Emperor Jing of Han (漢景帝)

Overview

Emperor Jing of Han was a Western Han emperor who reigned from 157 to 141 BC.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Liu Qi	劉啟	Liu Qi
Posthumous name	Emperor Jing	孝景	Xiaojing

Life and dates

Death

BC 141 後三年春正月甲子
At Weiyang Palace 未央宮
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 183
BC 141 後三年正月甲子
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passages 107, 112-113

Attested activity

BC 145 景帝中元五年
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 89
BC 188 to BC 141 Emperor Jing
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 48, passage 133
BC 150 七年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 81-82, 84-85
BC 150 七年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 48
BC 154 三年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 53, 57
BC 154 三年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 21

Show 62 more source-backed claims

BC 147 中三年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 102-103, 108
BC 147 中三年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 66
BC 148 中二年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 89, 96, 98
BC 148 中二年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 60
BC 145 中五年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 116, 120
BC 145 中五年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 71
BC 149 中元年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 87
BC 149 中元年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 56
BC 144 中六年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 125, 129
BC 144 中六年
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passage 332; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 77
BC 146 中四年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 109, 111
BC 146 中四年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 68
BC 157 to BC 141 事孝景帝
Directly stated · Book of Han 66, passage 6
BC 155 二年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 46, 48
BC 155 二年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 9
BC 152 五年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 76, 78
BC 152 五年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 40
BC 156 元年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 6
BC 156 元年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 4
BC 151 六年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 79-80
BC 151 六年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 45
BC 153 四年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 71-72
BC 153 四年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 34
BC 180 to BC 157 太子與梁王
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 102, passage 31
BC 180 to BC 141 孝文時皇太子至孝景帝在位
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 44, passages 56, 111
BC 157 to BC 141 孝景
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 89, passages 50, 67
BC 154 孝景三年
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 114, passage 8
BC 157 to BC 141 孝景世
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 93, passage 111
BC 148 孝景中二年
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 98, passage 68
BC 155 孝景二年
Directly stated · Book of Han 26, passage 206
BC 151 孝景前六年中
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 95
BC 157 孝景即位
Directly stated · Book of Han 55, passage 19
BC 157 孝景即位
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 15
BC 154 孝景時
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passages 23, 25
BC 157 後七年六月
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 3-4
BC 141 後三年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 176, 182-183
BC 141 後三年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 107
BC 142 後二年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 151-152, 155
BC 142 後二年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 95
BC 143 後元年
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 140, 150
BC 143 後元年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 87
BC 157 to BC 141 文、景
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 101, passage 4
BC 157 to BC 141 文、景
Directly stated · History of Ming 8, passage 159
BC 180 to BC 157 文帝
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passages 28-29
BC 180 to BC 157 文帝時為太子
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 59, passage 31
BC 180 文帝時為太子
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 13
BC 154 景帝…吴楚之难
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 125, passage 4
BC 157 to BC 141 景帝
Directly stated · Book of Han 46, passage 119
BC 157 to BC 141 景帝
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 59, passage 70; Book of Later Han 128, passages 24, 104
BC 145 景帝中五年
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 100, passage 103
BC 154 景帝之悅濟北
Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 34, passage 56
BC 156 to BC 141 景帝元年至中六年
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passage 329
BC 148 景帝召田叔案梁
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 104, passage 39
BC 156 to BC 141 景帝復封
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 51, passage 80
BC 141 景帝末
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 101, passage 25
BC 157 to BC 141 景帝立
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 102, passage 70
BC 157 to BC 141 景帝立
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passages 31, 37
BC 157 to BC 141 景帝聞之
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 49
BC 154 漢已平吳楚
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 50, passage 18
BC 157 to BC 141 漢文、景之君
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 99, passage 216
BC 157 to BC 141 漢景
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 143, passage 165
BC 157 to BC 141 漢景帝
Strongly inferred · History of Song 2, passage 264

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Descendant of Empress Dowager Bo (薄氏)
Grand Empress Dowager 太皇太后 · paternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 4
Sibling of King of Liang (梁王)
brother 兄弟 · Full siblings
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 59, passage 31
Child of Emperor Wen of Han (漢文帝)
Crown Prince 太子
father 父
middle son 中子
son 兒子
imperial heir 皇太子
Sources vary in certainty · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passages 28-29; Book of Han 6, passage 1; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 1; Records of the Grand Historian 102, passages 31, 33; Records of the Grand Historian 103, passages 13, 80; Book of Han 44, passage 56
Parent of Crown Prince Li (栗太子)
son 子
crown prince 太子
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passages 34, 48
Child of Empress Dowager (太后)
empress dowager 太后
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 46, passages 119, 125
Spouse of Empress Bo (薄皇后)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage · Divorced
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 80
Spouse of Empress Wang (王氏)
empress 皇后 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 84; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 53
Parent of Emperor Wu of Han (漢武帝)
imperial son 皇子
son 子
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 35; Book of Han 6, passage 72
Parent of Yu (餘)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 48
Parent of Cheng (乘)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 108
Parent of Duan (端)
imperial son 皇子
son 子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 69; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 31
Parent of Sheng (勝)
imperial son 皇子
son 子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 69; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 31
Parent of Ji (寄)
imperial son 皇子
son 子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 98; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 63
Parent of Pengzu (彭祖)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 48
Parent of Rong (榮)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 72
Parent of Fei (非)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 48
Parent of Yue (越)
imperial son 皇子
son 子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 98; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 63
Parent of Yan (閼)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 48
Parent of De (德)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 48
Parent of Fa (發)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 48
Parent of Shun (舜)
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 116
Parent of Liu Shun (舜)
son 子
imperial son 皇子
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 71
Sibling of Liu Wu (劉武)
King Xiao of Liang 梁孝王 · Paternal half siblings
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passages 1, 79
Child of Empress Dowager Dou (竇太后)
mother 母
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 2; Book of Han 6, passage 2
Parent of Imperial Princess married to the Xiongnu Chanyu (公主)
princess 公主
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 78
Child of Emperor Wen (文帝)
son 子
Directly stated · Book of Han 59, passage 33
Sibling of King of Liang (梁王)
sons 兒子 · Full siblings
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 102, passages 31, 33

