Tao Shu (陶澍) | 24 Histories

Overview

Tao Shu was an official and Governor-General.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Courtesy name	Yunting	云汀	Yúntīng
Posthumous name	Wenyi	文毅	Wényì

Life and dates

Death

AD 1839 十九年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 191

Attested activity

AD 1823 三年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 376, passages 29-30
AD 1819 二十四年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 136, 140
AD 1825 五年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 154
AD 1821 to AD 1827 佐巡撫陶澍創行海運
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 380, passage 205
AD 1826 六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 157
AD 1839 十九年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 191

Show 12 more source-backed claims

AD 1832 十二年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 183
AD 1830 十年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 173
AD 1802 嘉慶七年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 136
AD 1822 時陶澍為總督
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 384, passages 23, 33
AD 1813 to AD 1842 為兩江總督陶澍所賞
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 494, passage 54
AD 1825 to AD 1839 當陶澍撫蘇
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 9
AD 1831 to AD 1832 自陶澍創改淮北為票鹽
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 16
AD 1823 道光三年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 144
AD 1831 道光十一年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 375, passage 23
AD 1832 道光十二年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 393, passages 2, 18
AD 1832 道光十二年前後
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 365, passage 70; Draft History of Qing 369, passage 29
AD 1830 道光十年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passage 109

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Parent of Tao Guang (桄)
son 子
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 192

Key source chapters

Career and standing

intendant of eastern Sichuan 川東道
AD 1819 二十四年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 136, 140
acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs 署兩江總督
AD 1830 十年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 173
governor-general of the Two Jiangs 兩江總督
AD 1830 十年 · Appointed
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 173
Hanlin bachelor 庶吉士
AD 1802 嘉慶七年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 136
Governor-General of the Two Jiangs 兩江總督
AD 1830 道光十年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passage 109
compiler 編修
Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 136

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provincial judge of Shanxi 山西按察使
Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 143
provincial treasurer of Anhui 安徽布政使
Appointed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 143
governor of Jiangsu 撫蘇
AD 1825 to AD 1839 當陶澍撫蘇 · Held · At Jiangsu 江蘇
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 9
governor-general of the Two Jiangs 兩江總督
AD 1832 道光十二年前後 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 365, passage 70
Governor-General 總督
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 369, passage 29; Draft History of Qing 384, passage 33
governor 巡撫
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 376, passage 30
Governor 巡撫
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 380, passage 205
Liangjiang governor-general 兩江總督
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 494, passage 54
governor of Anhui 巡撫
AD 1823 道光三年 · Promoted
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 144
censor 御史
Promoted
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 136
supervising secretary 給事中
Promoted
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 136
governor of Jiangsu 江蘇巡撫
AD 1825 五年 · Transferred
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 154
peacock feather 花翎
AD 1826 六年 · Granted
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 157, 159
Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent 太子少保
AD 1830 十年 · Granted
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 173
Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent 太子太保
AD 1839 十九年 · Posthumously granted
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 191-192

Places and affiliations

Qing 清
Relation Lived under
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 375, passage 23
Qing 清
Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 136
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 365, passage 70; Draft History of Qing 380, passage 205; Draft History of Qing 397, passage 9; Draft History of Qing 494, passage 54
At Anhua, Hunan 湖南安化
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 135
At Jiangsu 江蘇 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 9
At Liangjiang 兩江 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 494, passage 54

Learning and skills

Earned
AD 1802 嘉慶七年 · Credential Presented Scholar 進士
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 136

Works and attributed material

memorials, poetry and prose, Sichuan travel diary, chronological biography of Duke Huan of Tao, annotations on Tao Yuanming poetry 奏議、詩文集、蜀輶日記、陶桓公年譜、陶淵明詩輯註
Relation Author
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 198
Anhui gazetteer 安徽通志
Relation Compiler
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 153
Prohibited gentry monopolizing grain transport
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 376, passage 30
Proposed dredging Three Rivers
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 369, passage 29
Memorial · Author · Quote true
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 163-164, 167-168

