Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)

Overview

Zhuge Kongming was a statesman and Strategist.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Zhuge Liang	諸葛亮	Zhūgě Liàng
Alternate name	Ge clan	葛氏
Epithet	Crouching Dragon	臥龍	Wolong

Life and dates

Death

AD 234 亮卒
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 22, 229-230
AD 234 建興十二年
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 208, 216
AD 234 建興十二年秋八月
At Wei River bank 渭濱
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 74
Died
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 17, 89
at death left his family no surplus wealth and the treasury no surplus cloth
Directly stated · History of Song 408, passage 221
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 62, passage 31

Attested activity

AD 228 to AD 234 建興六年…蔣琬後詣漢中
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 136, 138, 140
AD 228 建興六年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 129-131, 135
AD 229 建興七年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 153
AD 231 建興九年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 167-169
AD 221 AD 221-234
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 30, passage 149
AD 208 to AD 214 Jingzhou and Shu service with Liu Bei
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 5

Show 52 more source-backed claims

AD 181 to AD 234 三國
Directly stated · History of Yuan 171, passage 26
AD 207 to AD 234 三國
Dated from the passage context · Book of Song 76, passage 158
AD 207 三國蜀漢
Directly stated · Book of Liang 20, passage 84
AD 207 to AD 234 三國諸葛亮
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 178
AD 223 to AD 234 丞相亮南征…亮卒後
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 86, 89
AD 227 丞相亮將北征，住漢中
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 175-176, 179
AD 227 to AD 234 丞相諸葛亮北駐漢中
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 16
AD 225 丞相諸葛亮平南土
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 31, passage 112
AD 228 to AD 234 丞相諸葛亮連年出軍
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 227
AD 209 to AD 211 主公之在公安也
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 199
AD 214 to AD 223 乃詔諸葛亮
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 11
AD 234 亮卒
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 22, 229; Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 17
AD 221 亮後為丞相
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 12
AD 228 亮欲誘達…不救助
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 238, 246
AD 214 俄而先主定益州
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 69, 71
AD 214 先主入益州時
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 34, passage 68
AD 214 先主定蜀
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 10
AD 223 先主臨薨
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 118
AD 214 十九年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 198
AD 222 卒後
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 91-92
AD 207 to AD 234 孔明
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 127, passage 131
AD 207 孔明臥草廬，與先主論三分形勢
Directly stated · History of Ming 135, passage 59
AD 229 to AD 234 建興七年至十二年
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 56, 74
AD 225 建興三年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 120
AD 225 建興三年南征
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 231
AD 223 建興元年…諸葛亮將自征之
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 72-73
AD 223 to AD 228 建興元年至六年
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 5, 55
AD 223 to AD 234 建興十二年至歿
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 206, 208
AD 223 後丞相諸葛亮問秦宓
Strongly inferred · Records of the Three Kingdoms 31, passage 158
AD 208 to AD 209 會先主略有三郡
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 48, 50
AD 207 to AD 234 漢之諸葛亮
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 267
AD 221 to AD 224 為太子太傅至領益州牧
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 235, 246
AD 214 聞雒城已拔
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 99
AD 227 to AD 234 若一朝無諸葛亮
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 200, 206
AD 223 to AD 234 蜀丞相诸葛亮问广汉秦密（无纪年）
Derived from the source · Book of Later Han 93, passage 103
AD 234 蜀相諸葛亮卒
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 62, passage 31
AD 223 to AD 234 诸葛亮能尽时人之器用
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 178, 191
AD 207 to AD 234 諸葛
Directly stated · History of Ming 135, passage 6
AD 181 to AD 234 諸葛亮
Strongly inferred · Book of Song 69, passage 6
AD 207 to AD 234 諸葛亮
Directly stated · History of Song 408, passage 221
AD 181 to AD 234 諸葛亮生卒年
Dated from the passage context · Book of Sui 53, passage 23
AD 207 to AD 234 諸葛亮由此起輔先主
Dated from the passage context · History of Song 436, passage 141
AD 221 to AD 234 諸葛亮相蜀
Strongly inferred · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 257
AD 181 to AD 234 諸葛亮筒袖鎧帽
Dated from the passage context · Book of Song 86, passage 29
AD 207 諸葛亮謂之用武之國
Directly stated · History of Song 359, passage 4
AD 223 to AD 230 諸葛亮遣鄧芝…建興八年
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 118, 139
AD 207 to AD 234 諸葛孔明云：「來敏亂郡，過於孔文
Directly stated · Book of Song 62, passage 112
AD 207 to AD 234 諸葛孔明可謂名將
Strongly inferred · Book of Northern Qi 32, passage 38
AD 228 to AD 234 諸葛敗祁山
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 58
AD 214 to AD 228 軍師將軍諸葛亮…六年
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 153, 173
AD 222 章武二年
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 34, passage 9
AD 222 章武二年
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passages 230-231