Key source chapters

Book of Han, Chapter 44 Volume 35: Princes of Jing, Yan and Wu 13 passages
Book of Han, Chapter 6 Volume 5: Annals of Emperor Jing 6 passages
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 11 Annals of the Xiaojing Emperor 6 passages
Book of Later Han, Chapter 34 Volume 30a: Biographies of Su Jing; Yang Hou 1 passage
Book of Han, Chapter 58 Volume 49: Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo 37 passages

Career and standing

Emperor Jing 景帝
Emperor · Held
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 128, passages 24, 104
Emperor 皇帝
BC 157 後七年六月丁未 · Acceded
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 3-4
BC 157 景帝立
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 102, passages 70, 130
emperor 帝
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passage 31
took the throne
孝景即位
Directly stated · Book of Han 58, passage 466
took the throne
Directly stated · Book of Han 58, passage 386

Places and affiliations

Han 漢
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 23
Western Han 漢
Relation Served
Directly stated · Book of Han 66, passage 6
Polity Han
Directly stated · Book of Han 58, passage 386
Polity Han 漢 · Relation Of
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 1, 4
Polity Han 漢 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Book of Han 26, passage 206; Book of Han 46, passage 119; Book of Later Han 130, passage 89; Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 1; Records of the Grand Historian 125, passage 31
Polity Han 漢 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · History of Song 2, passage 264

Show 7 more source-backed claims

Polity Han 漢 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Book of Han 55, passage 19; Records of the Grand Historian 102, passage 70
Polity Western Han 漢 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Book of Han 59, passage 70; Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 15
Polity Western Han 西汉 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 125, passage 4
Polity Western Han · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 89, passage 50
Polity Text Han
Directly stated · Book of Han 102, passage 20
BC 141 二月癸酉
At Yangling 陽陵 · Relation Buried at
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 186
At Xijing, Fengxiang, Xiong, Yao and other prefectures 西京、鳳翔、雄、耀等州 · Relation Tomb
Directly stated · History of Song 2, passage 264

Works and attributed material

Edict · Author · About Person Id Xiao He (蕭何) · Mode reported-document
Directly stated · Book of Han 48, passages 133-135
Speech · Speaker · Addressed to Wei Wan (衛綰)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passages 82, 84, 88
Imperial edict · Author · Addressees Han generals · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Book of Han 44, passages 187-195
BC 154 三年冬十二月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 53-55
BC 154 三年夏六月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 65-67
BC 145 中五年九月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 120-124

Show 15 more source-backed claims

BC 144 中六年
Edict · Issuer · Direct quotation · Topic establishing the rod ordinance
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passage 334
BC 144 中六年
Edict · Issuer · Direct quotation · Topic further reducing lashes
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passages 332-333
BC 144 中六年五月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 130-133
BC 156 元年冬十月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 6-21
BC 156 元年春正月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 30-33
BC 156 元年秋七月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 38-40
BC 141 後三年
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passages 114-115
BC 141 後三年
Testamentary edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 184-185
BC 141 後三年春正月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 176-181
BC 142 後二年五月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 168-174
BC 142 後二年夏四月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 155-167
BC 143 後元年春正月
Edict · Author
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 140-145
BC 156 景帝元年
Edict · Issuer · Direct quotation · Topic reducing five hundred and three hundred lashes
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passages 329-330
Speech · Speaker · With Tian Shu (田叔)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 104, passages 40, 43, 45
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 103, passage 18

Events and relationships

Accepted Yuan Ang’s counsel and executed Chao Cuo
Legal · Emperor · With Yuan Ang (袁盎), Chao Cuo (晁錯)
Directly stated · Book of Han 44, passage 249
Adopted plan
BC 154 孝景用其計 · Political · Ruler · With Chao Cuo (晁錯)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 25
Curtailed feudal kings
BC 154 景帝…吴楚之难 · Political · Ruler
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 125, passage 4
Dismissed from office
Political · Authority · With Deng Tong (鄧通)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passage 31
Divided Liang into five kingdoms and enfeoffed five sons of King Xiao
BC 144 中六年夏四月 · Administrative · Ruler
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passage 129
edict on carriage screen-bars 始詔六百石以上施車轓，得銅五末，軛有吉陽筩
BC 145 景帝中元五年 · Administrative · Issuer · Edict allowing six hundred picul officials and above to apply carriage screen bars, bronze five extremities, and auspicious tubes on the yoke
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 130, passage 89

Show 21 more source-backed claims

Executed
BC 154 三年 · Legal · Authority · With Chao Cuo (晁錯)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 25
Executed
BC 154 天子誅錯以解難 · Political · Ruler · With Chao Cuo (晁錯)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 23, passage 25
Granted amnesty
BC 156 元年四月乙卯 · Legal · Authority
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 4
Heqin with xiongnu
BC 156 元年 · Diplomatic · Sovereign
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 8
Ordered execution of Jian clan and Zhou Yong
Legal · Authority
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 49
Pardoned Wu’s envoys and granted Liu Bi an armrest and staff with exemption from court attendance
Legal · Imperial heir and emperor · With Liu Pi (劉濞)
Directly stated · Book of Han 44, passages 65, 69
Proposed succession
BC 154 漢已平吳楚 · Political · Ruler
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 50, passage 18
Received surrender of two xiongnu kings
BC 147 中三年春 · Diplomatic · Sovereign
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 67
renamed privy treasurer of works to master of works 改为将作大匠
BC 157 to BC 141 景帝 · Administrative · Actor · Renamed office
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 128, passage 104
renamed the office grand prolonger of autumn 更为大长秋
BC 157 to BC 141 景帝 · Administrative · Actor · Renamed office
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 128, passage 24
Revived rank selling amid western drought
Fiscal · Ruler
Directly stated · Book of Han 26, passages 207-208
Sent Zhou Yafu against Wu and Chu, Li Ji against Zhao, Luan Bu against Qi, and Dou Ying to Xingyang
Military · Emperor · With Zhou Yafu (周亞夫), Li Ji (酈寄), Luan Bu (欒布), Dou Ying (竇嬰)
Directly stated · Book of Han 44, passages 145-146
Set field tax at one in thirty
Fiscal · Ruler
Directly stated · Book of Han 26, passage 206
Suburban sacrifice five emperors
BC 144 中六年二月己卯 · Ritual · Sovereign · At Yong 雍
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passage 77
Sucked abscess reluctantly
Medical · Caregiver · With Emperor Wen of Han (漢文帝)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passage 29
Suppressed rebellion
BC 154 三年 · Military · Sovereign
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passages 24-26
Tomb robbed then reburied and sacrificed
AD 970 甲辰 · Ritual · Deceased · Posthumous true
Dated from the passage context · History of Song 2, passage 264
Type son-of · Person Emperor Wen of Han (漢文帝)
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 58, passages 132, 466
Relation Grudge against · Person Deng Tong (鄧通)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passage 30
Relation Patron of · Person Zhi Du (郅都)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 125, passage 37
Relation Favored · Person King of Jibei (濟北王)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 34, passage 56