Events and relationships

Inaugurated sea grain transport
Administrative · Leader · With He Changling (賀長齡)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 380, passage 205
Introduced ticket salt
AD 1831 to AD 1832 自陶澍創改淮北為票鹽 · Administrative · Reformer · At northern Huai 淮北 · Summary Changed northern Huai to ticket salt 創改淮北為票鹽
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 16
Proposed sea transport
AD 1825 to AD 1839 當陶澍撫蘇 · Administrative · Advocate · Summary As Jiangsu governor pushed sea transport 議行海運
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 9
Reformed Huai salt
Policy · Governor
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passages 81, 124-125
Salt ticket system
AD 1832 十二年 · Administrative · Reformer
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 183
Sea transport
AD 1826 六年 · Administrative · Reformer
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 379, passages 144, 156-157

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Settled Huai salt ticket permit system
AD 1832 道光十二年前後 · Administrative · Policy framer · With Jingzheng (敬徵)
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 365, passage 70
appreciated Wei Yinfu and appointed him acting Jinshan battalion commander 所賞，擢署金山營游擊
Relation Patron of · Person Wei Yinfu (韋印福)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 494, passage 54
Relation Marriage alliance with · Person Hu Linyi (胡林翼)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 197
Relation Colleague of · Person Lin Zexu (林則徐)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 172
Relation Marriage alliance with · Person Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 197
Relation Superior of · Person He Changling (賀長齡)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 380, passage 205
Relation Patron of · Person Li Xiangkun (李象鶤)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passage 33
Relation Patron of · Person Li Xingyuan (李星沅)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 393, passage 18
Relation Patron of · Person Huang Mian (黃冕)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passages 89, 100
Relation Patron of · Person Yu Deyuan (俞德淵)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passages 124, 126, 135
Relation Patron of · Person Wang Fengsheng (王鳳生)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passages 81, 84

Assessments and attributes

Assessment especially relied on Wang Fengsheng for Huai salt · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passage 86
Assessment left century-long benefits in water, grain transport, and salt; shield and pillar of the state · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 201
Assessment sincere in office and unafraid of resentment · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Daoguang Emperor (道光帝)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 192
wind paralysis
Illness
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 379, passage 189

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 9; Draft History of Qing 494, passage 54
Value historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 365, passage 70

References in the histories

Search passages

History

36 passages

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 365Volume 365 Biographies 152: Jue Luo Bao Xing, Zong Shijingzheng, Zong Shixien, Chen Guanjun, Zhuo Bingtian · 1 passage

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又會同兩江總督陶澍議定淮鹽票引兼行，言官所論官票運私、侵礙暢岸、爭佔馬頭三者皆可無慮，詔如原議行。 With Tao Shu, governor-general of the Two Jiangs, he finalized the combined ticket-and-permit system for Huai salt. Memorialists' fears—that official tickets would smuggle private salt, squeeze licensed markets, or monopolize wharves—were dismissed, and the original scheme was approved.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 369Volume 369 Biographies 156: Lin Zexu, Deng Tingzhen, Da Hong A · 1 passage

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先是總督陶澍奏濬三江，則徐方為臬司，綜理其事，旋以憂去。 Earlier, Governor-General Tao Shu had proposed dredging the Three Rivers. Lin, then serving as judicial commissioner, had overseen the project, but soon left office to mourn.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 375Volume 375 Biographies 162: Bai Rong, Sun Huan, Shi Zhiyan, Na Qingan, Sheng Yin, Li Zongfang, Yao Yuanzhi, He Rulin, Ji Zhichang, Lie Chuan · 2 passages

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時尚書穆彰阿、硃士彥亦奉命勘湖、河汎溢狀，穆彰阿先回京，鎔遂偕士彥履勘沿河閘壩工程，與總督陶澍定議以工代賑。 Ministers Mujiang'a and Zhu Shiyan had also been sent to assess flooding on lakes and rivers. Mujiang'a returned first, whereupon Bai Rong and Zhu Shiyan inspected sluice and dam projects along the waterways and, with Governor-General Tao Shu, adopted relief work in place of direct grain distribution.

