Overview
Zhang Zhidong was a Qing governor and statesman.
Other names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Courtesy name | Xiangtao | 香濤 | Xiangtao |
| Posthumous name | Wenxiang | 文襄 | Wenxiang |
Life and dates
Death
- AD 1909 逾年Age Value: 73 · Reckoning: SuiDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 190
- Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 443, passage 189
Age
- Value: 16 · Reckoning: SuiEvent provincial examination first placeDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 95
- Value: 73 · Reckoning: SuiDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 190
Attested activity
- AD 1884 光緒十年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 54
- AD 1903 光緒二十九年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passage 131
- AD 1882 光緒八年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 458, passages 7, 106
- AD 1881 七年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 109
- AD 1906 三十二年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 183
- AD 1908 三十四年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passages 185-187
Show 46 more source-backed claims
- AD 1904 三十年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125
- AD 1895 to AD 1903 中東兵起後至代坤一為總督Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 452, passages 185-186, 194, 196
- AD 1895 二十一年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 101; Draft History of Qing 437, passage 156
- AD 1903 二十九年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 162, 164
- AD 1902 二十八年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 177
- AD 1900 二十六年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 168
- AD 1898 二十四年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 167; Draft History of Qing 464, passage 134
- AD 1894 二十年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 99
- AD 1895 光緒二十一年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 195
- AD 1895 光緒二十一年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 173
- AD 1895 光緒二十一年十二月Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 13
- AD 1901 光緒二十七年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 234, 236
- AD 1897 光緒二十三年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 473, passages 131, 134
- AD 1896 光緒二十二年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 211, 213
- AD 1902 光緒二十八年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
- AD 1894 光緒二十年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 193
- AD 1880 光緒六年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 133, passage 191
- AD 1880 光緒六年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 441, passages 96, 100
- AD 1875 光緒初Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 100
- AD 1885 光緒十一年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 187; Draft History of Qing 464, passage 129
- AD 1887 光緒十三年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 192
- AD 1886 光緒十二年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 189
- AD 1886 光緒十二年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 116
- AD 1900 to AD 1908 光緒末Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 505, passage 261
- AD 1882 光緒間Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 467, passage 12
- AD 1903 to AD 1904 入覲改定學章Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 443, passage 67
- AD 1882 八年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 112
- AD 1867 六年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 97
- AD 1880 六年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 105
- AD 1887 十三年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 151, passages 60, 63
- AD 1873 十二年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 98
- AD 1886 十二年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 131; Draft History of Qing 471, passages 16-17
- AD 1892 十八年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 444, passage 239; Draft History of Qing 471, passages 23, 25
- AD 1884 十年春Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passages 114-115
- AD 1863 同治二年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 96
- AD 1885 和議後Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 463, passage 108
- AD 1909 宣統元年Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 443, passage 189
- AD 1909 宣統改元前Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 470, passages 134, 140
- AD 1889 張之洞督粵Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 445, passage 80
- AD 1900 拳亂Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 472, passage 224
- AD 1896 明年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 464, passage 60
- AD 1879 to AD 1885 時稱翰林四諫Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 444, passage 256
- AD 1884 法越戰爭期間Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 463, passage 28
- AD 1884 督粵Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 472, passage 149
- AD 1909 論曰Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 241
- AD 1909 逾年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passages 188-190
Key source chapters
- Draft History of Qing, Chapter 437 Volume 437 Biographies 224: Rong Lu, Wang Wenshao, Zhang Zhidong, Qu Hongji 20 passages
- Draft History of Qing, Chapter 458 Volume 458 Biographies 245: Xu Yanxu, Tang Jiong, He Jing, Zhang Zhaodong 3 passages
- Draft History of Qing, Chapter 414 Volume 414 Biographies 201: Li Chendian, Xiao Fusi, Zhu Hongzhang, Liu Lianjie, Peng Yuju, Zhang Shiri, Wu Weishou, Zhu Nangui, Luo Fengyuan, Li Xianghe, Xiao Qingyan, Wu Zongguo 2 passages
- Draft History of Qing, Chapter 443 Volume 443 Biographies 230: Sun Jianai, Zhang Baixi, Tang Jingchong, Yu Shimei, Shen Jiaben 2 passages