Assessments and attributes

Assessment followed Wen's frugal precedent; with Wen transformed customs over fifty to sixty years · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Book of Han 6, passages 190-191
Assessment no longer feared kings of other surnames; crisis hinged on policy · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Sima Qian (司馬遷)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 11, passages 119, 121

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Book of Han 26, passage 206; Book of Later Han 128, passage 24; Records of the Grand Historian 50, passage 18

References in the histories

Search passages

History

160 passages

Book of Han, Chapter 6Volume 5: Annals of Emperor Jing · 6 passages

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孝景皇帝，文帝太子也。 Emperor Xiaojing was Emperor Wen's crown prince.

丁未，太子即皇帝位，尊皇太后薄氏曰太皇太后，皇后曰皇太后。 On the day Dingwei, the crown prince ascended the imperial throne, honoring Empress Dowager Bo as Grand Empress Dowager and the Empress as Empress Dowager.

天子宜世世獻祖宗之廟。 The Son of Heaven should offer sacrifices at the ancestral temples for generation after generation.

諸侯王列侯使者侍祠天子所獻祖宗之廟。 The envoys of the feudal kings and marquises should attend and perform sacrifices at the ancestral temples where the Son of Heaven offers his sacrifices.

甲子，帝崩于未央宮。 On the Jiazi day, the Emperor passed away in the Weiyang Palace.

至于孝文，加之以恭儉，孝景遵業，五六十載之間，至於移風易俗，黎民醇厚。 When it came to Emperor Xiaowen, he added reverence and frugality; Emperor Xiaojing followed his precedent, and within fifty to sixty years, they transformed the prevailing customs, making the common people pure and upright.

Book of Han, Chapter 25Volume 23: Treatise on Punishment and Law · 1 passage

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景帝元年，下詔曰：「加笞與重罪無異，幸而不死，不可為人。 In Emperor Jing's first year he issued an edict: "Increasing flogging is no different from a heavy crime; if one fortunately does not die, one cannot remain a whole person.

Book of Han, Chapter 26Volume 24a: Treatise on Trade 1 · 1 passage

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後十三歲，孝景二年，令民半出田租，三十而稅一也。 Thirteen years later, in the second year of Emperor Jing, the people were ordered to pay half the field rent, a tax of one in thirty.

Book of Han, Chapter 44Volume 35: Princes of Jing, Yan and Wu · 13 passages

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孝文時，吳太子入見，得侍皇太子飲博。 In Emperor Wen’s reign the crown prince of Wu attended court and was allowed to drink and play liubo with the imperial heir.

博爭道，不恭，皇太子引博局提吳太子，殺之。 They quarreled over the rules; the Wu heir showed disrespect, and the crown prince seized the heavy board and struck him dead.

朝錯為太子家令，得幸皇太子，數從容言吳過可削。 Chao Cuo was serving as household steward to the crown prince and had won his favor. He repeatedly said in private that Wu's offenses gave grounds for reducing its territory.

及景帝即位，錯為御史大夫，說上曰：「昔高帝初定天下，昆弟少，諸子弱，大封同姓，故孽子悼惠王王齊七十二城，庶弟元王王楚四十城，兄子王吳五十餘城。 When Emperor Jing came to the throne, Chao Cuo became Imperial Counselor. He urged the emperor, "When Gaozu first settled the realm, he had few brothers and his sons were young, so he gave large fiefs to men of his own surname. Thus King Daohui, his son by a concubine, ruled Qi with seventy-two cities; King Yuan, his younger half-brother, ruled Chu with forty cities; and his nephew ruled Wu with more than fifty cities.

高曰：「御史大夫朝錯熒惑天子，侵奪諸侯，蔽忠塞賢，朝廷疾怨，諸侯皆有背叛之意，人事極矣。 Ying Gao said, “Grandee Secretary Chao Cuo dazzles the Son of Heaven, strips the feudatories, blocks the loyal and worthy, so that the court boils with anger and every prince nurses rebellion. The crisis is complete.

孝景前三年正月甲子，初起兵於廣陵。 On jiǎzǐ in the first month of Xiaojing’s third year the rebellion opened at Guangling.

陛下多病志逸，不能省察。 The Son of Heaven is sick in body and distracted in will; he cannot see through the plot.

七國反書聞，天子乃遣太尉條侯周亞夫將三十六將軍往擊吳楚； News of the seven kingdoms’ revolt reached court; the emperor sent Grand Commandant Zhou Yafu of Tiaohou with thirty-six generals against Wu and Chu;

召入見，上問以吳楚之計，盎對曰：「吳楚相遺書，曰『賊臣朝錯擅適諸侯，削奪之地』，以故反，名為西共誅錯，復故地而罷。 Yuan Ang was summoned to audience, and the emperor asked him about the plans of Wu and Chu. Ang replied, "Wu and Chu have exchanged letters saying, 'The wicked minister Chao Cuo has arbitrarily punished the feudal lords and stripped away their lands.' That is why they have rebelled. Their stated aim is to march west together, execute Chao Cuo, restore their former territories, and then disband.

上從其議，遂斬錯。 The emperor accepted his counsel and had Chao Cuo executed.

