Mingzhu (明珠) | 24 Histories

Overview

Mingzhu was an official and Courtier.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Courtesy name	Duanfan	端範	Duānfàn

Life and dates

Death

AD 1708 康熙四十七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 140

Attested activity

AD 1688 二十七年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 112
AD 1688 二十七年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 251, passage 192
AD 1687 二十六年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 271, passages 34, 186
AD 1687 二十六年五月
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passages 91, 97, 108
AD 1673 十二年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 251, passages 20, 22; Draft History of Qing 268, passage 22
AD 1704 四十三年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 105

Show 20 more source-backed claims

AD 1668 康熙七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 73
AD 1696 康熙三十五年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 287, passages 146-147
AD 1664 康熙三年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 71
AD 1682 康熙二十一年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 275, passage 26
AD 1688 康熙二十七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 109
AD 1688 康熙二十七年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 153
AD 1687 康熙二十六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 282, passages 129-130
AD 1666 康熙五年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 72
AD 1672 康熙十一年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 76
AD 1674 康熙十三年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 14
AD 1673 康熙十二年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 77
AD 1677 康熙十六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 93
AD 1675 康熙十四年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 92
AD 1708 康熙四十七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 140
AD 1661 to AD 1722 康熙年間
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 319, passage 246
AD 1662 to AD 1722 康熙間
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 282, passages 319, 322
AD 1685 to AD 1686 方明珠用事
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 265, passages 73-74, 76-77, 86
AD 1673 皇祖時
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 301, passage 222
AD 1670 to AD 1688 聖祖時
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 282, passages 93-94
AD 1670 to AD 1687 巡按江西，與明珠忤
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 282, passages 142, 144

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Gintaisi (金台石)
grandfather 祖 · paternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 68
Child of Niyaha (尼雅哈)
father 父
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 69
Parent of Kui Xu (揆敘)
son 子
father 父
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 287, passage 146

Key source chapters

Origins and identity

Ethnicity Manchu 滿洲
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 68

Career and standing

academician of the Hall of Literary Glory 弘文院學士
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 康熙五年 · Western Year: AD 1666
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 72
grand secretary of the Hall of Military Glory 武英殿大學士
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 康熙十六年 · Western Year: AD 1677
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 93
interior minister 內大臣
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 康熙二十七年 · Western Year: AD 1688
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 137
left censor-in-chief 都察院左都御史
Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 75
minister of civil appointments 吏部尚書
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 康熙十四年 · Western Year: AD 1675
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 92
minister of justice 刑部尚書
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 康熙七年 · Western Year: AD 1668
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 74

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minister of war 兵部尚書
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 康熙十一年 · Western Year: AD 1672
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 76
superintendent 總管
Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 康熙三年 · Western Year: AD 1664
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 71
Grand Secretary 大學士
AD 1687 二十六年 · Dismissed from
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 271, passage 186
Grand Secretary 大學士
AD 1688 二十七年 · Dismissed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 112
Minister of War 兵部尚書
AD 1673 十二年 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 22
Grand Minister of the Imperial Household 內大臣
AD 1704 四十三年 · Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 105
Grand Secretary 大學士
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 251, passage 192; Draft History of Qing 275, passage 26; Draft History of Qing 282, passages 94, 129; Draft History of Qing 287, passage 146
Grand Preceptor to the Crown Prince 太子太師
Granted
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 93
Dismissed
AD 1688 二十七年 · Dismissal · Authority Kangxi Emperor (聖祖)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 251, passage 192
Entered
AD 1688 二十七年 · Dismissed from office
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 112
Held
AD 1685 to AD 1686 方明珠用事 · In power
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passage 73
Stripped of grand secretaryship
AD 1688 康熙二十七年 · Dismissed
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 136

Places and affiliations

Qing 清
Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 68; Draft History of Qing 275, passage 26
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 251, passage 192; Draft History of Qing 253, passage 14; Draft History of Qing 265, passages 73, 91; Draft History of Qing 282, passages 94, 322; Draft History of Qing 301, passage 222; Draft History of Qing 319, passage 246
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 105; Draft History of Qing 282, passage 129
AD 1673 康熙十二年
At Southern Park / Hawk-Drying Terrace 南苑晾鷹台 · Relation Active at
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passages 77-78
Organization Plain Yellow Banner 正黃旗 · Relation Member of
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 68