- Draft History of Qing, Chapter 444 Volume 444 Biographies 231: Huang Tifang, Zong Shibaoting, Zong Shishengyu, Zhang Peilun, Deng Chengxiu, Xu Zhixiang 2 passages
Career and standing
- governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi 兩廣總督AD 1884 十年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 115
- governor of Shanxi 山西巡撫AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 110
- governor-general of Huguang 湖廣總督AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passages 134, 152
- Grand Councilor 軍機大臣AppointedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 184
- Governor 巡撫AD 1882 光緒八年 · HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 7
- Governor-General 總督AD 1903 二十九年 · HeldDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 162, 164
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- Governor-General of Jiangsu 江督AD 1895 光緒二十一年 · HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 173
- Governor-General of Hubei 鄂督AD 1886 光緒十二年 · HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 116
- Governor-General of Guangdong 粵督AD 1887 十三年 · HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 151, passage 63
- Acting Minister of the Southern Seas 署南洋大臣HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 13
- governor of Guangdong 督粵HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 445, passage 80
- Governor-General of the Two Guangs 兩廣總督HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 133, passage 191
- Viceroy of Huguang 湖廣總督HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
- Governor-General 總督Held · At Jiangnan 江南Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 194
- Hubei governor 鄂督HeldDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 185
- reward for academy success 獎勵ReceivedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 193
- ReprimandedAD 1884 光緒十年 · Reason responsibility as Xu Yanxu's recommenderDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 54
Places and affiliations
- Qing 清Relation Served
- Qing 清Relation ServedStrongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 187; Draft History of Qing 150, passage 116
- Polity Qing · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 7
- Polity Qing 清 · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passage 131; Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120; Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125; Draft History of Qing 151, passage 63; Draft History of Qing 444, passages 239, 256; Draft History of Qing 449, passage 164; Draft History of Qing 452, passages 185, 194; Draft History of Qing 505, passage 261
- Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
- At Nanpi, Zhili 直隸南皮Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 93
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- AD 1900 to AD 1908 光緒末At Hubei 湖北 · Relation Posted toDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 505, passage 261
- At Guangdong 廣東 · Relation Active atDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 189, 192
- At Hubei 湖北 · Relation Active atDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 213
- At Huguang 湖廣 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
- At Jiangning 江寧 · Relation Active atDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 194
- Organization Four Remonstrating Hanlin 翰林四諫 · Relation Member ofDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 444, passage 256
- Organization Qingliu Party 清流黨 · Relation Member ofDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 444, passage 256
Learning and skills
- EarnedAD 1863 同治二年 · Credential Presented Scholar, first class third place 進士一甲三名Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 96
Works and attributed material
- Exhortation to Learning 勸學篇Relation AuthorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 167
- Southern Seas naval academy 南洋水師學堂Relation FoundedDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 193
- Memorial · Author · About Beijing-Hankou railway proposalDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passages 138-151
- Deathbed memorial · Author · About recommended Yu ShimeiDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 443, passage 189
- AD 1882 光緒八年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 7
- AD 1882 光緒八年Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 458, passage 106
Show 8 more source-backed claims
- AD 1903 二十九年Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 164
- Joint proposal · Author · With Liu Kunyi (劉坤一) · Summary twelve essentials for training officers; propose capital staff officeDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 236-243
- Memorial · Author · With Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)
- Memorial · Author · With Zhu Hongzhang (朱洪章)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 101
- Memorial · Author · With Kuai Guangdian (蒯光典) · Direct quotationDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passages 196-198
- Memorial · Author · Direct quotationDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passages 13-32
- Memorial · AuthorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 151, passages 63-66
- Proposal · Author · Summary old camps had seven deep abuses; hire German officersDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 195-207
Events and relationships
- Advocated aiding suppression over border sealingAD 1903 二十九年 · Political · Co memorialistDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 162, 164
- Approved plan but it failed then appointed academy superintendentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 186
- Cut Hubei banners and adopted German style drillMilitary · ReformerDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 213
