool, Mozi's hearth stayed clean.

是故仲尼抗浮雲之志，孟軻養浩然之氣，彼豈樂為迂闊哉？ So Confucius fixed his mind above the clouds and Mencius fed the flood-like breath—were they merely eccentric?

若乃夷抗行於首陽，惠降志於辱仕，顏耽樂於簞瓢，孔終篇於西狩，聲盈塞於天淵，真吾徒之師表也。 Then there were Boyi, who upheld his conduct on Mount Shouyang; Liuxia Hui, who humbled his aspirations to take a dishonorable post; Yan Hui, who delighted in his basket of rice and gourd of water; and Confucius, who brought his classic to an end with the hunt in the west. Their fame fills the space between heaven and the abyss; they are truly exemplars for men such as us.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 11Volume 9: Annals of Emperor Xiaoxian · 1 passage

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詔曰：『孔子歎「學之不講」，不講則所識日忘。 The edict ran: Confucius mourned that “learning is not pursued”; without pursuit, knowledge slips away daily.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 30Volume 27: Biographies of Xuan, Zang, Two Wangs, Du, Guo, Wu, Cheng, Zheng, Zhao · 2 passages

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孔子於鄉黨，恂恂如也。 Confucius among his neighbors was modest and careful in every step.

孔子曰：「導之以政，齊之以刑，民免而無恥。 Confucius said, "If you herd the people with edicts and lash them with penalties, they will keep out of trouble but lose all sense of shame.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 31Volume 28a: Biographies of Huan Tan; Feng Yan · 1 passage

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蓋仲由使門人為臣，孔子譏其欺天。 That is Zhong You styling his pupils as ministers—Confucius called it cheating Heaven.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 32Volume 28b: Biography of Feng Yan · 2 passages

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然後闔門講習道德，觀覽乎孔老之論，庶幾乎松、喬之福，上隴阪，陟高岡，遊精宇宙，流目八纮。 Then I would shut my gate to study moral teaching and read Confucius and Laozi, hoping for something of the blessing of Chisongzi and Wangzi Qiao; I would climb the Long ridges and high hills, send my spirit wandering through heaven and earth, and let my eyes sweep the eight reaches of the world.

嘉孔丘之知命兮，大老聃之貴玄； I honor Kong Qiu's acceptance of fate and Laozi's reverence for the hidden Way;

Book of Later Han, Chapter 33Volume 29: Biographies of Shentu Gang; Bao Yong; Zhi Yun · 3 passages

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損益之際，孔父攸嘆，持滿之戒，老氏所慎。 At the turning between gain and loss Kongzi sighed; holding a full cup—what Laozi warned against.

頃之，孔子闕里無故荊棘自除，從講堂至於裏門。 Soon thorns at Confucius' hometown cleared themselves from the lecture hall to the lane gate.

永異之，謂府丞及魯令曰：『方今危急而闕里自開，斯豈夫子欲令太守行禮，助吾誅無道邪？』 Yong told his aides: "The sage's lane opens in crisis—is the Master bidding me perform the village archery rite and help purge the wicked?"

Book of Later Han, Chapter 34Volume 30a: Biographies of Su Jing; Yang Hou · 2 passages

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夫孔丘秘經，為漢赤制，玄包幽室，文隱事明。 Confucius’s cryptic classics spell out Han’s crimson mandate: mystery veils the inner chamber, the wording is obscure but the message is plain.

仲尼棲棲，墨子遑遑，憂人之甚也。 Confucius hurried from court to court; Mozi rushed about—they cared for humanity that intensely.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 38Volume 33: Biographies of Zhu, Feng, Yu, Zheng, Zhou · 2 passages

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尋博士之官，為天下宗師，使孔聖之言傳而不絕。 The erudites are teachers to the empire; through them the words of Confucius endure.

論曰：孔子稱『可與立，未可與權』。 The historian remarks: Confucius said, 'You can stand firm with some men—not weigh shifting circumstances with every one.'

Book of Later Han, Chapter 39Volume 34: Biography of Liang Tong · 4 passages

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故孔子稱『仁者必有勇』，又曰『理財正辭，禁民為非曰義』。 Confucius said the humane are brave, and that ordering livelihoods, correcting speech, and barring wrongdoing is righteousness.

孔子曰：『刑罰不衷，則人無所厝手足。』 Confucius said, 'When penalties miss the mean, people do not know where to stand.'

班固見而稱曰：『孔子著《春秋》而亂臣賊子懼，梁竦作《七序》而竊位素餐者慚。』 Ban Gu said, 'Confucius's Spring and Autumn struck fear into traitors; Liang Song's Seven Prefaces shames office-holders who steal pay.'

時，郎中汝南袁著，年十九，見冀凶縱，不勝其憤，乃詣闕上書曰：臣聞仲尼嘆鳳鳥不至，河不出圖，自傷卑賤，不能致也。 At that time Yuan Zhu of Runan, a nineteen-year-old gentleman, seeing Liang Ji's cruelty, went to the palace gate and memorialized: "I have heard Confucius grieve that the phoenix and river chart never came, blaming his own low station for failing to draw them forth."

Book of Later Han, Chapter 40Volume 35: Biographies of Zhang, Cao, Zheng · 6 passages

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孔子曰：「安上治民，莫善於禮； Confucius said: "To secure superiors and govern the people, nothing is better than ritual;

孔子謂子夏曰：「禮以修外，樂以制內，丘已矣夫！」 Confucius said to Zi Xia: "Ritual adorns the outer, music regulates the inner—I am finished!'

玄笑曰：『仲尼之門考以四科，回、賜之徒不稱官閥。』 Zheng Xuan smiled: "Confucius tested disciples in four arts; men like Yan Hui and Duanmu Ci never traded on their offices."

五年春，夢孔子告之曰：『起，起，今年歲在辰，來年歲在巳。』 In the fifth year's spring he dreamed Confucius said: "Up, up—the year-star stands in chen this year, in si the next."

王父豫章君每考先儒經訓，而長於玄，常以為仲尼之門不能過也。 Fan Ye's grandfather, the lord of Yuzhang, collated earlier masters' glosses and always put Zheng Xuan first, convinced that even Confucius's school did not outrank him.

孔書遂明，漢章中輟。 Confucius's canon grew clear; Han's code stalled halfway.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 75Volume 68: Biographies of Guo, Fu, Xu · 9 passages

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論語孔子曰：「邦有道，危言危行。 The Analects quotes Confucius: "When the state follows the Way, speak and act with bold integrity;

〈《呂氏春秋》曰：「顏涿聚，梁父大盜也，學於孔子。」〈(The Lüshi Chunqiu calls Yan Zhuoju a Liangfu outlaw who became Confucius's pupil."

〈《論語》曰：「蘧伯玉使人於孔子，問之曰：『夫子何爲？』〈(The Analects: Qu Boyu sent a man to Confucius, who asked him, 『What has the Master been doing?』

〈《論語》孔子之言也。〈(A line from Confucius in the Analects.)

仲尼不逆互鄉，故吾許其進也。」 Confucius did not turn away the village of Hu—so I accept his coming."

「互鄉難與言，童子見，門人惑。 "Huxiang is hard to talk with; a boy was received to see [Confucius], and the disciples were perplexed.

孔子曰：『人潔己以進，與其進，不保其往。』」〉 Confucius said: approve the man who comes having cleansed himself—do not hold his old sins against him.』")〉

且禮設棺槨，制杖章，孔子曰「吾從周」』。 but the rites prescribe coffins, mourning staffs, and insignia—Confucius said he would follow the Zhou model."

《呂氏春秋》曰：「孔子周流天下。」〉 as Confucius "circled the realm" in the Lüshi Chunqiu.)〉

Book of Later Han, Chapter 89Volume 80a: Biographies of Writers 1 · 1 passage

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寐与周公通梦，静与孔子同意。 'Asleep I bargain with the Duke of Zhou; awake in silence I match Confucius.'

Book of Later Han, Chapter 92Volume 82a: Biographies of Alchemists 1 · 1 passage

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仲尼稱《易》有君子之道四焉，曰「卜筮者尚其占」。 Confucius said that the Changes has four aspects of the way of the superior man, and among them he said, 'Those who divine by tortoise shell and milfoil esteem its prognostications.'

Book of Later Han, Chapter 94Volume 83: Biographies of Hermits · 4 passages

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聊逍遥兮遨嬉，缵仲尼兮周流。 I drift awhile for sport, following Confucius's wide road.

良曰：“我若仲尼长东鲁，大禹出西羌，独步天下，谁与为偶！” Dai answered, "Were I Confucius in eastern Lu or Yu rising from the western Qiang, I would walk the world alone—who could pair with me!"

太守曰：“昔鲁哀公虽为不肖，而仲尼称臣。 The prefect said, "Duke Ai of Lu was no sage, yet Confucius called himself his minister.

升曰：“吾闻赵杀鸣犊，仲尼临河而反； Zhang said, "When Zhao slew Mingdu, Confucius turned back from the river;

Book of Later Han, Chapter 96Volume 85: Treatise on the Dongyi · 3 passages

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故孔子欲居九夷也。 That is why Confucius said he would gladly go and live among the nine Yi.

仲尼懷愤，以為九夷可居。 Confucius in frustration declared the nine Yi fit to inhabit.

子曰：“君子居之，何陋之有！” The Master answered: 'Where a gentleman dwells, how could it be crude?'

Book of Later Han, Chapter 108Volume 97: Rituals and Worship Part One · 3 passages

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曾谓泰山不如林放，何事污七十二代之編錄！ Confucius once held Mount Tai less worthy than Lin Fang—why should I stain the annals of seventy-two dynasties!

《河圖會昌符》曰：「赤帝九世，巡省得中，治平則封，誠合帝道孔矩，則天文靈出，地祇瑞興。 The River Chart's Talisman of Flourishing Accord said: "The ninth generation of the Red Thearch, touring and inspecting, attains the center; when governance is settled, then the feng is performed; if truly it matches the Thearch's Way and Confucius's measure, then celestial signs appear and earthly numina bring auspicious omens.

子贡欲去告朔之饩羊，子曰：「賜也，尔爱其羊，我受其禮。」 Zigong wished to abolish the sacrificial sheep for the first-of-month announcement; the Master said: "Ci, you love the sheep; I receive the rite."

Book of Later Han, Chapter 109Volume 98: Rituals and Worship Part Two · 1 passage

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因行郡国，幸鲁，祠东海恭王，及孔子七十二弟子。 He then toured the provinces, visited Lu, sacrificed to Prince Gong of Eastern Sea, and to Confucius’s seventy-two disciples.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 110Volume 99: Rituals and Worship Part Three · 1 passage

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论曰：「臧文仲祀爰居，而孔子以为不知。 The essayist remarks: "Zang Wenzhong sacrificed to the seabird Yuanju, and Confucius thought him ignorant.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 122Volume 111: Commanderies and States Part Three · 1 passage

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春秋时曰祝其，夹谷地。左傳定十年會齊侯夾谷，孔子相。 In Spring and Autumn times the place was known as Zhuqi, the Jiagu site; the Zuo Tradition records a meeting there with the Marquis of Qi in Duke Ding 10, with Confucius acting as assistant.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 130Volume 119: Travel and Dress Part One · 2 passages

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孔子曰：「其或繼周者，行夏之正，乘殷之輅，服週之冕，樂則《韶》、《舞》。」 Confucius said: “Whoever may succeed the Zhou should use the Xia calendar, ride the Yin carriage, wear the Zhou cap, and for music adopt the Shao and the Wu.”