二月，吳王兵既破，敗走，於是天子制詔將軍：「蓋聞為善者天報以福，為非者天報以殃。 In the second month Wu’s army was shattered; the emperor told his generals: “Heaven crowns virtue with fortune and strikes evil with woe.

又使使愬條侯於上，上使告條侯救梁，又守便宜不行。 They complained to the throne; the emperor told him to relieve Liang, yet he clung to his plan and stayed put.

王頓首膝行對曰：「今者，朝錯天子用事臣，變更高皇帝法令，侵奪諸侯地。 On his knees Ang said, “Chao Cuo rules the court, rewrites Gaozu’s statutes, and gnaws at princely fiefs.

Book of Han, Chapter 46Volume 37: Ji Bu, Luan Bu and Tian Shu · 1 passage

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梁孝王使人殺漢議臣爰盎，景帝召叔案梁，具得其事。 When King Xiao of Liang had the Han adviser Yuan Ang murdered, Emperor Jing sent Tian Shu to investigate the kingdom of Liang; he uncovered the full truth.

Book of Han, Chapter 48Volume 39: Xiao He and Cao Shen · 1 passage

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景帝二年，制詔御史：「故相國蕭何，高皇帝大功臣，所與為天下也。 In Emperor Jing’s second year the throne ordered the censor: “Xiao He, late minister of state, was a pillar of the August Emperor’s rise; with him the founder won the realm.

Book of Han, Chapter 51Volume 42: Zhang, Zhou, Zhao, Ren and Shentu · 3 passages

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景帝復封昌孫左車為安陽侯，有罪，國除。 Emperor Jing later restored the line, enfeoffing Zhou Chang's grandson Zuoche as marquis of Anyang, but that fief, too, was stripped after a conviction.

孝景五年薨，諡曰文侯。 He died in the fifth year of Emperor Jing's reign and was given the posthumous title Wen—the Cultured Marquis.

嘉為丞相五歲，文帝崩，孝景即位。 Shentu Jia had been chancellor five years when Emperor Wen died and Emperor Jing came to the throne.

Book of Han, Chapter 55Volume 46: The Lords of Wan, Wei, Zhi, Zhou and Zhang · 15 passages

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及孝景即位，以奮為九卿。 Emperor Jing raised him to one of the Nine Ministers.

於是景帝曰：「石君及四子皆二千石，人臣尊寵乃舉集其門。」 Emperor Jing remarked, “The Shi household now holds five posts at two thousand piculs; favor has massed at one door.”

孝景季年，萬石君以上大夫祿歸老于家，以歲時為朝臣。 In Emperor Jing’s closing years he retired on a senior grandee’s stipend, appearing at court only on seasonal occasions.

孝景為太子時，召上左右飲，而綰稱病不行。 When still heir apparent Jing had invited the emperor’s attendants to a banquet; Wan declined on grounds of illness.

文帝且崩時，屬孝景曰：「綰長者，善遇之。」 Wen’s deathbed words to Jing were, “Wan is a steady man—keep him close.”

及景帝立，歲餘，不孰何綰，綰日以謹力。 Jing never investigated him; year by year Wan only grew more careful.

景帝幸上林，詔中郎將參乘，還而問曰：「君知所以得驂乘乎？」 When Emperor Jing visited Shanglin Park, he ordered the General of the Household to ride beside him in the chariot. On returning, he asked, “Do you know why you were allowed to ride beside me?”

上以綰為長者，不忍，乃賜綰告歸，而使郅都治捕栗氏。 Jing still treated Wan as an elder he would not soil with that purge, sent him on leave, and handed the Li roundup to Zhi Du.

為丞相三歲，景帝崩，武帝立。 He held the seal three years; Jing died and Wu took the throne.

建元中，丞相以景帝病時諸官囚多坐不辜者，而君不任職，免之。 Early in Emperor Wu’s Jianyuan reign the court stripped him of the chancellorship, citing the jailings of the innocent during Emperor Jing’s final illness and his own failure to act while in that post.

景帝後元年，拜爲御史大夫。 In the first year of Emperor Jing's later reign, he was made Grand Secretary.

景帝為太子時，為舍人，積功遷至太中大夫。 While Jing was still heir apparent Ren served as household attendant and climbed to Grand Counselor of the Palace.

景帝初立，拜仁為郎中令。 At the beginning of Jing’s reign Ren became Palace Commandant.

景帝再自幸其家。 Jing called at his home twice in person.

景帝時尊重，常為九卿。 Jing treated him with respect and kept him among the Nine Ministers.

Book of Han, Chapter 58Volume 49: Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo · 37 passages

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盎言曰：「臣聞千金之子不垂堂，百金之子不騎衡，聖主不乘危，不僥倖。 Yuan Ang replied: "They say the heir to a great fortune does not court danger under a high roof, the heir to a middling fortune does not ride the balance-beam, and a wise ruler neither hazards his person nor trusts to chance.

及孝景即位，晁錯為御史大夫，使吏案盎受吳王財物，抵罪，詔赦以為庶人。 When Emperor Jing took the throne, Chao Cuo became imperial counselor and had officials prosecute Yuan Ang for taking gifts from the King of Wu; though convicted, an edict pardoned him and reduced him to commoner status.

嬰入言，上乃召盎。 Dou Ying reported to the throne, and the emperor summoned Yuan Ang.

上拜盎為泰常，竇嬰為大將軍。 The emperor named Yuan Ang Grand Master of Ceremonies and Dou Ying Grand General.

盎雖居家，景帝時時使人問籌策。 Even in retirement Emperor Jing's messengers came often for his advice on policy.

梁王欲求為嗣，盎進說，其後語塞。 The prince of Liang pressed to be named crown prince; Yuan Ang spoke against it, and the proposal died.

詔以為太子舍人，門大夫，遷博士。 He was named gentleman attendant on the heir apparent, then gatehouse grandee, and soon rose to erudite.

知所以忠孝事上，則臣子之行備矣：此四者，臣竊為皇太子急之。 know how loyalty and filial piety bind subject to sovereign, and the way of the minister and the son is whole. These four lessons, I submit, the heir apparent needs above all.

人臣之議或曰皇太子亡以知事為也，臣之愚，誠以為不然。 Some say the heir need not trouble with government yet; I respectfully disagree.

