Overview
Cao Hu was a general; inspector of Yongzhou.
IdentityHistorical · Male
Other names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Courtesy name | Shiwei | 士威 | Shìwēi |
| Alternate name | Hutou | 虎頭 | Hǔtóu |
Life and dates
Death
- AD 499 to AD 501 東昏卽位後Killed · Authority Emperor Donghun (東昏) · Circumstance before he could take up his new appointment; emperor mistrusted an old commander and coveted his wealthDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 266
Age
- a little past sixty六十餘 · Reckoning Sui at deathDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 267
Attested activity
- AD 493 永明十一年春正月Dated from the passage context · Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance 138, passages 4, 47
- AD 489 七年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 221
- AD 479 上受禪Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 201
- AD 483 to AD 488 世祖以虎頭名鄙,敕改之Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 215
- AD 482 世祖卽位Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 210
- AD 480 二年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 205-209
Show 30 more source-backed claims
- AD 495 二年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 231
- AD 488 六年四月Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 216-220
- AD 493 十一年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 225-227; Book of Southern Qi 49, passage 81
- AD 499 十六日Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 45, passage 94
- AD 501 和帝中興元年Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 268
- AD 497 四年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 232
- AD 477 太祖爲領軍Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 194
- AD 477 to AD 478 太祖鎮東府Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 198
- AD 471 to AD 472 宋明帝末Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 192
- AD 479 建元元年冬Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 204
- AD 494 建武元年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 230
- AD 484 明年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 212-214
- AD 490 明年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 222-224
- AD 497 是冬Dated from the passage context · Book of Liang 11, passage 28
- AD 499 時年三十二Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 45, passages 102, 104
- AD 472 to AD 499 曹虎Strongly inferred · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 190
- AD 499 東昏卽位Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 260
- AD 474 桂陽賊起Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 193
- AD 499 永元元年Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 261
- AD 499 永元元年八月十二日Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 45, passage 90
- AD 483 to AD 493 永明中Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 55, passage 152
- AD 491 永明九年Directly stated · Book of Liang 11, passage 170
- AD 483 永明元年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 211
- AD 498 永泰元年Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 254
- AD 477 蒼梧廢明日Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 195-197
- AD 478 豫平石頭Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 200
- AD 494 隆昌元年Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 4, passage 38; Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 229
- AD 494 鬱林卽位Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 228
- AD 490 to AD 499 齊代隨曹虎征伐Dated from the passage context · Book of Liang 18, passages 259-260
- AD 494 to AD 498 齊明帝時Directly stated · Book of Liang 16, passage 96
Key source chapters
- Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 30 Volume 30 Biographies 11: Xue Yuan, Dai Sengjing, Huan Kang, Jiao Du, Cao Hu 28 passages
- Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 45 Volume 45 Biographies 26: The Imperial Clan 4 passages
- Book of Liang, Chapter 18 Volume 18: Zhang Huishao; Feng Daogen; Kang Xuan; Chang Yizhi 3 passages
- Book of Liang, Chapter 11 Volume 11: Zhang Hongce; Yu Yu; Zheng Shaoshu; Lü Sengzhen 2 passages
- Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 49 Volume 49 Biographies 30: Wang Huan, Cong Dihui, Zhang Cong 2 passages
Career and standing
- frontier marshal over allied hosts 連率Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 249
- palace guardsman 直廂Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 192
- Administrator of South Xincai 南新蔡太守AD 482 世祖卽位 · AddedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 210
- Pacifying-the-North General 寧朔將軍AD 482 世祖卽位 · AddedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 210
- Inspector of Yongzhou 雍州刺史Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 233
- Pacify-the-North General 平北將軍AD 495 二年 · AdvancedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 231
Show 61 more source-backed claims
- superintendent (advanced from overseer) 監AD 495 二年 · AdvancedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 231
- Campaign-against-the-Barbarians General 征虜將軍AD 493 十一年 · AdvancedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 227
- Right General 右將軍AD 494 建武元年 · AdvancedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 230
- Front General 前將軍AD 494 鬱林卽位 · AdvancedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 228
- Direct-Gate General 直閤將軍AD 479 上受禪 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 202