漢承秦制，禦為乘輿，所謂孔子乘殷之路者也。 Han continued Qin practice: the imperial train was termed the palanquin equipage—the carriage type Confucius had praised as “the Yin road.”

Book of Later Han, Chapter 131Volume 120: Treatise on Carriages and Dress, Part Two · 1 passage

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《禮記》「孔子衣逢掖之衣。」 The Record of Rites: “Confucius wore the broad-sleeved garment.”

History of Jin, Chapter 19Volume 19 Annals 19: Ancenstral Records: Emperor Jingxuan Zongjun, Ruizong, Zongyao, Xianzong, Yungong · 1 passage

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孔子曰：'禮與其奢也寧儉。 Confucius said, 'In ritual, better be spare than lavish.'

History of Jin, Chapter 35Volume 35 Treatises 16: Rites 8: Consecration of Shrines to a Sages; Temple to the Warrior King Cheng of Zhou; Monarchs of Past Ages; Halls to Various Spirits in Changbai Shan, Dafang Shan, Amur River, Jia Yin Hou; Spirits of the Lu River; Spirits of Zhao Yin Shun; Spirits of Zhen an Gong, Rui Shen Gongl; Worshipping, Sacrifices, Vists, and State Ceremonies at Zhen Xian Jun Wang Temple · 15 passages

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宣聖廟 The Temple of the Sagely Proclaimed One

皇統元年二月戊子，熙宗詣文宣王廟奠祭，北面再拜，顧儒臣曰：「為善不可不勉。 On wuzi day in the second month of Huangtong 1, Emperor Xizong went to the Temple of the Cultured Sagely King to offer sacrifice, bowed twice facing north, turned to the Confucian officials and said: "One must not fail to exert oneself in doing good.

孔子雖無位，以其道可尊，使萬世高仰如此。」 Although Confucius held no office, because his Way was worthy of honor, he has been revered so highly for ten thousand generations."

大定十四年，國子監言：「歲春秋仲月上丁日，釋奠于文宣王，用本監官房錢六十貫，止造茶食等物，以大小楪排設，用留守司樂，以樂工為禮生，率倉場等官陪位，于古禮未合也。 In Dading 14, the Directorate of Education said: "On the ding day of the second month in spring and autumn each year, a libation sacrifice is offered to the Cultured Sagely King; using sixty strings of cash from this directorate's official funds, only tea foods and the like are prepared and arranged on large and small dishes; the resident military music office supplies music, musicians serve as ritual attendants, and grain-store officials and the like take accompanying positions—this does not accord with ancient ritual.

兼兗國公親承聖教者也，鄒國公功扶聖教者也，當于宣聖像左右列之。 Moreover, the Lord of Yan personally received the sage's teaching, and the Lord of Zou by merit supported the sage's teaching—they should be set to the left and right of the image of the Sagely Proclaimed One.

今孟子以燕服在後堂，宣聖像側還虛一位，禮宜遷孟子像于宣聖右，與顏子相對，改塑冠冕，妝飾法服，一遵舊制。」 Now Mencius, in everyday dress, is in the rear hall; beside the image of the Sagely Proclaimed One one place still stands empty; by ritual Mencius's image ought to be moved to the right of the Sagely Proclaimed One, facing Yanzi across from him, with crowns and caps remolded and ritual robes adorned, all following the old regulations."

禮官參酌唐《開元禮》，定擬釋奠儀數：文宣王、兗國公、鄒國公每位籩豆各十、犧尊一、象尊一、簠簋各二、俎二、祝板各一、皆設案。 Drawing on the Tang dynasty's Kaiyuan Rites, the ritual officers laid down the prescribed offerings for the Confucian libation: Confucius as Cultured Sagely King, Yan Hui as Lord of Yan, and Mencius as Lord of Zou each received ten bian and ten dou vessels, one sacrificial wine vessel, one elephant-decorated vessel, two fu and gui grain stands, two meat boards, and one prayer tablet apiece, all arranged on dedicated tables.

初獻盥洗，姑洗宮《靜甯之曲》，辭曰：「偉矣素王，風猷至粹。 For the first offering's ablution, the "Song of Quiet Peace" in the Guxian mode was sung; its words run: "Great is the Uncrowned King; his teachings and conduct are supremely pure.

升階，南呂宮《肅甯之曲》，辭曰：「巍乎聖師，道全德隆。 On ascending the steps, the "Song of Solemn Peace" in the Nanlü mode was sung; its words run: "Towering is the Sagely Master; his Way is complete and his virtue sublime.

生民以來，孰如夫子。 Since humankind began, who has been like the Master?

兗國公酌獻，姑洗宮《輯甯之曲》，辭曰：「聖師之門，顏惟居上。 For the Lord of Yan's offering pour, the "Song of Gathered Peace" in the Guxian mode was sung; its words run: "At the Sagely Master's gate, Yan alone stands foremost.

宣宗遷汴，建廟會朝門內，歲祀如儀，宣聖、顏、孟各羊一、豕一，餘同小祀，共用羊八，無豕。 When Emperor Xuanzong moved the capital to Bian, a temple was built inside the Gate of Assembly, and annual sacrifices followed the established regulations. Confucius, Yan Hui, and Mencius each received one sheep and one pig; the remainder followed the minor sacrifice format, eight sheep in all and no pigs.

不若止從外路祭社稷及釋奠文宣王例，不降祝版，而令學士院定撰祝文，頒各處為常制。」 It would be better simply to follow the precedent of sacrifices to the Gods of Earth and Grain and the Confucian libation in the outer circuits—do not issue prayer boards, but have the Academy of Scholar-Officials compose the prayer texts and distribute them to each place as standing regulations."

令女直、漢人諸生隨拜孔子之後拜之。」 Let Jurchen and Han students worship them after worshipping Confucius."

禮官言：「前代無創制文字入孔子廟故事，如於廟後或左右置祠，令諸儒就拜，亦無害也。」 The ritual officials said: "Former ages have no precedent of creators of script entering Confucius's temple; if shrines are placed behind or to the sides of the temple and the various scholars go to worship there, it would do no harm."

History of Jin, Chapter 127Volume 127 Biographies 65: Xiao You, Wendihanwolubu, Chen Yan, Liu Yu, Meng Xing, Wang Zhen, Liu Zheng, Yin Yi, Chu Chengliang, Wang Qufei, Zhao Zhi, Du Shisheng, Hao Tianting, Xue Jiyuan, Gao Zhongzhen, Zhang Qian, Wang Rumei, Song Ke, Xin Yuan, Wang Yuke · 1 passage

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孔子稱逸民伯夷、叔齊、夷逸、硃張、柳下惠、少連，其立心造行之異同，各有所稱謂，而柳下惠則又嘗仕於當世者也。 Confucius praised the recluses Boyi, Shuqi, Yiyi, Zhuzhang, Liuxiahui, and Shaolian; though their purposes and conduct differed in ways that earned each his own epithet, Liuxiahui had also once held office in his own time.

History of Jin, Chapter 134Volume 134 Biographies 72: Foreign Countries 1: Xixia · 1 passage

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然能崇尚儒術，尊孔子以帝號，其文章辭命有可觀者。 Yet they honored Confucian learning and revered Confucius with an imperial title; their documents and edicts contain passages worth reading.

Book of Jin, Chapter 41Volume 41 Biographies 11: Wei Shu; Li Xi; Liu Shi; Gao Guang · 4 passages

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孔子曰，能以禮讓為國，則不難也。 Confucius said, "To govern a state by ritual and deference presents no difficulty."

孔子曰，上興讓則下不爭，明讓不興下必爭也。 Confucius said, "When superiors honor yielding, inferiors do not fight among themselves"—which shows that without yielding below, contention is inevitable.

故孔墨不能免世之謗己，況不及孔墨者乎！ Even Confucius and Mozi could not escape slander—what hope have lesser men?

孔子以為顏氏之子不貳過耳，明非聖人皆有過。 Confucius said even Yan Hui never repeated a mistake—meaning everyone short of a sage errs sometimes.

Book of Jin, Chapter 72Volume 72 Biographies 42: Guo Pu; Ge Hong · 2 passages

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世儒徒知服膺周孔，莫信神仙之書，不但大而笑之，又將謗毀真正。 Worldly Confucians only cling to the Duke of Zhou and Confucius and distrust immortal books—they not only laugh them off as grandiose but will slander what is true.

仲尼所謂攻乎異端，斯害也已，悲夫！ Confucius warned against heterodox arts—their harm proves real—alas!

Book of Jin, Chapter 109Volume 109 Records 9: Murong Huang · 2 passages

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裕謂友人成泮曰：「仲尼喜佛肸之召，以匏瓜自喻，伊尹亦稱何事非君，何使非民，聖賢尚如此，況吾曹乎！ Yang Yu told his friend Cheng Pan, "Confucius rejoiced at Bi Xi's summons and likened himself to a gourd; Yi Yin too said, 'What affair is not that of the lord? What people are not his subjects?' Even sages were thus, how much more we!

卿追蹤伊、孔，抑亦知機其神也。」 You follow Confucius and Yi Yin—you know when Heaven calls.”

Book of Jin, Chapter 127Volume 12 Records 27: Murong De · 1 passage

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青州秀才晏謨對曰：「孔子稱臣先人平仲賢，則賢矣。 Qingzhou xiucai Yan Mo replied, 'Confucius called my ancestor Pingzhong worthy; worthy he was.

Book of Jin, Chapter 128Volume 128 Records 28: Murong Chao · 2 passages

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孔子曰：「非聖人者無法，非孝者無親，此大亂之道也。」 Confucius said: “Those who deny sages have no law; those who deny filial piety have no kin—this is the way of great disorder.”

故孔子曰：「刑罰不中，則人無所措手足。」 Therefore Confucius said: “When punishments miss the mean, the people have nowhere to put hand or foot.”

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 112Volume 108 Biographies 58: Wei Jiansu, Cui Yuan, Cui Huan, Du Hongjian · 1 passage

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蓋禍胎已成，政柄久紊，見素入相余年，言不從而難作，雖有周、孔之才，其能匡救者乎？ The seeds of disaster were already sown and government had long been corrupt. Jiansu served as chief minister for more than a year, but his counsel went unheeded and catastrophe followed. Even a man with the talents of the Duke of Zhou or Confucius could not have saved the dynasty.

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 131Volume 127 Biographies 77: Yao Lingyan, Zhang Guangcheng, Yuan Xiu, Qiao Lin, Zhang She, Jiang Zhen, Hong Jinglun, Peng Yan · 1 passage

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夫子曰：「五十而知天命。」 Confucius said: "At fifty one knows Heaven's mandate."

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 157Volume 153 Biographies 103: Yao Nanzhong, Liu Nai, Yuan Gao, Duan Pingzhong, Xue Cuncheng, Lu Tan · 1 passage

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若引文公、尼父登之於銓廷，則雖圖書《易象》之大訓，以判體挫之，曾不及徐、庾。 If Duke Wen of Jin and Confucius stood in the selection hall, their great teachings in the classics and Changes would be judged by the essay form and would rank below Xu and Yu.