皇太子所讀書多矣，而未深知術數者，不問書說也。 The heir has read widely but not pressed the glosses—so the techniques of rule still elude him.

臣竊觀皇太子材智高奇，馭射技藝過人絕遠，然於術數未有所守者，以陛下為心也。 His wit and his riding and shooting are superb, yet he has no anchor in statecraft because he trusts wholly in you.

竊願陛下幸擇聖人之術可用今世者，以賜皇太子，因時使太子陳明於前。 Choose from the sages' teaching what fits this age, give it to the heir, and bid him rehearse it in your presence from time to time.

上善之，於是拜錯為太子家令。 The emperor approved the plea and named Chao Cuo household commandant to the crown prince.

以其辯得幸太子，太子家號曰「智囊」。 His sharp tongue won the heir's confidence, and the inner household nicknamed him the "wisdom bag."

皇太子所讀書多矣，而未深知術數者也。 The Crown Prince has read many books, but he does not yet deeply understand methods and calculations.

文帝嘉之，乃賜錯璽書寵答焉，曰：「皇帝問太子家令：上書言兵體三章，聞之。 Wen praised the memorial and answered with an edict under the imperial seal: "The throne acknowledges your three-part essay on the nature of war.

當是時，太子善錯計策，爰盎諸大功臣多不好錯。 The crown prince loved his schemes; Yuan Ang and the old guard detested him.

景帝即位，以錯為內史。 Jing named him inner secretary to the capital.

內史府居太上廟□中，門東出，不便，錯乃穿門南出，鑿廟□垣。 His office sat inside the high temple precinct; the official gate faced east and was awkward, so he opened a southern gate through the temple's outer wall—the lacuna marks an illegible graph in the text.

錯聞之，即請間為上言之。 Chao Cuo raced to the palace for a private word with the emperor.

上曰：「此非廟垣，乃□中垣，不致於法。」 The emperor replied, "That was the outer screen wall, not the sacred enclosure itself—no crime worth the courts." (The manuscript has a lacuna.)

奏上，上令公卿、列侯、宗室雜議，莫敢難，獨竇嬰爭之，繇此與錯有隙。 The throne sent the proposal to a joint council; only Dou Ying objected—there the feud between them began.

錯父聞之，從穎川來，謂錯曰：「上初即位，公為政用事，侵削諸侯，疏人骨肉，口讓多怨，公何為也？」 Chao Cuo's father rode from Yingchuan and said, "The new emperor trusts you, yet you strip the kings and set brother against brother—the whole realm will curse your name. Why?"

不如此，天子不尊，宗廟不安。」 Without this the throne stays weak and the altars tremble."

上與錯議出軍事，錯欲令上自將兵，而身居守。 In council Chao Cuo urged the emperor to take the field in person while he held the capital.

會竇嬰言爰盎，詔召入見，上方與錯調兵食。 Dou Ying mentioned Yuan Ang; a summons brought him to court while Jing was still haggling over grain and battalions with Chao Cuo.

上問盎曰：「君嘗為吳相，知吳臣田祿伯為人乎？ The emperor asked, "You governed Wu—what sort of man is Tian Lubo?

上曰：「吳王即山鑄錢，煮海為鹽，誘天下豪桀，白頭舉事，此其計不百全，豈發乎？ "The king of Wu mints his own cash and boils the sea for salt; he has bought every adventurer in the empire and now moves with white hair—would he strike without a sure plan?

上問曰：「計安出？」 "Then what is your counsel?" asked the emperor.

上屏人，獨錯在。 The room emptied except for Chao Cuo.

上卒問盎，對曰：「吳、楚相遺書，言高皇帝王子弟各有分地，今賊臣晁錯擅適諸侯，削奪之地，以故反名為西共誅錯，復故地而罷。 The emperor finally asked Yuan Ang, who replied, "Wu and Chu have exchanged letters saying that Gaozu's sons and younger brothers were each granted allotted territories, but now the wicked minister Chao Cuo has arbitrarily punished the feudal lords and cut away their lands. For this reason, they have raised the banner of marching west to join in executing Chao Cuo, restoring their former lands, and then standing down.

於是上默然良久，曰：「顧誠何如，吾不愛一人謝天下。」 Jing sat silent, then said, "If that ends it, one life is a cheap price."

盎曰：「愚計出此，唯上孰計之。」 Yuan Ang added, "It is a bitter remedy—weigh it yourself."

還，上書言軍事，見上。 He came back from the front, wrote up the campaign, and was received in audience.

上問曰：「道軍所來，聞晁錯死，吳、楚罷不？」 "On the march," asked Jing, "did you hear that Wu and Chu disbanded once Chao Cuo died?"

上曰：「何哉？」 "How so?" asked the emperor.

於是景帝喟然長息，曰：「公言善。 Emperor Jing exhaled long and said, "You speak truth.

Book of Han, Chapter 59Volume 50: Zhang, Feng, Ji and Zheng · 7 passages

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頃之，太子與梁王共車入朝，不下司馬門，於是釋之追止太子、梁王毋入殿門。 Soon after, the crown prince and the king of Liang rode together into the palace precincts without alighting at the Sima Gate; Shizhi overtook them and barred them from the inner hall until they complied.

薄太后使使承詔赦太子、梁王，然後得入。 The empress dowager sent messengers with an edict pardoning the crown prince and the king of Liang, after which they were allowed in.

文帝崩，景帝立，釋之恐，稱疾。 When Wen died and Jing succeeded, Shizhi grew fearful and pleaded illness.

用王生計，卒見謝，景帝不過也。 Wang Sheng's advice won out: he went in to apologize, and Emperor Jing did not press the old grudge too far.

釋之事景帝歲餘，為淮南相，猶尚以前過也。 After a little more than a year serving Jing, Shizhi was made chancellor of Huainan, still on account of the earlier offense.

十年，景帝立，以唐為楚相。 In the tenth year, after Emperor Jing took the throne, Feng Tang was appointed Chancellor of Chu.

以父任，孝景時為太子洗馬，以嚴見憚。 Recommended on his father's record, he served Emperor Jing as groom to the crown prince and was dreaded for his uncompromising sternness.