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Sibling of Zhuge Jin (瑾)
elder brother 兄 · paternal line
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 153
Sibling of Elder Sister of Zhuge Liang
elder sister 小姊 · Full siblings
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 12
Parent of Zhuge Qiao (諸葛喬)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 16

Kinship Role household · Quantity unspecified
Directly stated · History of Song 408, passage 221

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Chancellor 丞相
AD 223 章武三年禪立 · Appointed
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 221, 235
Grand Tutor of the Crown Prince 太子太傅
Appointed
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 235
Chancellor with plenipotentiary command 丞相
AD 227 建興五年 · Granted
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 37-38
Chancellor 丞相
AD 227 丞相亮將北征，住漢中 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 175
Chancellor 丞相
AD 225 丞相諸葛亮平南土 · Held
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 31, passage 112
Chancellor 丞相
AD 221 亮後為丞相 · Held
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 12

Show 6 more source-backed claims

Military Affairs General 軍師將軍
AD 214 先主定蜀 · Held
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 10
Governor of Yizhou 益州牧
AD 224 禪立之明年 · Held
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 246
Chancellor of Shu 蜀丞相
AD 223 to AD 234 蜀丞相诸葛亮（无纪年） · Held
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 93, passage 103
Chancellor of Shu 蜀相
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 62, passage 31
Chancellor 丞相
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 34, passage 9; Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 92, 117, 227
Chancellor 丞相
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 16

Places and affiliations

Polity Shu Han
Strongly inferred · Book of Sui 53, passage 23
Polity Shu Han 蜀 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 62, passage 31
Polity Shu Han 蜀漢 · Relation Affiliated with
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 34, passage 9
Polity Shu Han 蜀漢 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Book of Northern Qi 32, passage 38; History of Ming 135, passage 59; Draft History of Qing 405, passages 58, 267; History of Song 408, passage 221
Polity Shu Han 蜀漢 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 56, 206, 235; Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 92, 117, 129, 144, 175, 214, 227; Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 11, 16; History of Song 436, passage 141
Polity Shu Han · Relation Served
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 51

Show 8 more source-backed claims

AD 228 建興六年
At Hanzhong 漢中 · Relation Withdrew to
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 130
AD 228 建興六年
At Qishan 祁山 · Relation Campaigned toward
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 129
AD 227 丞相亮將北征，住漢中
At Hanzhong 漢中 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 175
AD 225 建興三年十二月
At Chengdu 成都 · Relation Returned to
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 17
AD 227 建興五年春
At Hanzhong 漢中 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 20
AD 208 to AD 209 會先主略有三郡
At Linzheng 臨烝 · Relation Resided at
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 48
At Hanzhong 漢中 · Relation Encamped at
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 16
At thatched hut 草廬 · Relation Resided at
Directly stated · History of Ming 135, passage 59

Learning and skills

Skill campaign drumming and stirring popular courage 提枹鼓會軍門 · Level self-ascribed-topic-for-others
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 79