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 160Volume 156 Biographies 106: Yu Di, Han Hong, Wang Zhixing · 2 passages

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孔子修《春秋》，亂臣賊子懼，蓋為此也。 When Confucius compiled the Spring and Autumn Annals, traitors feared judgment—that is precisely the point.

仲尼曰：「唯名與器，不可以假人。」 Confucius said: "Titles and regalia must not be lent to others."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Book of Later Liang 5: Taizu Annals 5 · 2 passages

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國子監奏：「創造文宣王廟，仍請率在朝及天下現任官僚俸錢，每貫每月克一十五文，充土木之植。」 The Imperial Academy reported: "We will build the Temple of King Wenxuan and ask every serving official at court and in the provinces to give fifteen cash per string of monthly salary for timber and stone."

是歲，以所率官僚俸錢修文宣王廟。 That year the levied salaries went to repair the Temple of King Wenxuan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 40Volume 40 Book of Later Tang 16: Mingzong Annals 6 · 2 passages

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丙辰，諫議大夫致仕、襲文宣公孔邈卒。 Kong Miao, remonstrating censor emeritus and heir to Duke Wenxuan, died.

八月丁酉朔，大理正路阮奏：「切見春秋釋奠於文宣王，而武成王廟久曠時祭，請復常祀。」 On dingyou in the eighth month Lu Ruan, grand court corrector, said: "Spring and autumn sacrifices reach Confucius, yet the Martial Completion King has long lacked regular rites; I ask that worship be restored."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Book of Later Tang 19: Mingzong Annals 9 · 1 passage

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甲辰，以文宣王四十三代孫曲阜縣主簿孔仁玉為兗州龔邱令，襲文宣公。 On jiachen Kong Renyu, forty-third-generation descendant of the Duke of Culture and Propagation and Qufu registrar, became Gongqiu magistrate in Yan and inherited the dukedom.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 58Volume 58 Book of Later Tang 34: Biographies 10: Zhao Guangfeng, Zheng Jue, Cui Xie, Li Qi, Xiao Qing · 1 passage

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仲尼云：「百姓足，君孰與不足。」 Confucius said, "When the people have enough, which ruler will not have enough?"

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 60Volume 60 Book of Later Tang 36: Biographies 12: Li Xiji, Wang Jian, Li Jingyi, Lu Rubi, Li Dexiu, Su Xun · 1 passage

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文王貴奔走之交，仲尼譚損益之友，仆顧慚虛薄，舊忝眷私，一言許心，萬死不悔，壯懷忠力，猶勝他人，盟於三光，願赴湯火。 King Wen prized friends who came running at his call; Confucius spoke of companions who could tell gain from loss. I know myself shallow and unworthy, yet I was once honored with your private regard; one pledged word bound my heart, and I would not repent though I died ten thousand deaths. My loyal strength still outmatches other men; I swear by sun, moon, and stars and would walk through fire and boiling water for you.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 1 passage

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孔邈，文宣王四十一代孫。 Kong Miao was a forty-first-generation descendant of Confucius.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 77Volume 77 Book of Later Jin 3: Gaozu Annals 3 · 1 passage

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方開歷數，虔奉祖宗，雖逾孔子之文，未爽周公之訓。 As We inaugurate Our dynasty and reverently serve the ancestors, though We go beyond Confucius's wording, We do not depart from the Duke of Zhou's teaching.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 120Volume 120 Book of Later Zhou 22: Emperor Gong Annals · 1 passage

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〈（《文昌雜錄》云：《別序》者，記孔子所生及弟子從學之事。 (Miscellaneous Records from Wenchang: Separate Preface records Confucius's birthplace and his disciples' studies.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 126Volume 126 Book of Later Zhou 28: Biographies 6: Feng Dao · 1 passage

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昔仲尼聖人也，猶為叔孫武叔所毀，況道之虛薄者乎！」 Confucius himself was slandered by Shusun Wushu—what of someone as slight as me!"

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 130Volume 130 Book of Later Zhou 32: Biographies 10: Wang Jun, Murong Yanchao, Yan Honglu, Cui Zhoudu · 3 passages

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高祖意豁然，謂近臣曰：「寡人所夢，得非夫子乎？ His mind cleared at once. He said to his close ministers, "Was the figure in my dream none other than the Master?

高祖曰：「夫子聖人也，百王取則，而又夢告寡人，得非夫子幽贊所及耶？ The founder said, "The Master is a sage whom a hundred kings take as their model. He warned me in a dream—was that not his hidden blessing at work?

仍以廟側數十家為灑掃戶，命孔氏襲文宣王者長為本縣。 He assigned several dozen households near the temple to its upkeep and appointed the Kong descendant who carried on King Wenxuan's line as magistrate of the local county.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 141Volume 141: Treatises 3 Five Elements · 1 passage

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六月壬戌，汴州上言，大雨，雷震文宣王廟講堂。 On the renxu day of the sixth month Bian Prefecture reported heavy rain and thunder that struck the lecture hall of the Temple of King Wenxuan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 144Volume 144: Treatises 6 Music 1 · 1 passage

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祭孔宣父、齊太公廟降神奏《宣和》，請改為《師雅之樂》； For sacrificing at the temples of Confucius and Duke Tai of Qi, when welcoming the spirits they play "Proclaiming Harmony"—please change to "Music of the Master's Elegance";

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 145Volume 145: Treatises 7 Music 2 · 1 passage

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祭孔宣父、齊太公廟降神奏《師雅》，請同用《禮順之樂》； for spirit-descent rites at the temples of Confucius and Duke Tai of Qi, where Master Elegance was played, he asked that Li Shun be used instead;

Book of Liang, Chapter 6Volume 6: Emperor Jing · 3 passages

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二年春正月壬寅，詔曰：「夫子降靈體喆，經仁緯義，允光素王，載闡玄功，仰之者彌高，誨之者不倦。 On renyin in the first month of spring, year 2, an edict said: "The Master came down in spirit with perfected substance, threading benevolence and weaving righteousness, truly illuminating the uncrowned king and unfolding his hidden work; those who look up find him ever higher, those he teaches never weary.

然不能息末敦本，斫雕爲朴，慕名好事，崇尚浮華，抑揚孔、墨，流連釋、老。 Yet he could not rest the branch and strengthen the root or carve away ornament for simplicity; he admired reputation, loved novelty, and honored the floating and splendid; he elevated and suppressed Confucius and Mozi and lingered over Buddhism and Daoism.

雖口誦《六經》，心通百氏，有仲尼之學，有公旦之才，適足以益其驕矜，增其禍患，何補金陵之覆沒，何救江陵之滅亡哉！ Though his mouth recited the Six Classics and his heart penetrated the hundred schools; he had Confucius' learning and the Duke of Zhou's talent—yet it only increased his pride and calamities; what did it remedy Jinling's fall or save Jiangling's extinction!

Book of Liang, Chapter 14Volume 14: Jiang Yan; Ren Fang · 1 passage

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孔子曰：『有文事者必有武備。』 Confucius said, 'Those who have civil affairs must also have military preparations.'

Book of Liang, Chapter 16Volume 16: Wang Liang; Zhang Ji; Wang Ying · 1 passage

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陳吏部尚書姚察曰：孔子稱「殷有三仁：微子去之，箕子爲之奴，比干諫而死。」 Chen Minister of Personnel Yao Cha said: Confucius said, "Yin had three worthies: Weizi left; Jizi became a slave; Bigan remonstrated and died."

Book of Liang, Chapter 25Volume 25: Zhou She; Xu Mian · 3 passages

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孔子曰：「其有繼周，雖百世可知。」 Confucius said: "If there is one to succeed Zhou, even after a hundred generations its way may be foreknown."

孔子曰：「居家理治，可移於官。」 Confucius said, "Good household governance can be carried into public office."

故秀而不實，尼父爲之歎息； That is why Confucius sighed over 'flowering without fruit';

Book of Liang, Chapter 27Volume 27: Lu Chui; Dao Qia; Ming Shanbin; Yin Jun · 1 passage

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明公儒學稽古，淳厚篤誠，立身行道，始終如一，儻值夫子，必升孔堂。 Lord Ming was learned in the Confucian classics and versed in antiquity. He was honest, generous, and deeply sincere; in establishing himself and practicing the Way, he remained consistent from beginning to end. Had he lived in the Master's time, he would surely have entered Confucius's hall.

Book of Liang, Chapter 30Volume 30: Pei Ziye; Gu Xie; Xu Chi; Bao Quan · 1 passage

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陳吏部尚書姚察曰：阮孝緒常言，仲尼論四科，始乎德行，終乎文學。 Yao Cha, Director of the Ministry of Personnel of Chen, said: Ruan Xiaoxu often said that in Confucius's discussion of the four categories, he began with virtue and conduct and ended with letters and learning.

Book of Liang, Chapter 35Volume 35: Xiao Zike; Xiao Zifan; Xiao Zixian; Xiao Ziyun · 1 passage

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子顯對曰：「仲尼贊《易》道，黜《八索》，述職方，除《九丘》，聖制符同，復在茲日。」 Zixian replied, "Confucius praised the Way of the Changes, dismissed the Eight Canons, expounded the Regional Officers, and removed the Nine Mounds—sage standards match; again on this day."

Book of Liang, Chapter 37Volume 37: Xie Ju; He Jingrong · 1 passage

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復仲尼能改之言，惟子貢更也之譬，少戢言於衆口，微自救於竹帛，所謂『失之東隅，收之桑榆』。 Remember that Confucius said a man may mend his ways, and Zigong that one may change; speak less to the multitude and rescue yourself a little on the page—that is “what is lost at sunrise is gained at sunset.”

Book of Liang, Chapter 38Volume 38: Zhu Yi; He Chen · 1 passage

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夫子言「其身正，不令而行； Confucius said, "When the ruler's person is upright, things are done though he does not command;

Book of Liang, Chapter 47Volume 47: Filial Acts · 1 passage

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史臣曰：孔子稱「毀不滅性」，教民無以死傷生也，故制喪紀，爲之節文。 The historian says: Confucius said "grief must not destroy one's nature," teaching people not to harm life through death; hence mourning rules and ritual restraint were ordained.

Book of Liang, Chapter 52Volume 52: The Self-Sufficient · 1 passage

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孔子云：「雖菜羹瓜祭，必齊如也。」 Confucius said: "Even with vegetable broth and melon sacrifice, one must be as if present."

History of Liao, Chapter 1Volume 1 Annals 1: Taizu 1 · 1 passage

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五月乙亥，詔建孔子廟、佛寺、道觀。 On yihai day in the fifth month he ordered temples to Confucius, Buddhist monasteries, and Daoist abbeys built.

History of Liao, Chapter 2Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 1 passage

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秋八月丁酉，謁孔子廟，命皇后、皇太子分謁寺觀。 In the eighth month of autumn, on dingyou day, he paid homage at Confucius's temple and ordered the Empress and Crown Prince to visit temples and monasteries in turn.

History of Liao, Chapter 21Volume 21 Annals 21: Daozong 1 · 1 passage

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丙寅，中京置國子監，命以時祭先聖先師，癸未，以隋王仁先為北院大王，賜御制誥。 On bingyin day the Directorate of Education was established at the Central Capital and seasonal sacrifice to the Former Sage and Former Teacher was ordered; on guiwei day Prince of Sui Renxian was made Northern Court great king and granted an imperial drafting edict.