Book of Han, Chapter 66Volume 57a: Sima Xiangru · 2 passages

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以訾為郎，事孝景帝，為武騎常侍，非其好也。 He bought his way into appointment as a gentleman-attendant, served Emperor Jing as a regular palace cavalry guard, and found the post uncongenial.

會景帝不好辭賦，是時梁孝王來朝，從遊說之士齊人鄒陽、淮陰枚乘、吳嚴忌夫子之徒，相如見而說之，因病免，客遊梁，得與諸侯游士居，數歲，乃著《子虛之賦》。 Emperor Jing had little taste for fu rhapsody. Just then King Xiao of Liang was at court with a retinue of persuader-scholars—Zou Yang of Qi, Mei Sheng of Huaiyin, Master Yan Ji of Wu, and others. Sima Xiangru took to their company, pleaded illness, left his post, and went to Liang as a client. For several years he lived among the itinerant literati at the feudal courts, and there he wrote his “Sir Vacuity.”

Book of Han, Chapter 93Volume 82: Wang Shang, Shi Dan and Fu Xi · 2 passages

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前孝景世七國反，將軍周亞夫以爲即得雒陽劇孟，關東非漢之有。 In Emperor Jing's reign the seven states rebelled. General Zhou Yafu said that with Ju Meng of Luoyang on their side, the rebels could take everything east of the Pass from Han.

上疾稍侵，意忽忽不平，數問尚書以景帝時立膠東王故事。 As his illness deepened, the emperor grew restless and repeatedly asked the Masters of Writing about the precedent from Emperor Jing's reign of enthroning the Prince of Jiaodong instead of the crown prince.

Book of Han, Chapter 99Volume 87b: Yang Xiong 2 · 1 passage

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昔老聃著虛無之言兩篇，薄仁義，非禮學，然後世好之者尚以為過於《五經》，自漢文、景之君及司馬遷皆有是言。 Laozi wrote two brief texts that spurned benevolence, right, and ritual learning—yet later admirers ranked them above the Five Classics. Emperors Wen and Jing of Han, and Sima Qian, said as much.

Book of Han, Chapter 101Volume 89: Upright Officials · 2 passages

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至於文、景，遂移風易俗。 By the reigns of Emperors Wen and Jing, customs had begun to change for the better.

景帝末，為蜀郡守，仁愛好教化。 Near the end of Emperor Jing's reign he was appointed governor of Shu, ruling with kindness and a passion for civilizing the people through education.

Book of Han, Chapter 102Volume 90: Cruel Officials · 7 passages

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孝景時，晁錯以刻深頗用術輔其資，而七國之亂髮怒於錯，錯卒被戮。 Under Emperor Jing, Chao Cuo won influence through pitiless legalism; the Rebellion of the Seven States vented its rage on him, and he died under the blade.

景帝時為中郎將，敢直諫，面折大臣於朝。 Under Emperor Jing he commanded the gentleman cadets, spoke blunt truth, and openly dressed down senior ministers in open court.

濟南瞷氏宗人三百餘家，豪猾，二千石莫能制，於是景帝拜都為濟南守。 More than three hundred households of the powerful Jian lineage dominated Jinan beyond any governor's control, so Emperor Jing named Zhi Du to the post.

景帝乃使使即拜都為雁門太守，便道之官，得以便宜從事。 Emperor Jing immediately commissioned him Yanmen governor by express edict with discretionary powers en route.

景帝曰：「都忠臣。」 Emperor Jing protested, "Zhi Du is a loyal servant."

以郎謁者事景帝。 He served Emperor Jing as a gentleman usher.

景帝時，由為郡守。 Under Emperor Jing he served as a governor.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 34Volume 30a: Biographies of Su Jing; Yang Hou · 1 passage

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景帝之悅濟北，以不從吳濞之畔也。 Emperor Jing favored the king of Jibei for refusing to follow Liu Pi’s rebellion.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 37Volume 32: Biographies of Fan Hong; Yin Shi · 1 passage

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昔孝文竇後性好黃老，而清靜之化流景、武之間。 Empress Dou under Emperor Wen loved Huang-Lao, yet her quiet influence lasted into the reigns of Emperors Jing and Wu.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 89Volume 80a: Biographies of Writers 1 · 2 passages

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富衍于孝、景，功传于后嗣。 Prosperity spilled into the reigns of Xiaowen and Xiaojing; their achievement flowed to succeeding generations.

故创业于高祖，嗣传于孝惠，德隆于太宗，财衍于孝景，威盛于圣武，政行于宣、元，侈极于成、哀、祚缺于孝平。 The line began with Gaozu, flowed through Emperor Hui, rose in virtue with Emperor Wen, spread wealth with Emperor Jing, blazed in might with Emperor Wu, ran smoothly under Emperors Xuan and Yuan, burned brightest in excess under Cheng and Ai, and shattered under young Emperor Ping.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 110Volume 99: Rituals and Worship Part Three · 2 passages

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太祖东面，惠、文、武、元帝为昭，景、宣帝为穆。 The founding ancestor faced east; Hui, Wen, Wu, and Yuan were zhao; Jing and Xuan were mu.

惠、景、昭三帝非殷祭时不祭。 Hui, Jing, and Zhao were omitted from ordinary seasonal cult and appeared only at the grand Yin.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 125Volume 114: Officials Part One · 1 passage

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至景帝，感吴楚之难，始抑损诸侯王。 Emperor Jing, sobered by the revolt of Wu and Chu, began to pare back the power of the feudal kings.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 128Volume 117: Officials Part Four · 2 passages

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景帝更为大长秋，或用士人。 Emperor Jing renamed it grand prolonger of autumn and occasionally appointed a civil official.

本注曰：承秦，曰将作少府，景帝改为将作大匠。 The office came from Qin as the privy treasurer of works; Emperor Jing renamed it master of works.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 130Volume 119: Travel and Dress Part One · 1 passage

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景帝中元五年，始詔六百石以上施車轓，得銅五末，軛有吉陽筩。 In Jing’s Zhongyuan 5 an edict allowed six-hundred-picul officials and above to mount carriage sashes, bronze tips on fittings, and lucky tubes on the yoke.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 143Volume 143: Treatises 5 Rites 2 · 1 passage

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古之周景、漢景、周宣、漢宣，皆中興再造之主。 In antiquity Zhou's Jing, Han's Jing, Zhou's Xuan, and Han's Xuan were all rulers of revival who restored their dynasties.