Works and attributed material

History of the Ming 明史
Relation Chief compiler
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 93
Veritable Records 實錄
Relation Chief compiler
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 93
Impeachment · Accused · With Guo Xiu (郭琇) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passages 109-127

Events and relationships

Argued for abolishing feudatories
AD 1674 康熙十三年 · Political · Advocate
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 14
Circulated slander of mutual promotion
Political · Slanderer · With Degele (德格勒)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 103
Clashed with Da Chongguang leading to Da's dismissal
Political · Adversary · With Da Chongguang (笪重光) · At Jiangxi 江西
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 144
Favored fief withdrawal
Political · Minister
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 301, passage 222
Feared and prepared to confess
AD 1687 二十六年五月 · Political · Implicated minister
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passage 91
Invited Chen Zizhi to sit and served tea before his sudden death
Personal · Alleged host · With Chen Zizhi (陳紫芝) · At morning assembly hall 朝房 · Mode rumor
Uncertain · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 140

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Offended by
Political · Target
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 322
Received bribe
Corruption · Bribee · With Yu Guozhu (餘國柱) · Outcome Eased Gong Qixuan's case
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passage 74
Removed from power
AD 1687 二十六年 · Political · Fallen minister
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 271, passage 36
Reported Bin words as slander
Political · Accuser · With Tang Bin (湯斌)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passage 97
Supervised western route provisions against Galdan
Military · Logistics · With Galdan (噶爾丹)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 138
Supervised famine relief
AD 1704 四十三年 · Administrative · Supervisor · At capital 京師 · With Ma Erhan (瑪爾漢)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 105
Supported abolishing the Three Feudatories
AD 1673 康熙十二年 · Political · Advocate
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passages 83, 87
Urged abolishing all three feudatories
AD 1673 十二年 · Political · Advocate · With Misihan (米思翰)
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 22
Worked to win over scholar officials
Political · Power holder
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 94
Relation Political rival of · Person Tang Bin (湯斌)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passages 97, 108
Relation Rival of · Person Xu Yuanmeng (徐元夢)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 104
Relation Patron of · Person Zhang Qian (張汧)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 129
Relation Rival of · Person Degele (德格勒)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 103
Relation Patron favoring · Person Jin Fu (靳輔)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passage 86
Relation Rival of · Person Da Chongguang (笪重光)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 144
Relation Ally of · Person Yu Guozhu (餘國柱)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 153

Assessments and attributes

Assessment corrupt faction leader · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Guo Xiu (郭琇)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 154
Assessment corrupt; bribes piled mountain-high · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 96
Assessment fell through greed and extravagance · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 183
Assessment hated Bin fiercely; Bin would have been ruined without imperial favor · With Tang Bin (湯斌) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 265, passage 108
Assessment Kangxi-era powerful favorite cited as comparison · Mode edict
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 319, passage 246
Assessment when he held power his influence blazed · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 287, passage 152

Show 1 more source-backed claim

Item gold as travel funds 金為治裝 · Relation Offered · With Degele (德格勒)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passages 94-95

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 105; Draft History of Qing 269, passage 1

References in the histories

Search passages

History

69 passages

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 251Volume 251 Biographies 38: Tu Hai, Li Zhifang · 2 passages

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廷議移籓狀，莫洛、米思翰、明珠等皆主如所請，惟圖海持不可。 When the court debated the princes' requests to leave their fiefs, Moluo, Misihan, Mingzhu, and others all favored acceding to them; Tu Hai alone opposed the move.

二十七年，御史郭琇疏劾大學士明珠，謂內閣票擬，皆聽明珠指揮，上既罷明珠，並命之芳休致。 In the twenty-seventh year Censor Guo Xiu memorialized to impeach Grand Secretary Mingzhu, charging that all draft responses in the Grand Secretariat followed Mingzhu's orders. The emperor had already dismissed Mingzhu and also ordered Zhifang to retire.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 253Volume 253 Biographies 40: Mo Luo, Chen Fu, Wang Zhiding, Li Xingyuan, Chen Qitai, Chen Danchi, Ye Yingliu · 1 passage

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十三年，吳三桂等奏請撤籓，上敕廷臣議，皆主勿徙，惟莫洛與米思翰、明珠議撤。 In Kangxi 13 (1674), when Wu Sangui and others asked that the princely fiefs be abolished, the Emperor ordered the court to debate the matter. Nearly all favored leaving the fiefs in place; only Mo Luo, Misihan, and Mingzhu argued for abolition.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 265Volume 265 Biographies 52: Tang Bin, Lu Longqi, Zhang Boxing · 8 passages

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方明珠用事，國柱附之。 Mingzhu was in power, and Yu Guozhu attached himself to him.