History of Liao, Chapter 48Volume 48 Treatises 18: Official Posts 4 · 1 passage

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大公鼎為良鄉縣尹，建孔子廟。 Da Gongding, Liangxiang magistrate, built a temple to Confucius.

History of Liao, Chapter 72Volume 72 Biographies 2: Imperial Family: Yi Zongbei, the Foreign Emperor Zhang Su, Shun Zongjun, Jin Wangaoluwo · 3 passages

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倍曰：「孔子大聖，萬世所尊，宜先。」 Bei replied, "Confucius is the supreme sage, revered through the ages—he should come first."

太祖大悅，即建孔子廟，詔皇太子春秋釋奠。 Taizu was delighted, had a Confucian temple built at once, and ordered the crown prince to conduct the spring and autumn rites of sacrifice.

觀其始慕泰伯之賢而為遠適之謀，終疾陳恒之惡而有請討之舉，誌趣之卓，蓋已見於早歲先祀孔子之言歟。 See how early on he admired Taibo's virtue and planned exile abroad, and in the end loathed Chen Heng's crime and urged his ruler to punish it—his high purpose was already plain in youth, when he argued to honor Confucius first.

History of Liao, Chapter 93Volume 93 Biographies 23: Xiao Hui, Xiao Yulu, Xiao Tuyu, Yelu Duozhen · 1 passage

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一日臨流，聞雉鳴，三復孔子「時哉」語，作古詩三章見誌。 One day beside a stream he heard a pheasant cry, repeated three times Confucius's remark, "How timely!", and wrote three old-style poems to mark his thoughts.

History of Liao, Chapter 104Volume 104 Biographies 34: Literature 2 · 1 passage

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論曰：孔子言：「誦《詩》三百，授之以政，不達。 The discussion says: Confucius said, "If one has recited the three hundred Odes yet, when entrusted with government, does not succeed—

History of Liao, Chapter 108Volume 108 Biographies 38: Divination · 1 passage

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孔子稱「小道必有可觀」，醫卜是已。 Confucius said, "Even minor arts must have something worth seeing" — medicine and divination are cases in point.

History of Liao, Chapter 109Volume 109 Biographies 39: Music and Imperial Officials · 1 passage

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孔子曰：「君子不以人廢言。」 Confucius said, "A gentleman does not dismiss a saying merely because of who said it."

History of Liao, Chapter 111Volume 111 Biographies 41: Treacherous Ministers 2 · 1 passage

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論曰：舜流共工，孔子誅少正卯，治奸之法嚴矣。 The commentary says: Shun exiled Gong Gong, and Confucius executed Shaozheng Mao—the standards for dealing with traitors were severe indeed.

History of Liao, Chapter 112Volume 112 Biographies 42: Rebellious Officials 1 · 1 passage

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孔子作《春秋》以寓王法，誅死者於前，懼生者於後，其慮深遠矣。 Confucius wrote the 《Spring and Autumn Annals》 to embody the kingly law, condemning the dead before all eyes to warn the living who followed—a design whose reach was profoundly far-sighted.

History of Ming, Chapter 4Volume 4 Annals 4: Emperor Gongming · 2 passages

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三月，釋奠於先師孔子。 In the third month the court offered the sacrifice to Confucius as First Teacher.

丁卯，釋奠於先師孔子。 On dingmao the court sacrificed to Confucius as First Teacher.

History of Ming, Chapter 11Volume 11 Annals 11: Emperor Jing · 1 passage

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二月辛未，釋奠於先師孔子。 In the second month, on xinwei, the court made the seasonal offering to Confucius.

History of Ming, Chapter 13Volume 13 Annals 13: Xianzong 1 · 1 passage

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丁巳，釋奠於先師孔子。 On dingsi the court offered the seasonal sacrifice to Confucius.

History of Ming, Chapter 19Volume 19 Annals 19: Muzong · 1 passage

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八月癸未朔，釋奠於先師孔子。 In the eighth month, on the guiwei new moon, libation was offered to Confucius.

History of Ming, Chapter 24Volume 24 Annals 24: Emperor Zhuanglie 2 · 1 passage

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辛酉，重建太學成，釋奠于先師孔子。 On xinyou reconstruction of the Imperial Academy was completed, and a libation sacrifice was offered to Confucius the First Teacher.

History of Ming, Chapter 65Volume 65 Treatises 41: Carriages and Clothing 1 · 2 passages

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博士詹同對曰：「孔子云『乘殷之輅』，即木輅也。」 Academician Zhan Tong answered, "Confucius said 'ride the carriage of Yin'—that means the wooden carriage."

太祖曰：「孔子斟酌四代禮樂，以爲萬世法，木輅寧不可祀？ The Founder said, "Confucius weighed the rites and music of four dynasties to set the model for all time—why should the wooden carriage be unfit for sacrifice?

History of Ming, Chapter 140Volume 140 Biographies 28: Wei Guan, Tao Houzhong, Liu Shihuan, Wang Zongxian, Lu Wensui, Wang Guan, Dao Tong, Lu Xi, Qing Wensheng · 1 passage

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明年坐考祀孔子禮不以時奏，謫知龍南縣，旋召為禮部主事。 The following year he was punished for failing to submit his review of Confucian temple rites on schedule and was demoted to magistrate of Longnan County, but was soon recalled as a principal clerk in the Ministry of Rites.

History of Ming, Chapter 284Volume 284 Biographies 172: Confucian Scholars 3 · 8 passages

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孔希學，字士行，先聖五十六代孫也，世居曲阜。 Kong Xixue, whose courtesy name was Shixing, was a fifty-sixth-generation descendant of the Sage; his family had lived in Qufu for generations.

爾家，先聖後，子孫不可不學。 Your family springs from the Sage; its descendants must not neglect learning.

因顧侍臣曰：「先聖後，特優禮之，養以祿而不任以事也。」 Turning to his attendants he said, "Descendants of the Sage receive exceptional honor—they are kept on stipends but not assigned to office."

至於孔子，雖不得其位，會前聖之道而通之，以垂教萬世，為帝者師。 Confucius, though he never held supreme power, united the Way of the sages who came before him and handed it down for all ages—teacher to every ruler.

明年二月，希學言：「先聖廟堂廊廡圮壞，祭器、樂器、法服不備，乞命有司修治。 The following second month Xixue reported: "The Sage's temple halls and cloisters are in ruins; sacrificial vessels, musical instruments, and ritual vestments are incomplete—we ask that the proper offices be charged with repairs.

明年六月，聖殿災，弘泰方在朝，弘緒率子弟奔救，素服哭廟，蔬食百日。 The following sixth month the Sage's hall burned; Hongtai was at court while Hongxu led the younger generation to the rescue, wore mourning dress and wept at the temple, and ate only plain food for a hundred days.

正德間，給事中戴銑、汪元錫，御史王完等相繼言：「朱子，繼孔子者也。 During the Zhengde reign supervising secretaries Dai Xian and Wang Yuanxi, censor Wang Wan, and others said in turn: "Master Zhu stands in succession to Confucius.

孔子之後有曲阜、西安，朱子之後亦有建安、婺源。 Confucius has descendants at Qufu and Xi'an; Zhu Xi has descendants at Jian'an and Wuyuan.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 6Volume 6 Annals 6: Emperor Ming of Southern Qi · 1 passage

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戊申，詔曰：「仲尼明聖在躬，允光上哲，弘厥雅道，大訓生民，師範百王，軌儀千載。 Day wushen: an edict said, "Confucius bore bright sagehood in his person; he matched the highest wisdom, spread his elegant way, and greatly taught the living folk; he was model to the hundred kings and measure for a thousand years.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 10Volume 10 Treatises 2: Rituals 1 · 1 passage

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贊曰：姬制孔作，訓範百王。 In praise: Zhou laid the pattern; Confucius gave it form—a model for a hundred kings.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 21Volume 21 Biographies 2: Crown Prince Wenhui · 1 passage

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儉又諮太子曰：「《孝經》『仲尼居，曾子侍』。 Wang Jian went on to ask the crown prince: "In the Classic of Filial Piety, 'Confucius was at rest and Zengzi attended.'

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 47Volume 47 Biographies 28: Wang Rong, Xie Tiao · 1 passage

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竊習戰陣攻守之術，農桑牧藝之書，申、商、韓、墨之權，伊、周、孔、孟之道。 I have studied the arts of attack and defense, books of farming and herding, the stratagems of Shen Buhai, Shang Yang, Han Fei, and Mozi, and the Ways of Yi Yin, the Duke of Zhou, Confucius, and Mencius.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 48Volume 48 Biographies 29: Yuan Tuan, Kong Zhigui, Liu Hui · 1 passage

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臣又聞老子、仲尼曰：「古之聽獄者，求所以生之； Your servant has also heard that Laozi and Confucius said: "Those who heard cases in antiquity sought means to let men live;

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 55Volume 55 Biographies 36: Filial Piety · 1 passage

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子曰：「父子之道，天性也，君臣之義也。」 Confucius said: "The bond between father and son is rooted in nature itself, yet it also embodies the duty owed between ruler and subject."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 26Volume 26 Treatises 1: Astronomy 1, Celestial Phenomena, Earth Shape, and Terrestrial Distances · 1 passage

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參嘗聞諸夫子曰：「天道曰圓，地道曰方。」』」 I once heard from the Master: "Heaven's Way is called round; earth's Way is called square."'"

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 105Volume 105 Treatises 80: Carriages and Dress 4 · 1 passage

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凡祭方澤、太廟、社稷、日月、先農各壇，歷代帝王、先師各廟，則陳之。 It was deployed for sacrifices at the Square Mound, the Imperial Ancestral Temple, the altars of soil and grain, sun and moon, and the First Farmer, and at the temples of successive emperors and the First Teacher.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 142Volume 142 Treatises 117: Penal Law 1 · 1 passage

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但於附則稱中國宗教遵孔，以綱常禮教為重。 Only in the supplementary provisions did it say that China's religion follows Confucius and that the bonds of human relations and ritual instruction weigh most heavily.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 245Volume 245 Biographies 32: Gang Lin, Feng Quan, Chen Mingxia, Chen Zhilin, Liu Zhengzong · 1 passage

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二年，請更定孔子神牌，復元制曰大成至聖文宣王，下禮部議，定稱大成至聖先師。 In the second year he asked that Confucius's spirit tablet be revised, restoring the Yuan designation as Perfect Sage and Exalted King of Culture and Propagation; the Ministry of Rites deliberated and fixed the title as Perfect Sage and Exalted Teacher.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 353Volume 353 Biographies 140: Da Chun | Son: Sa Bin Tu, Tie Bao Younger Brother: Yu Bao, He Ying, Jue Luo Gui Fang · 1 passage

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昔孔子論仁至於濟眾，論敬至於安百姓，皆曰：'堯、舜其猶病諸。 Confucius, in speaking of benevolence as far as benefiting the multitude and of reverence as far as securing the people, said of each: 'Even Yao and Shun would still have found it difficult.'