History of Ming, Chapter 8Volume 8 Annals 8: Renzong · 1 passage

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使天假之年，涵濡休養，德化之盛，豈不與文、景比隆哉。」 Had Heaven granted him more years to nurture and restore the people, would not the fullness of his moral sway have rivaled the glory of the Wen and Jing reigns?"

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 11Annals of the Xiaojing Emperor · 6 passages

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孝景皇帝者，孝文之中子也。 Emperor Jing was the middle son of Emperor Wen.

孝文在代時，前后有三男，及竇太后得幸，前后死，及三子更死，故孝景得立。 While Emperor Wen was still in Dai, he had three sons by his former consort. After Lady Dou won his favor, that consort died, and the three sons died in turn as well. This was how Emperor Jing came to be named heir.

天子為誅晁錯，遣袁盎諭告，不止，遂西圍梁。 The emperor executed Chao Cuo on their account and sent Yuan Ang to explain his decision and admonish them. They still did not stop, and went west to besiege Liang.

上乃遣大將軍竇嬰、太尉周亞夫將兵誅之。 The emperor then sent Grand General Dou Ying and Grand Commandant Zhou Yafu to lead troops and suppress the rebellion.

甲子，孝景皇帝崩。 On the jiazi day, Emperor Jing passed away.

太史公曰：漢興，孝文施大德，天下懷安，至孝景，不復憂異姓，而晁錯刻削諸侯，遂使七國俱起，合從而西鄉，以諸侯太盛，而錯為之不以漸也。 The Grand Historian says: When Han arose, Emperor Wen practiced great virtue, and the realm rested in peace. By Emperor Jing's time, there was no longer any fear of kings from other surnames. But Chao Cuo cut sharply into the power of the feudal lords, causing the seven states to rise together, join in alliance, and march west. The problem was that the feudal lords had grown too powerful, and Cuo did not proceed gradually.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 23Treatise on Ritual · 2 passages

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孝景時，御史大夫晁錯明於世務刑名，數干諫孝景曰：「諸侯藩輔，臣子一例，古今之制也。 During Emperor Jing's time, Imperial Secretary Chao Cuo was clear about worldly affairs and penal names. He several times earnestly admonished Emperor Jing, saying: 'The feudal lords are screens and auxiliaries; ministers and sons are one rule—this is the system of ancient and present times.

孝景用其計，而六國畔逆，以錯首名，天子誅錯以解難。 Emperor Jing used his plan, and then the six states rebelled. Making Cuo the pretext, the Son of Heaven executed Cuo to resolve the difficulty.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 50House of Prince Yuan of Chu · 2 passages

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漢已平吳楚，孝景帝欲以德侯子續吳，以元王子禮續楚。 After Han had pacified Wu and Chu, Emperor Jing wished to restore the line of Wu through the son of the Marquis of De, and the line of Chu through King Yuan's son Liu Li.

遂既王趙二十六年，孝景帝時坐晁錯以適削趙王常山之郡。 After Sui had been King of Zhao for twenty-six years, in Emperor Jing's time, because of Chao Cuo's plan to reduce the feudal domains, the commandery of Changshan was stripped from his domain.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 98Biographies of Fu, Jin, and the Marquis of Kuaicheng · 1 passage

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至孝景中二年，封緤子居代侯。 In the second year of Emperor Jing's middle reign period, Xie's son Ju was enfeoffed to continue the marquisate.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 100Biographies of Ji Bu and Luan Bu · 1 passage

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景帝中五年薨。 He died in the fifth year of the Zhongyuan reign of Emperor Jing.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 102Biographies of Zhang Shizhi and Feng Tang · 6 passages

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頃之，太子與梁王共車入朝，不下司馬門，於是釋之追止太子、梁王無得入殿門。 Soon afterward, the Crown Prince and the King of Liang rode together in one carriage to attend court, failing to dismount at the Marshal's Gate. Shizhi gave chase and barred them from entering the palace gates.

薄太后乃使使承詔赦太子、梁王，然後得入。 Empress Dowager Bo then dispatched messengers bearing an imperial edict to pardon the Crown Prince and the King of Liang, after which they were permitted to enter.

後文帝崩，景帝立，釋之恐，稱病。 After Emperor Wen died and Emperor Jing ascended the throne, Shizhi grew fearful and feigned illness.

用王生計，卒見謝，景帝不過也。 Following Wang Sheng's counsel, he finally obtained an audience and offered his apology. Emperor Jing did not hold it against him.

張廷尉事景帝歲餘，為淮南王相，猶尚以前過也。 Zhang the Commandant of Justice served Emperor Jing for over a year before being transferred to serve as Chancellor to the King of Huainan—still bearing the taint of his earlier offense.

七年，景帝立，以唐為楚相，免。 In the seventh year, Emperor Jing ascended the throne, appointed Tang Chancellor of Chu, and later dismissed him.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 103Biographies of Wan Shi and Zhang Shu · 20 passages

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文帝時，東陽侯張相如為太子太傅，免。 During Emperor Wen's reign, the Marquis of Dongyang, Zhang Xiangru, served as Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince but was dismissed.

選可為傅者，皆推奮，奮為太子太傅。 When a suitable replacement was being selected, all recommended Fen, and so Fen became Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince.

及孝景即位，以為九卿； When Emperor Jing ascended the throne, he was appointed one of the Nine Ministers;

於是景帝曰：「石君及四子皆二千石，人臣尊寵乃集其門。」 Emperor Jing therefore said, "Lord Shi and his four sons all hold offices of two thousand bushels. The honor and favor due to ministers are gathered at his gate."

孝景帝季年，萬石君以上大夫祿歸老于家，以歲時為朝臣。 In the later years of Emperor Jing's reign, the Marquis of Wanshi retired to his home on the salary of a Senior Grand Counselor, attending court only at seasonal assemblies.