布政使龔其旋坐貪，為御史陸隴其所劾，因國柱賄明珠得緩； Provincial Treasurer Gong Qixuan was impeached for corruption by Censor Lu Longqi, but Guozhu bribed Mingzhu and the case was softened;

及蠲江南賦，國柱使人語斌，謂皆明珠力，江南人宜有以報之，索賕，斌不應。 After the Jiangnan tax remissions, Guozhu sent word that Mingzhu deserved gratitude from the region and demanded a payoff. Bin refused.

比大計，外吏輦金於明珠門者不絕，而斌屬吏獨無。 At the triennial evaluation, officials streamed gold to Mingzhu's door, but none of Bin's staff did.

廷臣阿明珠意，多右輔。 Most courtiers sided with Jin Fu to please Mingzhu.

二十六年五月，不雨，靈臺郎董漢臣上書指斥時事，語侵執政，下廷議，明珠惶懼，將引罪。 In the fifth month of 1687, amid drought, Astronomy Bureau clerk Dong Hanchen memorialized criticizing current affairs in terms that implicated the chief ministers. The case went to court debate; Mingzhu was terrified and prepared to confess guilt.

明珠、國柱愈恚，摘其語上聞，並摭斌在蘇時文告語，曰「愛民有心，救民無術」，以為謗訕，傳旨詰問。 Mingzhu and Guozhu were enraged, reported Bin's words to the throne, and dredged up a phrase from his Suzhou proclamations—"he loves the people in heart but lacks the means to save them"—as slander. An edict ordered him questioned.

明珠、國柱輩嫉斌甚，微上厚斌，斌禍且不測。 Mingzhu, Guozhu, and their allies hated him fiercely. Had the emperor not favored him a little, Bin's ruin would have been certain.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 268Volume 268 Biographies 55: Mi Sihan, Gu Badai, Ma Er Han, Tian Liushan, Du Zhen, Sa Mu Ha · 2 passages

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米思翰與兵部尚書明珠議三籓並撤，有言吳三桂不可撤者，以兩議入奏。 Mi Sihan and Minister of War Mingzhu argued that all three feudatories should be abolished at once, while others held that Wu Sangui must be left in place. Both positions were reported to the emperor.

命與內大臣佟國維、明珠、阿密達等監賑。 He was ordered to supervise famine relief with Grand Ministers Tong Guowei, Mingzhu, Amida, and others.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 269Volume 269 Biographies 56: Suo Etu, Ming Zhu · 32 passages

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索額圖明珠余國柱佛倫 Songgotu, Mingzhu, Yu Guozhu, and Folun

是時索額圖、明珠同柄朝政，互植私黨，貪侈傾朝右，故諭及之。 At that time Songgotu and Mingzhu shared power, each building private factions; their greed and extravagance dominated the court, which is why he spoke as he did.

明珠，字端範，納喇氏，滿洲正黃旗人，葉赫貝勒金台石孫。 Mingzhu, styled Duanfan, of the Nara clan and the Plain Yellow Banner, was a grandson of Yehe beile Gintaisi.

明珠自侍衛授鑾儀衛治儀正，遷內務府郎中。 From the guards Mingzhu became director of ceremonial regulation in the Imperial Procession Guard, then director in the Imperial Household Department.

明珠先布條教使練習之，及期，軍容整肅，上嘉其能，因著為令。 Mingzhu drew up drill regulations in advance; on the day of review the troops were perfectly ordered, and the emperor praised him and made his methods standard.

上召諸大臣詢方略，戶部尚書米思翰、刑部尚書莫洛等主撤，明珠和之。 The emperor consulted his ministers; Revenue Minister Misihan, Justice Minister Moluo, and others favored abolishing the fiefs, and Mingzhu agreed.

明珠由是稱上旨。 Mingzhu was thereafter praised as having matched the emperor's mind.