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 378Volume 378 Biographies 165: Huang Juezi, Jin Yinglin, Chen Qingyong, Su Tingkui, Zhu Qi · 1 passage

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孔子之所謂鄙夫也，其究鄉愿也。 They are what Confucius called vulgar men—in the end, village worthies in disguise.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 443Volume 443 Biographies 230: Sun Jianai, Zhang Baixi, Tang Jingchong, Yu Shimei, Shen Jiaben · 1 passage

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惟人心趣向各異，告以堯、舜、周、孔之道，則以爲不足法； Only people's inclinations differ: tell them the ways of Yao, Shun, the Zhou, and Confucius, and they deem them unworthy of imitation;

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 445Volume 445 Biographies 232: Wu Kedu, Zhu Yixin, Tu Keshou, An Weijun, Wen Ti, Jiang Chunlin · 2 passages

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而尤堪駭詫者，託辭孔子改制，謂孔子作春秋西狩獲麟為受命之符，以春秋變週為孔子當一代王者。 What is still more shocking is that under the pretext of Confucius' reform he says Confucius, when the Spring and Autumn Annals records the capture of the lin west of the hunt, took it as a token of receiving the mandate, and that changing Zhou through the Spring and Autumn means Confucius should be king of an age.

明似推崇孔子，實則自申其改制之義。 Outwardly he seems to honor Confucius; in fact he expounds his own doctrine of reform.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 472Volume 472 Biographies 259: Lu Runxiang, Shi Xu, Yi Ketan, Liang Dingfen, Xu Fang, Lao Naixuan, Shen Cengzhi · 4 passages

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疏陳：「曲阜篤生聖人之地，今新建曲阜學堂，必須闡明經術，提倡正學。 In a memorial he wrote: "Qufu is the land where the Sage had truly been born, and the new Qufu Academy must expound the classics and uphold orthodox learning.

若雜聘外人，異言異服，喧賓奪主，將來聖教澌滅，亦朝廷之憂。」 If foreigners were hired indiscriminately, with alien speech and dress, guests would displace the host, and in time the Sage's teaching would fade—a danger the court itself should fear."

有請達海從祀文廟者，伊克坦以達海創定國書，繙譯經史，有功聖教，允宜附祀，即為代奏，略言：「學官立於漢京，而配享實始於唐代，宋、元以來，迭有增祀，大率以闡明聖學，有功經訓為斷。 When a petition asked that Dahai be enshrined in the Confucian temple, Yi Ketan argued that Dahai had devised the national script and translated the classics, thus serving the Sage's teaching, and deserved collateral sacrifice; he memorialized on his behalf, noting briefly: "School officials dated to Han times but temple collateral sacrifice began in the Tang, and since Song and Yuan additions had generally honored those who expounded the Sage's learning and served the classics.

作者為聖，述者為明，非唯羽翼六經，抑且昭示百世。 The Sage writes; the expositor illuminates—not only did he give wings to the Six Classics, he made their light shine for a hundred generations.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 473Volume 473 Biographies 260: Zhang Xun, Kang Youwei · 2 passages

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少從硃次琦遊，博通經史，好公羊家言，言孔子改制，倡以孔子紀年，尊孔保教，先聚徒講學。 In youth he studied under Zhu Ciqi, mastered the classics and histories broadly, favored the Gongyang school, spoke of Confucius's institutional reforms, advocated dating by Confucius's era, honored Confucius and protected the teaching, and first gathered disciples to lecture.

述作甚多，其著者有孔子改制考、新學偽經考、春秋董氏學、春秋筆削大義微言考、大同書、物質救國論、電通，及康子內外篇，長興學舍、萬木草堂、天遊廬講學記，各國遊記，暨文詩集。 He wrote prolifically. His major works include Inquiry into Confucius as a Reformer, Inquiry into the Forged Classics of the Xin Learning, Dong Zhongshu's Learning of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Inquiry into the Great Meaning and Subtle Words of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Book of Great Unity, Material Means to Save the Nation, Telegraphic Communication, the Inner and Outer Chapters of Master Kang, lecture records from the Changxing Academy, Wanmu Thatched Hall, and Heavenly Wanderer's Lodge, travel writings from many countries, and collected prose and poetry.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 483Volume 483 Biographies 270: Confucian Scholars 4: Kong Yinzhi Son: Xing Xie, Yu Qi Son: Chuan Duo, Guang Qi Son: Zhao Huan, Sun :Xianpei, Zeng Sun : Qing Rong, Zeng Sun : Fan Hao, Xuan Sun : Xiang Ke, Lai Sun : Ling Yi · 13 passages

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孔廕植，字對寰，孔子六十五代孫，世居曲阜。 Kong Yinzhi, whose style was Duihuan, was a sixty-fifth-generation descendant of Confucius and came from a family that had long lived in Qufu.

清順治元年，世祖定鼎京師，山東巡撫方大猷疏言開國之初，首宜尊崇先聖。 In the first year of Shunzhi, after the Founding Emperor had fixed the capital at Beijing, Shandong governor Fang Dayou submitted a memorial arguing that at the founding of a dynasty the ancient sage ought to be honored first.

二十三年，上東巡，釋奠孔子廟，留曲柄黃蓋。 In the twenty-third year the Emperor toured the east, offered libation at the Temple of Confucius, and left behind a curved-handled yellow imperial canopy as a mark of honor.

毓圻輯幸魯盛典以進，復奏請重修孔子廟，白巡撫及河道總督，免縣人河工應役。 Yu Qi edited the account of the imperial visit to Lu and presented it to the throne. He also memorialized for the rebuilding of the Confucius temple, secured the support of the provincial governor and the Grand Canal director-general, and obtained exemption for the people of the county from river-labor corvée.

雍正元年，世宗命追封先聖五代王爵。 In the first year of Yongzheng, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that five generations of the ancient sage be ennobled posthumously as kings.

六月，孔子廟災，傳鐸用明弘治間故事，率族人素服三日哭，疏引咎，上遣侍郎王景曾祭告。 In the sixth month the Temple of Confucius caught fire. Chuan Duo followed the Ming Hongzhi precedent, led the clan in mourning dress for three days of weeping, and submitted a self-reproach memorial; the Emperor sent Vice Minister Wang Jingceng to announce the sacrifice.

上御圓明園正大光明殿，召入對，命坐賜茶，諭曰：「汝為先聖後，當存聖賢心，行聖賢事，秉禮守義，以驕奢為戒。 The Emperor received him in the Hall of Rectitude and Brightness at the Old Summer Palace, summoned him for audience, had him seated, and granted tea. He instructed him: "As a descendant of the ancient sage, you must keep the sages' heart, do the sages' deeds, hold to ritual and righteousness, and guard against pride and luxury.

昭煥，字顯明，十三年正月，上東巡，釋奠孔子廟，禦詩禮堂。 Zhao Huan, whose style was Xianming. In the first month of the thirteenth year the Emperor toured the east, offered libation at the Temple of Confucius, and visited the Hall of Poetry and Rites.

親制孔子廟碑，勒石大成門外。 The Emperor personally composed the temple stele and had it engraved in stone outside the Gate of Great Accomplishment.

子不云乎：'甚矣由之行詐，無臣而為有臣。 Did not the Master say, 'How excessive was You in his deceit—having no minister yet acting as if he had one'?

朕展謁先師，衍聖公督令廟戶除道清產，理所應爾，豈當轉庇廟戶，並發帑僱役亦不肯應耶？」 When I visited the ancient teacher, it was only fitting that the Duke Yansheng should have the temple households clear the roads and clean the grounds. How could he instead shield those households, refusing even labor paid from the treasury?"

三月，上東巡，釋奠孔子廟，謁林。 In the third month the Emperor toured the east, offered libation at the Temple of Confucius, and visited the Kong Forest.

明製，五經博士，孔氏南宗一，奉衢州孔子廟祀； Under the Ming system there were Doctors of the Five Classics: one from the southern Kong line, who tended sacrifice at the Quzhou Temple of Confucius;

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 31Volume 31: Book of Shu 1: Biographies of the Two Governor Lius · 2 passages

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大將軍何進表薦扶曰：「資遊、夏之德，述孔氏之風，內懷焦、董消復之術。 Grand General He Jin memorialized in his favor: “He has the virtue of the ancient sages You and Xia, carries forward Confucius’s teaching, and holds within him the restorative arts of Jiao and Dong.

荊州牧劉表表上焉有似子夏在西河疑聖人之論。 Governor Liu Biao of Jing memorialized the throne, likening Liu Yan to Zixia west of the River—whose teaching had led men to doubt Confucius himself.

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 37Volume 37: Book of Shu 7: Biographies of Pang Tong and Fa Zheng · 1 passage

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常幅巾見扶風守，守曰：「哀公雖不肖，猶臣仲尼，柳下惠不去父母之邦，欲相屈為功曹何如？」 He presented himself informally to the prefect of Fufeng, who urged him: “Even a flawed lord like Duke Ai retained Confucius; Liuxia Hui refused to abandon his homeland—might you accept appointment as Clerk of Merit?”

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 63Volume 63: Book of Wu 18: Biographies of Wu Fan, Liu Dun, and Zhao Da · 1 passage

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流俗好异，妄设神奇，不幸之中，仲尼所弃，是以君子志其大者，无所取诸。 Fashion craves miracles—Confucius spurned fortune-telling—the gentleman thinks bigger.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 1Annals of the Five Emperors · 1 passage

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孔子所傳宰予問五帝德及帝系姓，儒者或不傳。 Confucius handed down Zai Wo’s “Virtues of the Five Emperors” and the “Imperial Genealogies,” yet many Ruists decline to teach them.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 2Annals of Xia · 1 passage

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孔子正夏時，學者多傳夏小正云。 Confucius set the Xia calendar straight, and scholars still pass down the Xia minor calendar.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 3Annals of Yin · 1 passage

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孔子曰，殷路車為善，而色尚白。 Confucius said the Yin state carriages were the best of their day and that they favored the color white.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 13Genealogical Tables of the Three Dynasties · 3 passages

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孔子因史文次春秋，紀元年，正時日月，蓋其詳哉。 Confucius followed the historical texts to arrange the Spring and Autumn Annals, recording the first year and correcting the seasons, days, and months—how detailed it is!

夫子之弗論次其年月，豈虛哉！ That the Master did not arrange their years and months—was that not well-founded!

孔子曰：『昔者堯命契為子氏，為有湯也。 Confucius said, 'In former times Yao commanded Qi to be of the Zi clan, because there would be Tang.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 23Treatise on Ritual · 4 passages

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仲尼曰：「褅自既灌而往者，吾不欲觀之矣。」 Confucius said: 'As for the di sacrifice, from after the libation onward, I do not wish to observe it.'

自子夏，門人之高弟也，猶云「出見紛華盛麗而說，入聞夫子之道而樂，二者心戰，未能自決」，而況中庸以下，漸漬於失教，被服於成俗乎？ Even Zi Xia, the highest disciple among the disciples, still said: 'Going out I see variegated splendor and flourishing beauty and am pleased; entering I hear the Master's Dao and am happy. These two things battle in my heart, and I cannot decide for myself.' How much more so for those of middle and ordinary ability and below, who are gradually immersed in lost teaching and clothed in established customs?

孔子曰「必也正名」，於衛所居不合。 Confucius said: 'It must be rectifying names.' In Wei, however, this did not fit where he was staying.

仲尼沒後，受業之徒沈湮而不舉，或適齊、楚，或入河海，豈不痛哉！ After Zhongni passed away, his disciples who received his teachings sank into obscurity and were not raised up. Some went to Qi and Chu, others entered the rivers and seas. How could this not be painful!