- supernumerary attendant-in-ordinary 員外常侍AD 482 世祖卽位 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 210
- General of Mobile Warfare 游擊將軍AD 480 二年 · Appointed · former posts unchangedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 205
- bearer of credentials 持節AD 493 十一年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 226
- Colonel of the Western Rong 西戎校尉AD 493 十一年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 226
- inspector of Liang and South Qin 梁南秦二州刺史AD 493 十一年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 226
- overseer of military affairs in Liang, North Qin, South Qin, and Sha 督梁南北秦沙四州諸軍事AD 493 十一年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 226
- chief of the palace-guard company 防殿隊主AD 477 太祖爲領軍 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 194
- commander against the tribes 伐蠻軍主AD 484 明年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 212
- General of Mobile Warfare 游擊將軍AD 484 明年 · Appointed · Supporting-the-State rank and tribal command unchangedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 214
- Supporting-the-State General 輔國將軍AD 484 明年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 212
- Administrator of Guangling 廣陵太守AD 490 明年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 222
- Crown Prince's Left Commander 太子左率AD 490 明年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 222
- interior administrator of Nanping 南平內史AD 490 明年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 224
- Pacify-the-West major 鎮西司馬AD 490 明年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 224
- Supporting-the-State General 輔國將軍AD 490 明年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 224
- regular attendant of the scattered cavalry 散騎常侍AD 499 永元元年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 262
- Right Guard General 右衞將軍AD 499 永元元年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 262
- Front Army General 前軍將軍AD 478 豫平石頭 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 200
- Champion General 冠軍將軍AD 494 隆昌元年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 229
- inspector of Yongzhou 雍州刺史AD 494 隆昌元年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 229
- Inspector of Yongzhou 雍州刺史AD 494 隆昌元年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 4, passage 38
- overseer of Yongzhou, Jingling in Yingzhou, and Suizhou in Sizhou 督雍州郢州之竟陵司州之隨郡軍事AD 494 隆昌元年 · AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 229
- Administrator of Dongguan 東莞太守AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 203
- bearer of credentials 持節Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 永泰元年 · Western Year: AD 498Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 254
- Commandant of the Reserve Cavalry 屯騎校尉AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 199
- Front General 前將軍Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 東昏卽位 · Western Year: AD 499Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 260
- Pacifying-the-Army staff officer 鎮軍司馬Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 東昏卽位 · Western Year: AD 499Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 260
- Pacifying-the-North General 寧朔將軍AppointedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 203
- palace attendant 給事中Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 永泰元年 · Western Year: AD 498Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 254
- Right Guard General 右衞將軍Appointed · From Source Date: Text: 永泰元年 · Western Year: AD 498Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 254
- magistrate of South City 南城令Held concurrentDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 199
- Valiant Cavalry 驍騎AD 489 七年 · Held · source says the post stood unchangedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 221
- chief of the fine ceremonial guard 細仗主AD 479 上受禪 · HeldDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 202
- Chief Administrator of the General Who Guards the West 鎮西司馬AD 493 十一年 · HeldDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 49, passage 81
- commander of three hundred white guards 領白直三百人AD 477 to AD 478 太祖鎮東府 · HeldDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 198
- direct side-chamber guard 直廂AD 471 to AD 472 宋明帝末 · HeldDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 192
- prefect of Xunyang 尋陽相AD 484 明年 · HeldDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 213
- direct guard 直衞AD 477 蒼梧廢明日 · HeldDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 197
- governor of Yongzhou 雍州刺史HeldDirectly stated · Book of Liang 18, passage 260
- Major of the Pacification Army 鎮軍司馬HeldDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 45, passage 90
- Pacifying-the-North General 平北將軍HeldDirectly stated · Book of Liang 11, passage 170
- Pacifying-the-West chief of staff 鎮西司馬HeldDirectly stated · Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance 138, passage 47
- inspector of Xuzhou 徐州刺史AD 501 和帝中興元年 · Posthumously grantedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 268
- Champion General 冠軍將軍AD 489 七年 · PromotedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 221
- Inspector of Yongzhou 雍州ReplacedDirectly stated · Book of Liang 11, passage 28
- Southern Center Army major 南中郎司馬AD 482 世祖卽位 · TransferredDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 210