孝景為太子時，召上左右飲，而綰稱病不行。 When Emperor Jing was still Crown Prince, he summoned Emperor Wen's attendants to drink with him, but Wan pleaded illness and did not go.

文帝且崩時，屬孝景曰：「綰長者，善遇之。」 When Emperor Wen was near death, he charged Emperor Jing, saying, "Wan is a man of mature character. Treat him well."

及文帝崩，景帝立，歲餘不噍呵綰，綰日以謹力。 After Emperor Wen died and Emperor Jing ascended the throne, more than a year passed without his ever scolding or rebuking Wan. Wan redoubled his cautious diligence each day.

景帝幸上林，詔中郎將參乘，還而問曰：「君知所以得參乘乎？」 Emperor Jing visited Shanglin Park and ordered the Colonel of the Palace Guard to ride beside him in the imperial carriage. On the return, he asked, "Do you know why you were given this place beside me?"

上問曰：「吾為太子時召君，君不肯來，何也？」 The emperor asked, "When I was Crown Prince, I summoned you, but you refused to come. Why?"

三歲，以軍功，孝景前六年中封綰為建陵侯。 Three years later, on account of his military merit, in the sixth year of Emperor Jing's first reign period, Wan was enfeoffed as Marquis of Jianling.

為丞相三歲，景帝崩，武帝立。 After three years as Chancellor, Emperor Jing died and Emperor Wu ascended the throne.

建元年中，丞相以景帝疾時諸官囚多坐不辜者，而君不任職，免之。 In the first year of the Jianyuan era, the Chancellor was dismissed on the grounds that during Emperor Jing's illness many imprisoned officials had been wrongly convicted, and he had failed to fulfill his duties.

景帝後元年，拜為御史大夫。 In the first year of Emperor Jing's latter reign, he was appointed Imperial Secretary.

景帝為太子時，拜為舍人，積功稍遷，孝文帝時至太中大夫。 When Emperor Jing was still Crown Prince, Ren was appointed as a retainer. Through accumulated merit he was gradually promoted, reaching the rank of Grand Palace Counselor by Emperor Wen's time.

景帝初即位，拜仁為郎中令。 When Emperor Jing first ascended the throne, he appointed Ren as Palace Steward.

景帝入臥內，於後宮祕戲，仁常在旁。 When Emperor Jing retired to his private chambers and engaged in secret amusements in the rear palace, Ren was always at his side.

至景帝崩，仁尚為郎中令，終無所言。 Until Emperor Jing's death, Ren still served as Palace Steward, and to the end he never uttered a word about what he had seen.

以此景帝再自幸其家。 For this reason, Emperor Jing twice personally visited his home.

景帝時尊重，常為九卿。 During Emperor Jing's reign he was respected and honored, regularly serving as one of the Nine Ministers.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 104Biography of Tian Shu · 3 passages

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梁孝王使人殺故吳相袁盎，景帝召田叔案梁，具得其事，還報。 King Xiao of Liang sent assassins to murder Yuan Ang, the former chancellor of Wu. Emperor Jing dispatched Tian Shu to investigate the affair in Liang. Tian Shu uncovered all the details and returned to deliver his report.

景帝曰：「梁有之乎？」 Emperor Jing asked: "Is Liang truly responsible?"

景帝大賢之，以為魯相。 Emperor Jing was deeply impressed by his wisdom and appointed him as the Chancellor of Lu.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 114Treatise on the Eastern Yue · 1 passage

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後數世，至孝景三年，吳王濞反，欲從閩越，閩越未肯行，獨東甌從吳。 Several generations later, in the third year of Emperor Jing's reign, King Bi of Wu launched his rebellion and tried to recruit the Minyue to his cause, but they refused. Only Dong'ou chose to side with Wu.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 124Biographies of Knight-errants · 1 passage

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是時濟南瞷氏、陳周庸亦以豪聞，景帝聞之，使使盡誅此屬。 Around this time, the Jian clan of Jinan and Zhou Yong of Chen were also renowned as local strongmen. Emperor Jing heard of them and dispatched agents to have them all put to death.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 125Biographies of Flatterers · 5 passages

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通曰：「宜莫如太子。」 Tong replied, "Surely none more than the Crown Prince."

太子入問病，文帝使唶癰，唶癰而色難之。 When the Crown Prince came to inquire about the emperor's illness, Emperor Wen bade him suck the abscess. The prince did so, but his face betrayed his disgust.

已而聞鄧通常為帝唶吮之，心慚，由此怨通矣。 Later, when the Crown Prince learned that Deng Tong had been doing this all along without complaint, he was filled with shame, and from that day bore a bitter grudge against Tong.

及文帝崩，景帝立，鄧通免，家居。 When Emperor Wen died and Emperor Jing took the throne, Deng Tong was removed from office and lived at home.

孝景帝時，中無寵臣，然獨郎中令周文仁，仁寵最過庸，乃不甚篤。 During Emperor Jing's reign, there were no notable court favorites. Only Zhou Ren, the Palace Gentleman Commander, enjoyed favor somewhat beyond the ordinary, and even that was not very deep.

History of Song, Chapter 2Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 1 passage

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甲辰，詔︰西京、鳳翔、雄、耀等州，周文、成、康三王，秦始皇，漢高、文、景、武、元、成、哀七帝，後魏孝文，西魏文帝，後周太祖，唐高祖、太宗、中宗、肅宗、代宗、德、順、文、武、宣、懿、僖、昭諸帝凡二十七陵嘗被盜發者，有司備法服、常服各一襲，具棺槨重葬，所在長吏致祭。 He decreed reburial for twenty-seven violated imperial tombs in the west—ranging from the Zhou kings Wen, Cheng, and Kang and Qin Shihuang through seven Han emperors, Northern Wei Xiaowen, Western Wei Wendi, Later Zhou Taizu, and the thirteen Tang emperors Gaozu, Taizong, Zhongzong, Suzong, Daizong, Dezong, Shunzong, Wenzong, Wuzong, Xuanzong, Yizong, Xizong, and Zhaozong. Each site was to receive fresh ceremonial and everyday robes, new coffins, and sacrifices from the local magistrate.