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 25Treatise on the Pitch-Pipes · 1 passage

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孔子所稱有德君子者邪！ This is what Confucius praised as the virtuous gentleman!

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 31Genealogies: House of Wu Taibo · 2 passages

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十五年，孔子相魯。 In the fifteenth year, Confucius served as minister in Lu.

太史公曰：孔子言「太伯可謂至德矣，三以天下讓，民無得而稱焉」。 The Grand Historian said: Confucius said, “Taibo can be called a man of utmost virtue. Three times he yielded the world, and the people could find no words to praise him.”

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 34House of Yan Shaogong · 1 passage

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十四年，孔子卒。 In the fourteenth year, Confucius died.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 35Houses of Guan and Cai · 1 passage

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二十六年，孔子如蔡。 In the twenty-sixth year, Confucius went to Cai.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 36Houses of Chen and Qi · 4 passages

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孔子讀史記至楚復陳，曰：「賢哉楚莊王！ When Confucius read in the historical records to the passage where Chu restored Chen, he said, “How worthy King Zhuang of Chu was!

湣公六年，孔子適陳。 In the sixth year of Duke Min's reign, Confucius went to Chen.

時孔子在陳。 At that time, Confucius was in Chen.

是歲，孔子卒。 In this year, Confucius died.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 37House of Wei Kang Shu · 5 passages

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孔子自陳入衛。 Confucius entered Wei from Chen.

九年，孔文子問兵於仲尼，仲尼不對。 In the ninth year, Kong Wenzi asked Zhong Ni about warfare, but Zhong Ni did not answer.

其後魯迎仲尼，仲尼反魯。 After that, Lu welcomed Zhong Ni back, and Zhong Ni returned to Lu.

孔子聞衛亂，曰：「嗟乎！ Confucius heard of the chaos in Wei and said, "Alas!

二年，魯孔丘卒。 In the second year, Kong Qiu of Lu died.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 48House of Chen She · 1 passage

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材能不及中人，非有仲尼、墨翟之賢，陶朱、猗頓之富也。 His talents did not surpass those of an ordinary man. He possessed neither the wisdom of Confucius or Mozi, nor the wealth of Tao Zhu or Yi Dun.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 55House of Marquis of Liu · 1 passage

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蓋孔子曰：「以貌取人，失之子羽。」 As Confucius once said: 'If you judge a man by his appearance, you would have misjudged Ziyu.'

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 61Biographies: Biography of Bo Yi · 5 passages

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孔子序列古之仁聖賢人，如吳太伯、伯夷之倫詳矣。 Confucius arranged and set forth the ancient benevolent sages and worthy men, including figures such as Wu Taibo and Bo Yi, in detail.

孔子曰：「伯夷、叔齊，不念舊惡，怨是用希。」 Confucius said, "Bo Yi and Shu Qi do not remember old wrongs; therefore resentment toward them is rare."

且七十子之徒，仲尼獨薦顏淵為好學。 Moreover, among the seventy disciples, Confucius singled out Yan Yuan alone as one who loved learning.

子曰「道不同不相為謀」，亦各從其志也。 The Master said, "Those whose ways differ do not take counsel together"—each follows his own aim.

伯夷、叔齊雖賢，得夫子而名益彰。 Bo Yi and Shu Qi were worthy men, but once they had the Master, their names became all the more illustrious.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 62Biographies of Guan and Yan · 1 passage

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管仲世所謂賢臣，然孔子小之。 The world calls Guan Zhong a worthy minister, yet Confucius treated him as small.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 63Biographies of Laozi and Han Fei · 5 passages

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孔子適周，將問禮於老子。 Confucius went to Zhou, intending to ask Laozi about rites.

孔子去，謂弟子曰：「鳥，吾知其能飛； Confucius left and told his disciples: 'Birds—I know they can fly;

或曰：老萊子亦楚人也，著書十五篇，言道家之用，與孔子同時云。 Some say: Lao Lai Zi was also a Chu man. He wrote fifteen chapters speaking of Daoist applications, and was contemporary with Confucius.

自孔子死之後百二十九年，而史記周太史儋見秦獻公曰：「始秦與周合，合五百歲而離，離七十歲而霸王者出焉。」 One hundred twenty-nine years after Confucius died, it is recorded that Zhou Grand Historian Tan saw Duke Xian of Qin and said: 'At first Qin and Zhou were united. United for five hundred years they separated. After seventy years of separation, one who will rule as true king will emerge.'

作漁父、盜跖、胠篋，以詆訿孔子之徒，以明老子之術。 He wrote 'The Fisherman,' 'Robber Zhi,' and 'Cutting Open Boxes' to mock and ridicule Confucius's followers and to clarify Laozi's techniques.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 66Biography of Wu Zixu · 1 passage

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其後四年，孔子相魯。 Four years later, Confucius became chancellor of Lu.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 68Biography of Lord Shang · 1 passage

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孔丘有言曰：『推賢而戴者進，聚不肖而王者退。』 Kong Qiu said, "When worthy men are advanced and honored, the ruler moves forward; when unworthy men are gathered around him, the ruler falls back."

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 71Biographies of Shu Lizi and Gan Mao · 1 passage

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甘羅曰：「大項橐生七歲為孔子師。 Gan Luo declared: 'The great Xiang Tuo became Confucius's teacher at age seven.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 74Biographies of Mengzi and Xun Qing · 5 passages

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夫子罕言利者，常防其原也。 The Master rarely spoke of profit because he was constantly on guard against its source.

退而與萬章之徒序詩書，述仲尼之意，作孟子七篇。 He withdrew and, together with Wan Zhang and others, arranged the Odes and Documents, explained the meaning of Confucius, and composed the seven chapters of Mengzi.

其游諸侯見尊禮如此，豈與仲尼菜色陳蔡，孟軻困於齊梁同乎哉！ Such were his travels among the feudal lords and the honors he received. How could this be compared with Confucius wasting away in Chen and Cai, or Meng Ke suffering hardship in Qi and Liang?

衛靈公問陳，而孔子不答； Duke Ling of Wei asked about battle formations, but Confucius did not answer;

或曰并孔子時，或曰在其後。 Some say he was contemporary with Confucius, others say he came after him.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 76Biographies of Lord Pingyuan and Yu Qing · 1 passage

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其母曰：『孔子，賢人也，逐於魯，而是人不隨也。 His mother said, 'Confucius was a worthy man; when he was driven from Lu, this man did not follow him.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 83Biographies of Lu Zhonglian and Zou Yang · 2 passages

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昔者魯聽季孫之說而逐孔子，宋信子罕之計而囚墨翟。 In former times, Lu heeded the words of the Jisun clan and drove out Confucius; Song trusted the schemes of Zi Han and imprisoned Mozi.

夫以孔、墨之辯，不能自免於讒諛，而二國以危。 Even with the eloquence of Confucius and Mozi, they could not save themselves from slander and flattery, and both states were brought to the brink of ruin.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 85Biography of Master Lü Buwei · 1 passage

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孔子之所謂「聞」者，其呂子乎？ Was it not Master Lü whom Confucius had in mind when he spoke of those who pursue mere 'reputation' rather than true renown?

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 103Biographies of Wan Shi and Zhang Shu · 1 passage

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太史公曰：仲尼有言曰「君子欲訥於言而敏於行」，其萬石、建陵、張叔之謂邪？ The Grand Historian says: Confucius said, "The gentleman wishes to be slow in speech but quick in action." Was this not said of men like the Marquis of Wanshi, Jianling, and Zhang Shu?

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 104Biography of Tian Shu · 1 passage

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太史公曰：孔子稱曰「居是國必聞其政」，田叔之謂乎！ The Grand Historian remarks: Confucius once said, "One who dwells in a state will surely learn of its governance"—was he not speaking of a man like Tian Shu!

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 112Biographies of the Marquis of Pingjin and Zhufu · 2 passages

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昔者管仲相齊桓，霸諸侯，有九合一匡之功，而仲尼謂之不知禮，以其奢泰侈擬於君故也。 In ages past, Guan Zhong served as chief minister to Duke Huan of Qi, achieved hegemony over the feudal lords, and accomplished the feat of nine alliances and the restoration of order. Yet Confucius said Guan Zhong did not understand ritual propriety, for his extravagance rivaled that of his sovereign.

孔子不云乎，『子率而正，孰敢不正』。 Did not Confucius say: "If you lead by setting a straight example, who would dare to go crooked?"

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 121Biographies of Confucian Scholars · 9 passages

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故孔子閔王路廢而邪道興，於是論次詩書，修起禮樂。 Confucius, grieving that the Way of the kings had fallen into disuse while heterodox doctrines flourished, set about editing the Odes and the Documents and reviving the rites and music.

世以混濁莫能用，是以仲尼干七十餘君無所遇，曰「茍有用我者，期月而已矣」。 The age was so mired in chaos that none would employ him. Confucius appealed to more than seventy rulers, yet none took him in. He said, "Were anyone to employ me, within a single year I would have something to show for it."

自孔子卒後，七十子之徒散游諸侯，大者為師傅卿相，小者友教士大夫，或隱而不見。 After Confucius died, his seventy disciples scattered across the states. The most prominent among them rose to become tutors, ministers, and chancellors; the lesser ones befriended and instructed the scholar-officials; and some withdrew into seclusion, never to be seen again.

於威、宣之際，孟子、荀卿之列，咸遵夫子之業而潤色之，以學顯於當世。 During the reigns of Kings Wei and Xuan of Qi, scholars of the caliber of Mencius and Xunzi carried forward the Master's legacy and refined it, achieving renown in their own day through their scholarship.

陳涉起匹夫，驅瓦合適戍，旬月以王楚，不滿半歲竟滅亡，其事至微淺，然而縉紳先生之徒負孔子禮器往委質為臣者，何也？ Chen She rose from the humblest origins, rallied a ragtag band of garrison conscripts, proclaimed himself king of Chu within a month, and was utterly destroyed in less than half a year — his enterprise could not have been more trifling. Yet the robed and belted gentlemen-scholars carried Confucius's ritual vessels and went to pledge themselves as his subjects. Why?

及高皇帝誅項籍，舉兵圍魯，魯中諸儒尚講誦習禮樂，弦歌之音不絕，豈非聖人之遺化，好禮樂之國哉？ When the High Emperor defeated Xiang Yu and his armies laid siege to Lu, the Confucian scholars within the city were still lecturing, reciting, and practicing the rites and music; the sounds of strings and song never ceased. Was this not the enduring legacy of the sage — a land truly devoted to ritual and music?

故孔子在陳曰：「歸與！ And so Confucius, while in the state of Chen, once said: "Let me go home!

禮固自孔子時而其經不具，及至秦焚書，書散亡益多，於今獨有士禮，高堂生能言之。 The ritual texts had been incomplete since the time of Confucius, and the Qin book-burning scattered and destroyed even more. By this time, only the Rites of the Scholar survived, and Master Gaotang alone was able to expound it.