先是，總督陶澍於江寧立豐備倉以備荒，縣令虧挪穀價，大吏許以他款抵。 Earlier, Governor-General Tao Shu had established the Fengbei Granary in Jiangning to prepare for famine. The county magistrate embezzled grain funds, and senior officials permitted offsetting with other funds.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 376Volume 376 Biographies 163: Xin Congyi, Zhang Lin, Gu Gao, Shen Weiqiao, Zhu Wei, Cheng Enze, Wu Jie · 1 passage

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於是巡撫陶澍奏禁紳衿包漕，橫索漕規，下學政稽查懲治。 Governor Tao Shu then memorialized to prohibit gentry and licentiates from monopolizing grain transport and extorting transport fees, directing the educational commissioner to investigate and punish offenders.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 379Volume 379 Biographies 166: Zhao Shenzhen, Lu Kun, Ceng Sheng, Tao Shu · 14 passages

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趙慎畛盧坤曾勝陶澍 Zhao Shenzhen, Lu Kun, Zeng Sheng, and Tao Shu

陶澍，字云汀，湖南安化人。 Tao Shu, whose courtesy name was Yunting, came from Anhua in Hunan.

澍自為籓司時，鉤覈檔案，分別應劾、應償、應豁，於是三十餘年之糾轕，豁然一清。 While still provincial treasurer Shu audited the archives, distinguishing cases requiring impeachment, repayment, or remission, and thereby cleared away more than thirty years of accumulated entanglements at a stroke.

澍毅然以身任，奏請蘇、松、常、鎮、太五府州漕糧百六十餘萬石歸海運，親赴上海，籌僱商船，體恤商艱，群情踴躍。 Shu resolutely took personal responsibility, memorializing that the grain tribute of more than 1.6 million shi from Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, and Taicang be shifted to sea transport; he went in person to Shanghai, arranged the hiring of merchant vessels, showed consideration for the merchants' difficulties, and won widespread enthusiasm.

澍复疏言：「陋規日增，勢必取償小民。 Shu memorialized again: "These corrupt practices grow daily and will inevitably be recovered from the common people.

澍自巡漕時，條奏利害，至是先濬徒陽河，將以次舉劉河、白茆、練湖、孟瀆諸工。 Shu had laid out the advantages and disadvantages in detail while inspecting grain transport; now he first dredged the Tuyang River, planning in turn to undertake works on the Liu and Baimao rivers, Lian Lake, and the Mengdu channel.

澍疏陳積弊，請大刪浮費，以為補救。 Shu memorialized on the accumulated abuses and petitioned for drastic cuts in superfluous expenses as a remedy.

澍謂除弊即以興利，無事輕改舊制，偕鼎等合疏臚陳利害，條上十五事。 Shu argued that eliminating abuses was itself a way to increase revenue and that there was no need to alter the old system lightly; together with Ding and others he submitted a detailed joint memorial setting forth fifteen proposals.

澍受事，繳還鹽政養廉五千兩，裁減衙門陋規十六萬兩有奇，凡淮南之窩價，淮北之壩槓，兩淮之岸費，分別減除，歲計數百萬兩，分設內外二庫，正款貯內庫，雜項貯外庫，杜絕挪墊。 Shu took charge, returned the salt commissioner's five-thousand-tael integrity stipend, and cut yamen corrupt fees by more than one hundred sixty thousand taels; nest prices in Huainan, dam fees in Huaibei, and bank charges in the Two Hu were all reduced, saving several million taels a year; he established separate inner and outer treasuries, with regular funds in the inner treasury and miscellaneous items in the outer, thereby stopping diversions.

屢請復鹽政專職，皆不許，澍益感奮，力排眾議，毅然持之，卒獲成效。 He repeatedly petitioned to restore the separate salt commissioner—all were denied; Shu grew only more determined, forcefully rejected opposition, held firmly to his course, and finally achieved results.

澍承極弊之後，自十一年至十七年，淮南已完六綱有餘，淮北率一歲行兩綱之鹽，盡完從前滯欠，且割淮南懸引，兩淮共完正雜銀二千六百四十餘萬兩，庫貯實存三百餘萬兩。 Taking charge after the system had reached its lowest point, from the eleventh to the seventeenth year Shu saw Huainan complete six full quota cycles with a surplus, while Huaibei on average moved two cycles' worth of salt a year, clearing all previous arrears and applying Huainan's suspended quotas; the Two Hu together collected more than 26.4 million taels in regular and miscellaneous revenues, with more than three million taels actually in the treasury.