- Champion major to the Prince of Xiyang 西陽王冠軍司馬AD 490 明年 · TransferredDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 222
- Campaign-against-the-Barbarians major on the Prince of Ancheng's staff 安成王征虜司馬AD 483 永明元年 · Transferred · other offices unchangedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 211
- fief at Jianli county 監利縣AD 479 建元元年冬 · Enfeoffed instead · At Jianli 監利縣 · Negated Request Place: Houguan 侯官Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 204
- Baron of Luojiang 羅江縣男AD 478 豫平石頭 · Enfeoffed · At Luojiang 羅江縣Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 200
- Baron of Luojiang 羅江縣男AD 479 上受禪 · Fief increased · Households 400Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 201
- marquis 侯AD 495 二年 · Fief increased · Households Added 300Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 231
- General Who Pacifies the North 安北將軍AD 501 和帝中興元年 · Posthumously grantedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 268
- marquis 侯AD 495 二年 · EnfeoffedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 231
- Baron of Luojiang 羅江縣男AD 478 豫平石頭 · HeldDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 200
- killed 見殺Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 266
Places and affiliations
- AD 479 to AD 495 上受禪Polity Southern Qi 南齊 · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 201, 231
- AD 471 to AD 478 宋明帝末Polity Id liu-song · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 192, 200
- Polity Southern Qi 南齊 · Relation ServedStrongly inferred · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 232, 247, 254
- Polity Southern Qi 南齊 · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 45, passages 90, 94; Book of Southern Qi 49, passage 81
- Polity Southern Qi 齊 · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Book of Liang 18, passage 259
- At Xiapi in Xiapi 下邳下邳Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 191
Show 16 more source-backed claims
- AD 482 世祖卽位At South Xincai 南新蔡 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 210
- AD 493 十一年At Jiangling 江陵 · Relation Departed fromDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 49, passage 81
- AD 493 十一年At Liang and South Qin 梁南秦 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 226
- AD 493 十一年At Xiangyang 襄陽 · Relation RendezvousDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 49, passage 81
- AD 497 四年At Fancheng 樊城 · Relation Camped atDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 232
- AD 497 四年At Xiangyang 襄陽 · Relation Posted toDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 232
- AD 477 太祖爲領軍At Western Studio 西齋 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 194
- AD 484 明年At Xunyang 尋陽 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 212-213
- AD 490 明年At Guangling 廣陵 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 222-223
- AD 490 明年At Nanping 南平 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 224
- AD 494 隆昌元年At Yongzhou 雍州 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 229
- At Dongguan 東莞 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 203
- At Jiangling 江陵 · Relation Marched fromDirectly stated · Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance 138, passage 47
- At South City 南城 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 199
- At Xiangyang 襄陽 · Relation Marched toDirectly stated · Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance 138, passage 47
- At Yongzhou 雍州 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · Book of Liang 18, passage 260; Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 264
Works and attributed material
- AD 480 二年Memorial · Author · Paraphrased · Summary asked to take Shen Youzhi's horizontal-flute band with himDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 207
- AD 479 建元元年冬Memorial · Author · Paraphrased · Summary asked to take his fief at HouguanDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 204
- I was on my way to seek you. 故欲仰覓明公耳。Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 196
- Letter · Author · With Yuan Hong (元宏) · Direct quotation · Extent Unit Ids s0240, s0241, s0242, s0243, s0244, s0245, s0246, s0247, s0248, s0249, s0250, s0251, s0252, s0253Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 240-253
- Speech · Speaker · With Sima Duan (司馬端) · Direct quotationDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 45, passage 102
Events and relationships
- Appointed Yizhi then sent to FengyiDirectly stated · Book of Liang 18, passage 260
- BeheadedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 220
- Campaign against northernersDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 254
- Campaigned againstAD 488 六年四月 · Military · Commander · With Huan Tiansheng (桓天生) · At Gecheng 隔城 · Outcome Took Gecheng, beheaded Bo Wuzhu, enemy abandoned PingshiDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 216, 218-220
- Campaigned withDirectly stated · Book of Liang 18, passage 259
- Claimed large hostDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 249
Show 33 more source-backed claims
- DefeatedAD 480 二年 · Military · Commander · Outcome Two thousand dead after troops stopped to plunder captivesDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 209
- DefeatedAD 488 六年四月 · Military · Commander · With Huan Tiansheng (桓天生) · Outcome Captured more than two thousandDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 219