自魯商瞿受易孔子，孔子卒，商瞿傳易，六世至齊人田何，字子莊，而漢興。 Shang Qu of Lu received the Changes from Confucius. After the Master's death, the tradition was passed down through six generations until it reached Tian He of Qi, courtesy name Zizhuang, by which time the Han dynasty had been established.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 124Biographies of Knight-errants · 1 passage

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太史公曰：昔者虞舜窘於井廩，伊尹負於鼎俎，傅說匿於傅險，呂尚困於棘津，夷吾桎梏，百里飯牛，仲尼畏匡，菜色陳、蔡。 The Grand Historian remarks: In the old days, Emperor Shun was nearly killed in a well and a granary. Yi Yin labored among the pots and cutting boards. Fu Yue hid himself at the cliffs of Fu. Lu Shang was reduced to desperate straits at Jijin. Guan Zhong wore fetters. Baili Xi fed cattle for a living. Confucius was besieged at Kuang and went hungry until his face turned sallow between Chen and Cai.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 126Biographies of Jesters · 1 passage

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孔子曰：「六藝於治一也。 Confucius said: "The Six Arts all serve a single purpose in governance.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 129Biographies of Money-Makers · 2 passages

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子贛既學於仲尼，退而仕於衛，廢著鬻財於曹、魯之閒，七十子之徒，賜最為饒益。 Zigong studied under Confucius, then withdrew to serve in Wei, trading goods and accumulating wealth between Cao and Lu. Of all the seventy disciples, Zigong was by far the most prosperous.

夫使孔子名布揚於天下者，子貢先後之也。 It was Zigong, working tirelessly before and after, who caused the name of Confucius to be spread and celebrated throughout the realm.

History of Song, Chapter 253Volume 253 Biographies 12: Zhe Deyi, Feng Jiye, Wang Chengmei, Li Jizhou, Sun Xingyou · 1 passage

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尋請於州城置孔子廟，詔可之。 He soon petitioned to build a Confucius temple in the prefectural city, and the court approved.

History of Song, Chapter 357Volume 357 Biographies 116: He Guan, Li Xijing, Wang Yun, Tan Shiji, Mei Zhili, Cheng Zhen, Liu Yanqing · 2 passages

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熙靖進曰：「孔子云：'為此詩者，其知道乎！ Xijing went on, "Confucius said of that ode, 'Its author knew the Way!

初，宣和崇道家之說，振侍坐東宮，從容言：「孔子以《鴟鴞》之詩為知道，其詞不過曰'迨天之未陰雨，綢繆牖戶'而已。 Earlier, in the Xuanhe era Daoist teachings were honored. Attending the Eastern Palace, Zhen said calmly, "Confucius took the ode 'Owl' as knowing the Way; its words are no more than 'Before the sky has darkened with rain, bind up the windows and doors.'

History of Song, Chapter 430Volume 430 Biographies 189: Taoist Scholars 4: Zhu Shimenren, Huang Gan, Li Fan, Zhang Qia, Chen Chun, Li Fangzi, Huang Hao · 2 passages

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夫子無入不自得者，正以磨挫驕奢，不至居移氣、養移體。」 The Master's ease wherever he entered was to grind pride and luxury so dwelling would not shift temper nor nurture shift the body."

須萬理明徹於胸中，將此心放在天地間一例看，然後可以語孔、孟之樂。 Myriad principles must be clear in the breast; view the mind as one with the world—then one may speak of Confucius and Mencius's joy.

History of Song, Chapter 436Volume 436 Biographies 195: Confucian Scholars 6: Chen Liang, Zheng Qiaolinting, Li Daochuan · 4 passages

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而孔子獨以為三綱既絕，則人道遂為禽獸，皇皇奔走，義不能以一朝安。 Only Confucius said that when the Three Bonds snapped, men became beasts; he could not rest one morning.

使學者知學孔子之道，當道陛下以有為，決不沮陛下以苟安也。 Scholars of Confucius would urge you to act, not soothe you into sloth.

黃池之會，孔子所甚痛也，可以明中國之無人矣。 Huangchi grieved Confucius most—it showed China had no men.

願下明詔，崇尚正學，取朱熹《論語》、《孟子集注》、《中庸大學章句》、《或問》四書，頒之太學，仍請以周惇頤、邵雍、程顥、程頤、張載五人從祀孔子廟。」 Issue a clear edict to honor true learning, distribute Zhu Xi's Four Books—the 《Analects》, 《Mencius》, 《Great Learning and Mean》, and 《Questions》—through the academy, and add Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, the two Chengs, and Zhang Zai to Confucius's temple.'

History of Song, Chapter 484Volume 484 Biographies 243: Three Zhou Officials Han Tong, Li Yun, Li Zhongjin · 1 passage

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孔子定《書》，不改其舊稱焉。 When Confucius edited the Book of Documents, he left its original designations intact.

History of Song, Chapter 497Volume 497: Appendix: History of Song Table Revision of Official Titles · 1 passage

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孔子論前王之文獻，二代之禮可言。 and that Confucius, expounding the records of former kings, showed that the rites of the Two Dynasties could still be set forth.

Book of Song, Chapter 55Volume 55 Biographies 15: Zang Dao, Xu Guang, F Long · 1 passage

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時太廟鴟尾災，燾謂著作郎徐廣曰：「昔孔子在齊，聞魯廟災，曰必桓、僖也。 When fire broke out at the finials of the Imperial Ancestral Temple, Dao said to Xu Guang of the Master of Writings office: "Long ago, when Confucius was in Qi and heard that Lu's ancestral temple had burned, he said the disaster must concern the shrines of Duke Huan and Duke Xi.

Book of Sui, Chapter 77Volume 77 Biographies 42: Recluses · 1 passage

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嘗集士謙所，盛饌盈前，而先為設黍，謂群從曰：「孔子稱黍為五穀之長，荀卿亦雲食先黍稷，古人所尚，容可違乎？」 They once gathered at Shiqian's home with lavish fare spread before them, yet he first set out millet and said to the assembled kin, "Confucius called millet the chief of the five grains, and Xunzi also said that in eating one should put millet and glutinous millet first—what the ancients honored—how could one go against this?"

Book of Wei, Chapter 27Volume 22: Emperor Xiaowen's Five Princes · 2 passages

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光曰：「孔子稱：『血氣未定，戒之在色』，傳曰：『晝以訪事，夜以安身』。 Cui Guang said, "Confucius warned, 'When blood and breath are unsettled, beware of desire.' The tradition says, 'By day attend to affairs; by night rest the body.'

是故季氏旅泰，宣尼以為深譏； When the Ji clan overreached at Mount Tai, Confucius censured it deeply;

Book of Wei, Chapter 91Volume 85: Men of Letters: Yuan Yue, Pei Jingxian, Lu Guan, Feng Su, Xing Cang, Pei Bomao, Xing Xin · 1 passage

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肅宗歷位，文雅大盛，學者如牛毛，成者如麟角，孔子曰：「才難，不其然乎？」 Under Emperor Suzong, literary culture flourished as never before: students were as numerous as ox hairs, but those who truly succeeded were as rare as unicorn horns. Confucius said, "Talent is hard to find—is that not exactly the case?"

Book of Wei, Chapter 96Volume 90: Retired Officals: Sui Kua, Feng Liang, Li Mi, Zheng Xiu · 4 passages

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援證定疑，必有驗於周孔之遺訓。 to settle doubt by evidence one must find confirmation in what Zhou and Confucius handed down.

仲尼有言曰：「賜也，爾愛其羊，我愛其禮。」 Confucius said, "Ci, you care for the sheep; I care for the ritual."

是則頠賢於仲尼矣。 By that logic Pei would surpass Zhongni.

乃作神士賦，歌曰：「周孔重儒教，莊老貴無為。 He wrote the Rhapsody of the Divine Scholar, singing: "Zhou and Confucius honor Confucian teaching; Zhuangzi and Laozi prize non-action.

Book of Wei, Chapter 98Volume 92: Notable Women: Cui Lan's Consort Feng, Feng Zhuo's Consort Liu, Wei Pu's Consort Fang, Hu Changming's Consort Zhang · 1 passage

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詔曰：「孔子稱毀不滅性，蓋為其廢養絕類也。 An edict declared: "Confucius said that grief must not destroy one's nature, for excessive mourning abandons the living and cuts off one's line.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 12Volume 12 Treatises 2: Rites and Music 2 · 2 passages

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春、秋釋奠於孔宣父，先聖、先師，籩十、豆十、簋二、簠二、㽅三、鈃三、俎三； Spring and autumn libation to Confucius the Exalted Father, First Sage and First Teacher: ten bian, ten dou, two gui, two fu, three xing, three xing vessels, three zu;

州縣祭社、稷、先聖，釋奠於先師，籩豆皆八、簋二、簠二、俎三。 Prefectures and counties sacrifice to altars of soil and grain and First Sage, and libate to the First Teacher: eight bian and eight dou each, two gui, two fu, three zu.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 21Volume 21 Treatises 11: Rites and Music 11 · 2 passages

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尚書右丞魏徵進曰：「孔子稱：『樂云樂云，鍾鼓云乎哉。』 Wei Zheng, Right Vice Director, said: "Confucius said: 'Music, music—is it only bells and drums?'

若釋奠于文宣王、武成王，亦用之。 Libations to Confucius and the Martial Completion King used them as well.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 44Volume 44 Treatises 39: Selecting and Appointing Officials 1 · 1 passage

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宣父稱顏子「不遷怒，不貳過」，謂之「好學」。 Confucius praised Yan Hui for "never transferring anger, never repeating a fault," and called this true love of learning.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 56Volume 56 Treatises 52: Punishment and Law · 1 passage

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昔子路問政，孔子曰：『必也正名乎。』 Formerly Zilu asked about governance, and Confucius said, 'What is necessary is to rectify names.'

New Book of Tang, Chapter 95Volume 95 Biographies 20: Gao Jian and Fifth Generation Descendents: Gao Zhong, Dou Weizhi, Douzhi, Dou Gui, Dou Cong, Dou Kang, Dou Jing, Dou Dan, Dou Zhi, Dou Congsun: Dou Dexuan · 1 passage

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而諸兄以軍功位通顯矣，薄威職閑冗，更謂曰：「昔仲尼積學成聖，猶棲遲不偶，汝尚何求耶？」 His brothers had risen through military merit and scorned his quiet post. They told him: "Even Confucius, for all his learning, struggled without success — what are you still chasing?"

New Book of Tang, Chapter 140Volume 140 Biographies 65: Cui Miao, Two Pei's, Lu · 2 passages

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贊曰：孔子稱才難。 The encomium says: Confucius declared that talent is hard to find.

故聖人使人也器之，不窮所不能而後為治也。 Therefore the sage employs men according to their capacities, not demanding what they cannot give—and only then achieves good government.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 146Volume 146 Biographies 71: Two Li's · 1 passage

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贊曰：剛者天德，故孔子稱「剛近仁」。 The encomium says: Firmness is Heaven's virtue; therefore Confucius said that "firmness is close to benevolence."

New Book of Tang, Chapter 161Volume 161 Biographies 86: Zhang, Zhao, Li, Zheng, Xu, Wang, Feng, Yu · 1 passage

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建言享武成王廟不宜與文宣王等，制從之。 He proposed that offerings at the temple of the Martial King of Completion should not rank equal with Confucius; the regulation followed his view.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 173Volume 173 Biographies 98: Pei Du · 1 passage

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我家柱石衰，憂來學丘禱。」 The pillar of my house is failing. In my worry I pray as did Confucius."

New Book of Tang, Chapter 175Volume 175 Biographies 100: Dou, Liu, Two Zhangs, Yang, Xiong, Bai · 1 passage

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孔子所謂「順非而澤」者歟，「利口覆邦家」者歟？ Are they not Confucius's "pliant in wrong yet glossy of tongue" and "clever mouths that overturn kingdom and house"?