迨三叛既平，上諭廷臣以前議撤籓，惟明珠等能稱旨，且曰：「當時有請誅建議者，朕若從之，皆含冤泉壤矣！」 After the three rebellions were crushed, the emperor told the court that only Mingzhu and his allies had matched his intent on abolishing the fiefs, adding, 'Some then wanted the advocates executed; had I agreed, they would lie wronged in their graves!'

明珠既擅政，簠簋不飭，貨賄山積。 Once Mingzhu dominated the government, he neglected official integrity and bribes piled mountain-high.

輔興屯田，議者謂不便於民，多不右輔，明珠獨是其議。 Fu also promoted military colonies; critics said they harmed the people, and most opposed him—only Mingzhu backed his plan.

蔡毓榮、張汧皆明珠所薦引者也，迨得罪按治，恐累舉者，傅輕比，上諭斥，始定。 Cai Yurong and Zhang Qian had both been Mingzhu's protégés; when they were prosecuted, officials proposed leniency lest their patrons be implicated, until the emperor rebuked them and the sentences stood.

明珠則務謙和，輕財好施，以招來新進，異己者以陰謀陷之，與徐乾學等相結。 Mingzhu cultivated humility, spent freely to win newcomers, ruined opponents by intrigue, and allied with Xu Qianxue and his circle.

索額圖善事皇太子，而明珠反之，朝士有侍皇太子者，皆陰斥去。 Songgotu cultivated the crown prince; Mingzhu opposed him and secretly drove away officials who served the heir.

會天久不雨，光地所薦講官德格勒明易，上命筮，得夬，因陳小人居鼎鉉，天屯其膏，語斥明珠。 During a long drought the emperor had Degeli, a lecturer on the Changes recommended by Guangdi, divine; the hexagram Guai led him to declare that petty men held power and heaven withheld its bounty—an indictment of Mingzhu.

二十七年，御史郭琇疏劾：「明珠、國柱背公營私，閣中票擬皆出明珠指麾，輕重任意。 In Kangxi 27 (1688) Censor Guo Xiu impeached them: 'Mingzhu and Guozhu betray the public for private gain; Grand Secretariat drafts all follow Mingzhu's orders, light or heavy at his whim.

凡奉諭旨或稱善，明珠則曰'由我力荐'； When an edict praised someone, Mingzhu would say, 'That was my recommendation';

或稱不善，明珠則曰'上意不喜，我從容挽救'； when someone was criticized, he would say, 'The emperor was displeased, but I smoothed it over';

明珠廣結黨羽，滿洲則佛倫、格斯特及其族侄富拉塔、錫珠等，凡會議會推，力為把持； Mingzhu built a wide faction among the Manchus—Folun, Gesite, Fularata, Xizhu, and others—and controlled every joint conference and recommendation;

靳輔與明珠交結，初議開下河，以為當任輔，欣然欲行。 Jin Fu was allied with Mingzhu; when opening the lower river was first proposed, Fu was eager to take charge.

明珠自知罪戾，對人柔顏甘語，百計款曲，而陰行鷙害，意毒謀險。 Knowing his guilt, Mingzhu spoke gently in public and used every wile to please, while secretly he acted with ruthless malice.

明珠智術足以彌縫罪惡，又有國柱奸謀附和，負恩亂政。 Mingzhu's cunning covered his crimes; with Guozhu's schemes echoing his, he betrayed the throne and threw government into disorder.

罷明珠大學士，交領侍衛內大臣酌用。」 Strip Mingzhu of his grand secretaryship and assign him to the senior interior ministers of the guards.'

明珠自罷政後，雖權勢未替，然為內大臣者二十年，竟不復柄用。 After leaving office Mingzhu retained influence, but for twenty years as interior minister he never regained real power.

當明珠用事，國柱務罔利以迎合之，及內轉左都御史，遷戶部尚書，湯斌繼國柱撫江蘇； Under Mingzhu's power Guozhu sought illicit profit to please him; promoted to left censor-in-chief and revenue minister, he was succeeded in Jiangsu by Tang Bin;

國柱索斌獻明珠金，斌不能應，由是傾之。 Guozhu demanded gold for Mingzhu; when Bin refused, they destroyed him.

二十六年，授武英殿大學士，益與明珠結，一時稱為「余秦檜」。 In Kangxi 26 (1687) he became grand secretary of the Hall of Military Glory, tightened his bond with Mingzhu, and was nicknamed 'Yu Qin Hui.'