- Established army academyMilitary · Founder · At Jiangning 江寧Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 194
- Established naval and army academiesMilitary · Founder · At Guangdong 廣東Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 192
- Extended small steamer routesAdministrative · RegulatorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 173
Show 34 more source-backed claims
- Founded Guangya AcademyInstitutional · FounderDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 445, passage 80
- Joined southeast mutual protection agreement with foreign consulsDiplomatic · ParticipantDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 168
- Joint reform memorialDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125
- Jointly recommended legal revisersPolitical · RecommenderDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
- Memorialized on major state affairsAD 1879 to AD 1885 有大政事，必具疏論是非 · Political · Remonstrating officialDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 444, passage 256
- Memorialized on Two Huai salt and recommended Guangdian for YizhanDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passages 196-199
- Memorialized to establish postal serviceAD 1895 光緒二十一年十二月 · Administrative · AuthorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passages 13-14
- Opposed Tonkin cablePolitical · OpponentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 471, passage 17
- Ordered to revise school regulationsAdministrative · ReviserDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 443, passage 67
- Ordered recruitmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 99
- Proposed Baoai Mengzi and Tengyue linesAD 1887 十三年 · Political · MemorialistDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 151, passages 63, 66-67
- Proposed postal reformDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passages 131-134
- Recruited sand dwellersAD 1880 光緒六年 · Military · Recruiter · At Humen 虎門Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 133, passage 191
- Reorganized Guangdong garrison for foreign armsMilitary · ReformerDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 189-190
- Sent envoyDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 116
- Set coastal defense new drill regulationsMilitary · RegulatorDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 187
- Transferred Jianyin to Hubei to supervise manufacture of smokeless powderDated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 505, passage 261
- Relation Appointed · Person Huang Zhonghao (黃忠浩) · Context placed Huang Zhonghao in command of the Wujing CampDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 470, passage 224
- Relation Financial supporter of · Person Heng Ling (恆齡) · Context provided ten thousand taels for schoolsDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 470, passage 134
- Relation Recommender of · Person Shen Jiaben (沈家本)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
- Relation Colleague of · Person Lu Yuanding (陸元鼎)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 164
- Relation Colleague of · Person Cen Yuying (岑毓英)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 151, passage 66
- Relation Recommender of · Person Yang Rui (楊銳)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 464, passage 134
- Relation Teacher of · Person Yang Rui (楊銳)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 464, passage 129
- Relation Ally of · Person Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passages 168, 172
- Relation Colleague of · Person Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 236
- Relation Successor of · Person Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 194
- Relation Superior of · Person Zhu Hongzhang (朱洪章)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 99
- Relation Recommender of · Person Wu Tingfang (伍廷芳)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
- Relation Recommender of · Person Sheng Xuanhuai (盛宣懷)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 471, passage 25
- Relation Patron of · Person Zhang Biao (張彪)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 473, passage 131
- Relation Consulted with · Person Thomas Gell (葛顯禮)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 27
- Relation Patron of · Person Kuai Guangdian (蒯光典)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passages 186, 197
- Relation Teacher of · Person Kuai Guangdian (蒯光典)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 452, passage 185
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment admired Sheng Xuanhuai's ability · Mode narrativeDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 471, passage 25
- Assessment declared Zhu Hongzhang first in recovering Jiangning · Mode self-reportDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 101
- Assessment loved talent; wherever he served he launched grand projects; died without increasing family landholdings · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passages 193-196
- Assessment postal-service-unified-authority-benefits-merchants-people-and-state · Mode quotation Speaker Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passages 18, 51
- short in stature with a great beard; stern and dignified bearingPhysical descriptionDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 192
Source notes
- Historicity historicalDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 473, passage 56
- Value historicalDirectly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 99
References in the histories
78 passages
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