- Delayed reliefDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 232
- Encamped at Qingxi Great BridgeAD 499 永元元年八月十二日 · Military · Commander · At Qingxi Great Bridge 清溪大橋Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 45, passage 90
- Fed wandering guestsPersonal · HostDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 263
- FoughtAD 474 桂陽賊起 · Military · Soldier · With Grand Ancestor (太祖) · At Xinting fortress 新亭壘 · Outcome Took the first enemy head and became known to the Grand AncestorDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 193
- GarrisonedAD 484 明年 · Military · Commander · At Xunyang 尋陽 · Cause Jiangzhou tribal risingDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 212
- Held bridgeAD 499 永元元年 · Military · Commander · At Middle Bridge on Qing Creek 青溪中橋 · With Xiao Yaoguang, Prince of Shi'an (始安王遙光)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 261
- Held cityDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 257-258
- Helped pacifyAD 478 豫平石頭 · Military · Officer · At Shitou 石頭Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 200
- Led expeditionAD 480 二年 · Military · Commander · At Wo 渦 · Troop Count 6000 · Outcome Loyal bands did not arrive; later defeated after a camp victoryDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 206, 208-209
- Marched from Jiangling to XiangyangAD 493 十一年 · Military · CommanderDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 49, passage 81
- Massed troopsAD 497 四年 · Military · Commander · At Xiangyang 襄陽Dated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 232
- Opened storehouse for performers toward sceneryPersonal · PatronDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 265
- Ordered beheadingDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 45, passage 94
- Ordered to takeDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 225
- Ordered vanguardDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 217
- Overran detached campAD 480 二年 · Military · CommanderDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 208
- PursuedDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 259
- Replaced and returnedCareer · OfficialDirectly stated · Book of Liang 18, passage 261
- Reported meritDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 194
- Sent back aliveDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 45, passage 104
- Sent reply by messengerDated from the passage context · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 240
- Sent west with martial trainDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 224
- Sought refuge then stayedAD 477 蒼梧廢明日 · Political · Subject · At Eastern Central Flower Gate 東中華門 · With Grand Ancestor (太祖) · Outcome Remained on direct guardDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 195-197
- AD 498 永泰元年Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 254
- Relation Recognized by · Person Grand Ancestor (太祖)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 193
- Relation Superior of · Person Chang Yizhi (昌義之)Directly stated · Book of Liang 18, passages 259-260
- Relation Commander of · Person Zhu Gong'en (朱公恩)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 217
- Relation Colleague of · Person Dai Sengjing (戴僧靜)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 198
- Relation Staff officer of · Person Prince of Xiyang (西陽王)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 222
- Relation At odds with · Person Fang Boyu (房伯玉)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 232
- Relation Staff officer of · Person Prince of Ancheng (安成王)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 211
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment clever at drawing men to him · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 263
- Assessment held the western frontier; credit broke on the northern line · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 277
- Assessment in later years loved graft and was stingy · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 264
- Assessment lacks Chen Ping's wit and Guan Yu's martyred loyalty; shut in a doomed city on the Mian · Mode quotation Speaker Yuan Hong (元宏)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 238
- Assessment trusted intimate needed for Guangling · Mode named-source-report Speaker Shizu (世祖)Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 223
- thick-set and iron-hard in bearing; frame very stern and resolutePhysical descriptionDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 263
Show 2 more source-backed claims
- AD 480 二年Item Shen Youzhi's horizontal-flute band 沈攸之橫吹一部 · Relation RequestedDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 207
- Item cash hoard of fifty million 見錢五千萬 · Relation Possessed · At Yongzhou 雍州Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 264
Source notes
- Historicity historicalDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 191; Book of Southern Qi 45, passages 90, 94
- his singing girls dined on pickle and greens without a second courseDirectly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passage 264
- AD 483 to AD 488 世祖以虎頭名鄙,敕改之Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 30, passages 191, 215
References in the histories
44 passages
No matching passages.