會上謁陵，中途召于成龍入對，成龍盡發明珠、國柱等貪私。 While attending the tombs the emperor summoned Yu Chenglong en route; Chenglong fully exposed the corruption of Mingzhu, Guozhu, and their circle.

佛倫受明珠指，議如輔言，為總漕慕天顏所劾。 Directed by Mingzhu, Folun ruled for Fu's plan and was impeached by Grain Transport Director Mu Tianyan.

及郭琇劾明珠，指佛倫為明珠黨，因解佛倫任。 When Guo Xiu impeached Mingzhu and named Folun as his partisan, Folun was dismissed.

乾學故附明珠，後相失，或傳琇疏乾學實主之，故佛倫以是報。 Qianxue had once sided with Mingzhu and later broke with him; some said Xiu's impeachment was really Qianxue's work, and Folun struck back.

論曰：康熙中，滿洲大臣以權位相尚者，惟索額圖、明珠，一時氣勢熏灼，然不能終保令名，卒以貪侈敗。 The commentator writes: In the Kangxi era only Songgotu and Mingzhu among Manchu ministers truly vied for power; for a time their influence blazed, yet neither kept a good name and both fell to greed and extravagance.

明珠與索額圖競權，不附皇太子，雖被彈事罷相，聖祖猶念其贊撤籓，力全之，以視索額圖，豈不幸哉？ Mingzhu rivaled Songgotu and did not back the crown prince; though impeached and removed from office, the Kangxi Emperor still remembered his support for abolishing the fiefs and protected him—compared with Songgotu, was he not the luckier man?

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 270Volume 270 Biographies 57: Hao Yu, Yang Suyun, Guo Xiu · 2 passages

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大學士明珠柄政，與餘國柱比，頗營賄賂，權傾一時，久之為上所覺。 Grand Secretary Mingzhu ruled with Yu Guozhu, took bribes freely, and dominated the court until the emperor noticed.

琇疏劾明珠與國柱結黨行私，詳列諸罪狀，並及佛倫、傅拉塔與輔等交通狀，於是明珠等降黜有差。 Xiu impeached Mingzhu and Guozhu for faction and corruption, listed their crimes in detail, and exposed collusion by Folun, Fulata, and Jin Fu. Mingzhu and the others were demoted.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 271Volume 271 Biographies 58: Xu Qianxue, Wang Hongxu, Gao Shiqi · 8 passages

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初，明珠當國，勢張甚，其黨布中外，乾學不能立異同。 Earlier, when Mingzhu dominated the government, his faction was everywhere and Qianxue had not dared to oppose him openly.

至是，明珠漸失帝眷，而乾學驟拜左都御史，即劾罷江西巡撫安世鼎，諷諸御史風聞言事，臺諫多所彈劾，不避權貴。 By then Mingzhu was falling from favor, and Qianxue, suddenly made Left Censor-in-Chief, immediately brought down the Jiangxi governor An Shiding, encouraged censors to speak on rumor, and the remonstrance offices attacked many powerful men without flinching.

明珠竟罷相，衆皆謂乾學主之。 Mingzhu was finally driven from office, and most people credited Qianxue with orchestrating his fall.

尚書科爾坤、佛倫，明珠黨也，乾學遇會議會推，輒與齟。 Ministers Kelun and Folun belonged to Mingzhu's faction; whenever Qianxue sat with them in council or nomination meetings, they were at odds.

湖廣巡撫張汧亦明珠私人，先是命色楞額往讞上荊南道祖澤深婪贓各款，並察汧有無穢跡，色楞額悉爲庇隱。 Huguang Governor Zhang Gan was another of Mingzhu's clients; Selenge had earlier been sent to try Zu Zeshen, intendant of Jingnan Circuit, on charges of corruption and to look into Zhang Gan as well, but Selenge covered up everything.

工書法，以明珠薦，入内廷供奉，授詹事府録事。 His fine calligraphy won him Mingzhu's recommendation; he entered the inner court as a personal attendant and was made a recorder in the Heir Apparent's household.

二十六年，上謁陵，於成龍在道盡發明珠、餘國柱之私。 In year 26, during the imperial tomb visit, Yu Chenglong on the journey laid bare the secret dealings of Mingzhu and Yu Guozhu.