Works and attributed material

Collected papers of Zhuge Liang 諸葛亮集
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 21
Collected Works of Zhuge Liang 諸葛亮集
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 251
memorial on palace attendants 上疏
Relation Author
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 176
Memorial · Author · Addressed to Liu Shan (劉禪) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 176-178
AD 221 亮後為丞相
Instruction · Author · Audience staff · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 12-16
AD 221 亮後為丞相
Speech · Author · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 17-18

Show 16 more source-backed claims

AD 225 建興三年
Speech · Speaker · With Ma Su (馬謖) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 121
Letter · Author · With Jiang Wan (蔣琬) · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 167-169
Letter · Author · With Meng Da (孟達)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 238, 240-243
Letter · Author · With Zhuge Jin (瑾) · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 153
朝廷今年十八
Letter · Author · With Du Wei (杜微)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 246
Letter · Author · With Zhang Yi (張裔)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 167-170
Memorial · Author · With Liu Shan (劉禪)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 34, passages 9-22
Memorial · Author · With Liu Shan (後主)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passages 270-271
Question · Speaker · With Qin Mi (秦密) · Paraphrased · Summary asked Qin Mi of Guanghan what Dong Fu and Ren An were each good at
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 93, passage 103
Speech · Speaker · With Liu Ba (劉巴) · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Source Work Traditions of Former Worthies of Lingling 零陵先賢傳
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 71-73
Speech · Speaker · With Liu Ba (劉巴) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 50-51
Speech · Speaker · With Ma Liang (馬良) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 108
Speech · Speaker · With Jiang Wan (蔣琬) · Direct quotation · Mode quotation Speaker Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 138-140
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Source Work Traditions of Former Worthies of Lingling 零陵先賢傳
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 78-79
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passages 199-200, 231-232
治世以大德，不以小惠
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 209-211

Events and relationships

A victory stele attributed to him was encountered during Shi Wansui’s southern campaign.
Historical allusion
Directly stated · Book of Sui 53, passage 23
Adopted Ma Su's strategy and pardoned Meng Huo to subdue the south
AD 225 建興三年 · Military · Commander · With Meng Huo (孟獲)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 127
Advanced on Qishan
AD 228 建興六年 · Military · Commander · At Qishan 祁山
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 129
Aided First Lord
Political · Aide · With First Lord (先主)
Directly stated · History of Song 436, passage 141
Appointed Dong Hui to staff and Ba
AD 227 to AD 234 副費禕使吳 · Political · Patron · With Dong Hui (董恢)
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 207
Attacked Qishan unsuccessfully
AD 228 建興六年春 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 53