遺疏上，優詔軫惜，稱其「實心任事，不避嫌怨」，晉贈太子太保，依尚書例賜卹，賜其子桄主事，諡文毅。 When his death memorial reached the throne, an edict mourned him warmly, praising him as "sincere in office and unafraid of resentment," posthumously promoting him to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granting funeral honors according to the precedent for ministers, appointing his son Guang as a principal clerk, and giving him the posthumous title Wenyi.

澍見義勇為，胸無城府。 Shu acted boldly whenever he saw a righteous cause and harbored no hidden agendas.

陶澍治水利、漕運、鹽政，垂百年之利，為屏為翰，庶無媿焉。 Tao Shu's work on water conservancy, grain transport, and the salt monopoly left benefits that would last a century; as a shield and a pillar of the state, he had little to be ashamed of.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 380Volume 380 Biographies 167: Chen Ruolin, Dai Sanxi, Sun Erzhun, Cheng Zuluo, Ma Jisheng, Yu Tai, He Zhangling · 1 passage

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歷山東兗沂曹濟道、江蘇按察使，就遷布政使，佐巡撫陶澍創行海運。 He served as intendant of the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit in Shandong and surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu, was promoted on the spot to financial commissioner, and assisted Governor Tao Shu in establishing grain transport by sea.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 384Volume 384 Biographies 171: Lin Peihou, Li Xiangkun, Li Zongchuan, Wang Fengsheng, Huang Mian, Yu De Yuan, Yao Ying · 11 passages

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時陶澍為總督，賴其佐理焉。 Governor-General Tao Shu relied heavily on him to help run the province.

陶澍繼督兩江，與尚書王鼎、侍郎寶興會籌鹽法，合疏留鳳生襄議，於是大有興革，略與鳳生初議相出入； Tao Shu succeeded as governor-general of the Two Jiangs and, with Minister Wang Ding and Vice Minister Bao Xing, worked out salt reforms; they jointly memorialized to keep Fengsheng to help draft the plan, and the resulting overhaul largely followed, though not entirely, his original proposals;

尋淮北票鹽大暢，陶澍以鳳生首議功上聞，促之出，未行而卒。 Soon ticket salt north of the Huai was thriving; Tao Shu reported Fengsheng's pioneering role to the throne and urged him to return to service, but he died before he could set out.

四方大吏爭相疏調，少竟其用，惟治淮鹽尤為陶澍所倚藉焉。 Officials everywhere competed to have him transferred to their jurisdictions, yet few made full use of his talents; Tao Shu relied on him above all for reforming Huai salt.

初行海運，巡撫陶澍使赴上海集沙船與議，盡得要領，授江都知縣。 When sea transport was first introduced, Governor Tao Shu sent him to Shanghai to negotiate with the sand-shipping fleets; having mastered every detail, he was appointed magistrate of Jiangdu.

冕仕宦初為陶澍、林則徐所知，晚在籍為駱秉章所倚任。 Early in his career he won the notice of Tao Shu and Lin Zexu; in later years, while living at home, he was entrusted by Luo Bingzhang.

十年，宣宗以兩淮鹽法大壞，授陶澍為兩江總督，命尚書王鼎、侍郎寶興赴江南會議改革。 In the tenth year, seeing how badly the Liang-Huai salt system had decayed, the Xuanzong Emperor appointed Tao Shu governor-general of the Two Jiangs and sent Minister Wang Ding and Vice Minister Bao Xing to Jiangnan to plan reforms.

議上，陶澍深然之，乃與朝使定議，不歸場灶，仍用官商如故； When the memorial reached him, Tao Shu strongly agreed; he and the imperial commissioners then decided not to return revenue to the fields and furnaces but to keep the official-merchant system as before;

陶澍益賢之，薦其才可大用，以循良久在鹽官可惜，上亦嘉之，未及擢用而卒。 Tao Shu admired him all the more, recommended him for higher office, and lamented that a man of such talent should linger so long in the salt administration; the emperor praised him too, but he died before he could be promoted.

先後疆吏趙慎畛、陶澍、林則徐皆薦其可大用。 Frontier governors Zhao Shenque, Tao Shu, and Lin Zexu in turn recommended him for high office.

王鳳生、俞德淵佐陶澍治淮鹽，尤濟時之才。 Wang Fengsheng and Yu Deyuan assisted Tao Shu in reforming Huai salt—men of outstanding practical talent for their time.