未幾，郭琇疎上，明珠、國柱遂罷相。 Before long Guo Xiu's memorial arrived, and Mingzhu and Yu Guozhu were removed from office.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 275Volume 275 Biographies 62: Ge Er Gu De, Zhao Shilin, Guo Shilong, Fu Lata, Ma Rulong · 1 passage

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時大學士明珠所屬佐領下人戶指圈民間塚地，民訴於戶部，事下巡撫，令宛平縣察勘。 About then, dependents of Assistant Banner Commander under Grand Secretary Mingzhu seized commoners' graveyards. The people appealed to the Board of Revenue; the case went to the governor, who ordered Wanping county to survey the site.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 282Volume 282 Biographies 69: Jiang Xizhe, Yu Jin, De Ge Lei, Chen Zizhi, Ren Hongjia, Gao Cengyun, Shen Kaiceng, Gong Xianglin, Gao Xiachang · 9 passages

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大學士明珠柄政，務結納士大夫，將餽金為治裝。 Grand Secretary Mingzhu held power and worked to win over scholar-officials; he was about to present gold as travel funds.

德格勒遂以明珠對。 Degele then named Mingzhu in reply.

明珠聞，大惡之，時以蜚語上聞，謂德格勒與侍講徐元夢互相標榜。 When Mingzhu heard this he hated him deeply; from time to time slander reached the emperor, claiming that Degele and lecturer Xu Yuanmeng were promoting each other.

徐元夢亦不附明珠者也，故並嫉之。 Xu Yuanmeng also refused to attach himself to Mingzhu, and so Mingzhu envied them both.

二十七年，明珠罷。 In the twenty-seventh year Mingzhu was dismissed from office.

湖廣巡撫張汧，大學士明珠所私也，恃勢貪暴，言路莫敢摘發。 Huguang Governor Zhang Qian was a protégé of Grand Secretary Mingzhu; relying on his power he was greedy and violent, and no censor dared expose him.

或傳紫芝一日詣朝房，明珠延坐進茗，飲之，歸遂暴卒雲。 Rumor had it that one day Zizhi went to the morning assembly hall, Mingzhu invited him to sit and served tea, he drank it, and died suddenly on returning home.

巡按江西，與明珠忤，罷歸。 While touring Jiangxi he clashed with Mingzhu and was dismissed to return home.

若德格勒、紫芝、重光忤明珠，愷曾彈李光地，翔麟論熊賜履、趙良棟，遐昌抗託合齊，雖所糾繩賢不肖不同，謇謇匪躬，不為名懾，不為勢撓，謚為「遺直」，殆無愧歟？ Degele, Zizhi, and Chongguang offended Mingzhu; Kaiceng impeached Li Guangdi; Xianglin criticized Xiong Cilu and Zhao Liangdong; Xiachang resisted Tuoheqi—though their targets differed in worth, all were upright and devoted to duty, unafraid of reputation and unbowed by power; styled "Remaining Upright," can they scarcely be said to fall short of that title?

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 287Volume 287 Biographies 74: Tong Guo Wei, Ma Qi, A Ling A, Kui Xu, E Lundai · 2 passages

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揆敘，字凱功，納喇氏，滿洲正黃旗人，大學士明珠子。 Kui Xu, style Kaigong, of the Nara clan and the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner, was Grand Secretary Mingzhu's son.

初，明珠柄政，勢焰薰灼。 Earlier, when Mingzhu held power, his influence blazed.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 301Volume 301 Biographies 88: Ne Qin, Fu Heng, Fu Ling An, Fu Long An, Fu Long An, Feng Shenjilun, Fu Chang An · 1 passage

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皇祖時，吳三桂請撤籓，諮於群臣，議撤者惟米思翰、明珠數人。 Under the Kangxi Emperor, when Wu Sangui asked to give up his fief, only Misanhan, Mingzhu, and a few others favored withdrawal.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 319Volume 319 Biographies 106: Yu Minzhong, He Shen Son: Feng Shenyinde, Younger Brother: He Lin, Su Linga · 1 passage

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究之亦止侍直承旨，不特非前朝嚴嵩可比，並不能如康熙年間明珠、徐乾學、高士奇等； In the end he only attended duty and drafted edicts; he was not only incomparable to Yan Song of the previous dynasty, but also could not match such men as Nalan Mingzhu, Xu Qianxue, and Gao Shiqi in the Kangxi reign;