Show 55 more source-backed claims

Besieged Chencang via Sanguan; withdrew for lack of grain
AD 228 建興六年冬 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 54
Blocked Wei at Chenggu and Chipo
AD 230 建興八年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 62
Campaigned against the south
AD 225 建興三年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 120
Campaigned for central plain
Military · Strategist
Directly stated · History of Song 359, passage 35
Cared for orphans
AD 228 建興六年 · Personal · Guardian · With Ma Su (謖)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 135
Chose vanguard against advice
AD 228 建興六年 · Military · Appointing authority · With Ma Su (謖)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 129
Conducted sacrifice
AD 228 建興六年 · Ritual · Officiant · With Ma Su (謖)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 135
Defeated and killed Wang Shuang; returned to Hanzhong
Military · Commander · With Wang Shuang (王雙)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 55
Defeated at Qishan
Military · Commander · At Qishan 祁山
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 58
Discussed tripartite balance
AD 207 孔明臥草廬，與先主論三分形勢 · Political · Strategist · With Former Lord (先主) · At thatched hut 草廬
Directly stated · History of Ming 135, passage 59
Executed Chang Fang's sons; banished four younger brothers to Yuexi
Legal · Authority
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 5
Followed Liu Bei into Shu
AD 211 to AD 214 先主入蜀 · Military · Officer
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 99
Led successive campaigns
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 227
Mourned then enthroned
Political · Actor · With Former Lord (先主)
Directly stated · History of Liao 30, passage 149
Ordered to block river
Military · Commander orderer · With Zhao Yun (趙雲)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 34, passage 68
Pacified the southern lands
AD 225 丞相諸葛亮平南土 · Military · Commander · At southern lands 南土
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 31, passage 112
Posthumous tribute to Dong He
AD 221 亮後為丞相 · Commemoration · Speaker · With Dong He (董和)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 19
Prepared northern campaign
AD 227 丞相亮將北征，住漢中 · Military · Commander · At Hanzhong 漢中
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 175
Renamed and carved southern commanderies
AD 225 建興三年 · Administrative · Authority
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 16
Requested Fei Yi as army adviser
AD 227 丞相亮將北征，住漢中 · Political · Patron · With Fei Yi (費禕)
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 179
Sent Chen Shi to take Wudu and Yinping
AD 229 建興七年春 · Military · Commander · With Chen Shi (陳式)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 56
Sighed over absence
AD 222 章武二年 · Lament · Speaker · With Fa Zheng (法正)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passages 231-232
Southern expedition; pacified four commanderies
AD 225 建興三年春三月 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 15
Southern campaign
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 231
Southern campaign
Military · Planned commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 73
Southern expedition
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 86
Still employed Ma Su as army adviser and talked with him day and night
Personnel · Appointing officer · With Ma Su (馬謖)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 119
The south did not dare rebel again to the end of his generation
AD 225 建興三年 · Political · Governor
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 128
Wept
AD 228 建興六年 · Ritual · Mourner · With Ma Su (謖)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 131
Withdrew
AD 228 建興六年 · Military · Commander · At Hanzhong 漢中
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 130
Relation Like father of · Person Ma Su (謖) · Ma Su wrote that Zhuge Liang regarded him as a son
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 133
Relation Recommender of · Person Liu Ba (劉巴)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 69
Relation Regent for · Person Liu Shan (劉禪)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 37
Relation Superior of · Person Zhang Yi (張裔)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 129
Relation Colleague of · Person Dong He (董和)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 10
Relation Correspondent of · Person Jiang Wan (蔣琬)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 167
Relation Entrusted by · Person Liu Bei (劉備)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 37
Relation Colleague of · Person Fa Zheng (法正)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passages 198, 202, 227-228
Relation Associate of · Person Xu Shu (徐庶)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 15, 17
Relation Advisor of · Person First Lord (先主)
Directly stated · History of Song 436, passage 141
Relation Associate of · Person Hu Ji (胡濟)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 17, 21
Relation Superior of · Person Hu Ji (胡濟)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 21
Relation Minister of · Person Liu Bei (劉備)
Strongly inferred · Book of Liang 20, passage 84
Relation Correspondent of · Person Chen Qun (陳羣)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 92
Relation Correspondent of · Person Zhuge Jin (瑾)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 153
Relation Correspondent of · Person Dong Yun (董允)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 167
Relation Recommender of · Person Dong Yun (董允)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 175-176
Relation Colleague of · Person Pang Tong (龐統)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 51
Relation Recommender of · Person Fei Yi (費禕)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 179
Relation Superior of · Person Huo Yi (霍弋)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 16
Relation Strategist of · Person Former Lord (先主)
Directly stated · History of Ming 135, passage 59
Relation Chancellor of · Person Liu Shan (劉禪)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 203, 206
Relation Regent for · Person Liu Shan (劉禪)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 235-236
Relation Tutor of · Person Liu Shan (劉禪)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passage 235
Relation Associate of · Person Cui Zhouping (崔州平)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 17