New Book of Tang, Chapter 189Volume 189 Biographies 114: Gao, Zhao, Tian, Zhu · 1 passage

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孔子稱孟公綽為趙、魏老則優，不可以為滕、薛大夫。 Confucius said Meng Gongchuo would excel as steward to the great houses of Zhao and Wei, but could not serve as minister to small states like Teng and Xue.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 194Volume 194 Biographies 119: Outstanding Conduct · 2 passages

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德秀欲齊愚智，迅感一物不得其正，穎士呼吸折節而獲重祿，不易一刻之安易，於孔子之門，皆達者歟！ Dexiu wished to level the foolish and the wise; Xun was stirred whenever a single thing fell short of its proper place; Yingshi would bend and bow with every breath to win heavy rewards, unwilling to trade a moment's ease—yet are all of these adept men within Confucius's gate?

仲尼吾黨狂狷，南郭獻譏； Confucius had the wild and the narrow among his followers; Nan Guo offered mockery;

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 2Volume 2 Later Liang Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 2 passages

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鲁桓公弑隐公而自立者，宣公弑子赤而自立者，郑厉公逐世子忽而自立者，卫公孙剽逐其君衎而自立者，圣人于《春秋》，皆不绝其为君。 Duke Huan of Lu murdered Duke Yin and took the throne; Duke Xuan murdered Prince Chi and took the throne; Duke Li of Zheng expelled the crown prince Hu and took the throne; Gongsun Piao of Wei drove out his lord Kuan and took the throne—yet in the Spring and Autumn the Sage never struck their titles as rulers.

圣人之于《春秋》，用意深，故能劝戒切，为言信，然后善恶明。 In the Spring and Autumn the Sage's purpose runs deep—deep enough to admonish with force, truthful enough that good and evil stand plain.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Later Jin Annals 1: Gaozu, Emperor Yin · 2 passages

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孔子未修《春秋》，其前固已如此，雖暴君昏主，妄庸之史，其記事先後遠近，莫不以歲月一二數之，乃理之自然也。 Even before Confucius edited the Spring and Autumn Annals the practice was fixed: tyrants and foolish kings, with incompetent scribes, still ordered events near and far by a year or two of numbering—it is simply how reason arranges things.

及後世曲學之士，始謂孔子書「元年」為《春秋》大法，遂以改元為重事。 Only later did narrow scholars decide that Confucius’s “year one” in the Spring and Autumn Annals was the classic’s grand law, and they turned the change of reign title into a solemn matter.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 11Volume 11 Later Zhou Annals 2: Taizu · 1 passage

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六月乙酉朔，幸曲阜，祠孔子。 On yiyou, the new moon of the sixth month, he went to Qufu and offered sacrifice to Confucius.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 15Volume 15: Mingzong of Later Tang's Family · 1 passage

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古之知孝者莫如舜，知義者莫如孔、孟，其於君臣父子之際詳矣，使其不幸而遭焉，其亦如是而已矣！ In antiquity none knew filial piety like Shun, none knew righteousness like Confucius and Mencius—they weighed every bond between lord and subject, father and son; had fate forced such a choice on them, they would have done no differently!

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 34Volume 34 Biographies of Recluses 14: Zhen Gao, Shi Ang, Cheng Fuyun, Li Zilun · 1 passage

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自古材賢有韞於中而不見於外，或窮居陋巷，委身草莽，雖顏子之行，不遇仲尼而名不彰，況世變多故，而君子道消之時乎！ Talent often hides within and never shows without—men in poor lanes, lost in the wild. Even Yan Hui’s virtue needed Confucius to be known; how much more when the gentleman’s Way was fading in constant turmoil!

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 59Volume 59: Examination on Astronomy · 8 passages

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昔孔子作《春秋》而天人備。 Long ago, when Confucius composed the Spring and Autumn Annals, the relation of Heaven and humanity was fully set forth.

予述本紀，書人而不書天，予何敢異於聖人哉！ In composing my Basic Annals I write of men and not of Heaven; how could I presume to depart from the sage!

自堯、舜、三代以來，莫不稱天以舉事，孔子刪《詩》、《書》不去也。 From the age of Yao and Shun through the Three Dynasties, no one failed to cite Heaven in justifying their deeds; Confucius, in editing the Odes and Documents, left such passages intact.

蓋聖人不絕天於人，亦不以天參人。 The sage neither cuts Heaven off from human life nor lets Heaven intrude into human affairs.

《春秋》雖書日食、星變之類，孔子未嘗道其所以然者，故其弟子之徒，莫得有所述於後世也。 The Spring and Autumn does note solar eclipses, shifting stars, and the like, yet Confucius never explained why they occurred; his disciples therefore had nothing on this subject to transmit to posterity.

曰：天，吾不知，質諸聖人之言可也。 The answer must be: of Heaven I cannot speak with certainty; we may settle the question only by appeal to what the sage said.

此聖人極論天人之際，最詳而明者也。 This is the sage's fullest and clearest statement on the relation between Heaven and man.

嗚呼，聖人既沒，而異端起。 Alas—once the sage was gone, strange doctrines sprang up.

History of Yuan, Chapter 2Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizong, Dingzong · 3 passages

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詔以孔子五十一世孫元措襲封衍聖公。 An edict granted Kong Yuan Cuo, fifty-first-generation descendant of Confucius, succession to the title Duke Yansheng.

敕修孔子廟及渾天儀。 An edict ordered repair of the Temple of Confucius and the armillary sphere.

三月，復修孔子廟及司天臺。 In the third month the Temple of Confucius and the Directorate of Astronomy were repaired again.

History of Yuan, Chapter 36Volume 36 Annals 36: Wenzong 5 · 2 passages

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封孔子妻鄆國夫人勣官氏為大成至聖文宣王夫人。 Confucius's wife, Lady of Yun State Jiguan Shi, was enfeoffed as consort of the Great Accomplished Ultimate Sage Literary Propagation King.

詔修曲阜宣聖廟。 An edict ordered repair of the Sagely Temple of Confucius at Qufu.

History of Yuan, Chapter 103Volume 103 Treatises 56: Punishment and Law 2 · 2 passages

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諸郡縣宣聖廟，凡官員使臣軍馬，輒敢館谷於內，有司輒敢聽訟宴飲於內，工官輒敢營造於內，並行禁之。 At circuit and district Confucius temples, officials, envoys, or troops who lodge within, officials who hear lawsuits or feast within, or craftsmen who build within—all are forbidden.

諸每月朔望，郡縣長吏率其參佐僚屬，詣孔子廟拜謁禮畢，從學官升堂講說。 On the first and fifteenth of each month, district and circuit chiefs lead their staff to the Confucius temple; when the rites are done, they follow education officials to the hall for lecture.

History of Yuan, Chapter 115Volume 115 Biographies 2: Ruizong, Yuzong, Xianzong, Shunzong · 2 passages

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吾觀孔子之語，即與聖訓合也。」 When I read Confucius, his words match the sage's instructions."

瑋、琰入見，太子諭之曰：「汝等學孔子之道，今始得行，宜盡平生所學，力行之。」 When Wei and Yan came to audience, the crown prince told them, "You have studied the Way of Confucius. Now you may put it into practice. Employ all you have learned through life and act on it."

History of Yuan, Chapter 146Volume 146 Biographies 33: Yelü Chucai, Zhanhezhongshan, Yang Weizhong · 2 passages

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楚材又請遣人入城，求孔子後，得五十一代孫元措，奏襲封衍聖公，付以林廟地。 Chucai also asked that men be sent into the city to find a descendant of Confucius; they found Yuan Cuo, fifty-first in line, and memorialized that he inherit the title Duke Yansheng with charge of the temple estates.

帝責楚材曰：「卿言孔子之教可行，儒者為好人，何故乃有此輩？」 The emperor reproached Chucai: "You said Confucius's teaching could govern the realm and that Confucians are good men—why then do we have men like these?"

History of Yuan, Chapter 171Volume 171 Biographies 58: Liu Yin, Wu Cheng · 2 passages

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則其志不欲遺世而獨往也明矣，亦將從周公、孔子之後，為往聖繼絕學，為來世開太平者邪！」 His will not to abandon the world and walk alone is clear enough; he was surely meant to follow the Duke of Zhou and Confucius, continuing the severed learning of past sages and opening an age of great peace for generations to come!"

中古之統：仲尼其元，顏、曾其亨乎，子思其利，孟子其貞乎！ The lineage of middle antiquity: Confucius is the Origin, Yan Hui and Zeng Shen perhaps the Flourishing, Zisi the Advantage, Mencius the Steadfastness!

History of Yuan, Chapter 174Volume 174 Biographies 61: Yao Sui, Guo Guan, Jia Guzhiqi, Liu Geng, Ye Luyoushang, Hao Tianting, Zhang Kongsun · 1 passage

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父之純，為東平萬戶府參議，夜夢謁孔子廟，得賜嘉果，已而孔孫生，因丐名於衍聖公，遂名今名。 His father Zhichun served as deliberator of the Dongping Myriarch Office. One night he dreamed of visiting the Temple of Confucius and receiving fine fruit; when Kongsun was born shortly afterward, he asked the Duke Who Continues the Sage for a name, and received the name Kongsun.

History of Yuan, Chapter 180Volume 180 Biographies 67: Yelu Xiliang, Zhao Shiyan, Kong Sihui · 5 passages

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孔思晦，字明道，孔子五十四世孫也。 Kong Sihui, whose style name was Mingdao, was the fifty-fourth-generation descendant of Confucius.

仁宗在位，雅崇尚儒道，一日，問：「孔子之裔今幾世，襲爵為誰？」 Emperor Renzong greatly honored Confucian teaching. One day he asked, "How many generations removed are Confucius's descendants now, and who holds the inherited title?"

又以尼山乃毓聖之地，故有廟，已毀，民冒耕祭田且百年，思晦復其田，且請置尼山書院，以列於學官，朝廷從之。 Nishan, where the Sage had been nurtured, also had a temple that had been destroyed, and for nearly a century locals had encroached on its sacrificial fields. Sihui recovered the land and petitioned to establish a Nishan Academy among the official schools; the court agreed.

聖父舊封齊國公，思晦言於朝曰：「宣聖封王，而父爵猶公，願加褒崇。」 Confucius's father had been enfeoffed as Duke of Qi. Sihui petitioned the court, "The Exalted Sage was made a king, yet his father's title remains only duke. I ask that greater honor be granted."

五季時，孔末之後方盛，欲以偽滅真，害宣聖子孫幾盡，至是，其裔复欲冒稱宣聖後。 During the Five Dynasties the descendants of Kong Mo had nearly wiped out the true line in an attempt to supplant it; now their descendants again sought falsely to claim descent from Confucius.

History of Yuan, Chapter 187Volume 187 Biographies 74: Wugusunliangzhen, Jia Lu, Lu Luceng, Gong Shitai, Zhou Boqi, Wu Dang · 1 passage

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又言：「隱士劉因，道學經術可比許文正公衡，從祀孔子廟庭。」 He also urged: "The recluse Liu Yin, whose mastery of the Way and classical learning rivaled that of Duke of Culture Xu Heng, should be granted accompanying sacrifice in the temple of Confucius."