Assessments and attributes

Assessment considered Dong Hui's reply knowledgeable speech · With Dong Hui (董恢) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 206
Assessment could employ every man to his capacity · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 41, passage 178
Assessment could not annex the Upper States / Central Plains; this was fitting · Mode commentator-judgment Speaker Xi Zuochi (習鑿齒)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 141
Assessment deeply admired for dying without surplus private or public wealth · Mode named-source-report Source Person Id Chen Mi (陳宓)
Directly stated · History of Song 408, passage 221
Assessment devotion comparable to Li Gang's loyalty · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · History of Song 359, passage 226
Assessment exalted law over talent and killed outstanding men, making a lasting enterprise hard · Mode commentator-judgment Speaker Xi Zuochi (習鑿齒)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 144, 148

Show 8 more source-backed claims

Assessment famous-general · Mode named-speech Speaker Lu Fahe (陸法和)
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 32, passage 38
Assessment far inferior to Zichu in planning strategies within the tent · With Liu Ba (劉巴) · Mode speech Speaker Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 78
Assessment military man who nevertheless esteems Liu Ba · With Zhang Fei (張飛) · Mode speech Speaker Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 71
Assessment received Liu Bei's warning yet could not sideline Ma Su · Mode commentator-judgment Speaker Xi Zuochi (習鑿齒)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 146
Assessment repeatedly marveled at Fa Zheng’s stratagems · With Fa Zheng (法正) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 228
Assessment self-described dull nature unable to accept all remonstrance, yet remained on good terms with four advisers · Mode self-report Speaker Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passage 18
Assessment should not restrain Fa Zheng given past service and Liu Bei trust · With Fa Zheng (法正) · Mode named-speech Speaker Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passages 199-200, 202
Item about a hu of crossbow bolts and arrowheads 埋弩箭鏃一斛許 · Relation Buried · At beside Baidi 此城旁
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 32, passage 39

Source notes

Weilüe says Zhuge Liang was Crown Prince Grand Tutor; Pei cites records and Collected Works denying it
Field office · Witness Person Id Pei Songzhi (裴松之)
Directly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 33, passages 235, 251
Historicity historical
Directly stated · Book of Northern Qi 32, passage 38; Records of the Three Kingdoms 37, passage 198; Records of the Three Kingdoms 39, passages 10, 129, 175
Value historical
Directly stated · History of Ming 135, passage 59

References in the histories

Search passages

History

153 passages

Book of Northern Qi, Chapter 32Volume 32 Biographies 24: Lu Fahe; Wang Lin (General) · 1 passage

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軍次白帝，謂人曰：「諸葛孔明可謂名將，吾自見之。 The army halted at Baidi; he told men, "Zhuge Kongming may be called a famous general—I have seen him myself.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 93Volume 82b: Biographies of Alchemists 2 · 1 passage

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蜀丞相诸葛亮问广汉秦密，董扶及任安所长。 Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang asked the Guanghan scholar Qin Mi what Dong Fu and Ren An respectively excelled at.

Book of Liang, Chapter 20Volume 20: Liu Lijian; Chen Bozhi · 1 passage

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高祖笑謂曰：「卿欲慕劉備而曾不及公孫述，豈無臥龍之臣乎。」 Gaozu laughed and said, "You wished to rival Liu Bei yet could not even match Gongsun Shu—had you no Wolong at your side?"

History of Liao, Chapter 30Volume 30 Annals 30: Emperor Tianzuo 4: Ye Luchun, Ye Luyali, Ye Ludashi and Son: Yilie, Yi Lie and Younger Sister: Pu Suwan, Yi Lieci and Son: Zhilugu · 1 passage

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諸葛武侯為獻帝發喪，而後立先主為帝者，不可同年語矣。 When Zhuge the Martial Marquis mourned Emperor Xian and afterward enthroned the Former Lord—that is not a case to be named in the same breath.

History of Ming, Chapter 127Volume 127 Biographies 15: Li Shanzhang, Wang Guangyang · 1 passage

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誥詞稱其剸繁治劇，屢獻忠謀，比之子房、孔明。 His patent praised him for mastering tangled affairs and urgent business, for loyal counsel offered again and again, and likened him to Zifang and Zhuge Liang.

History of Ming, Chapter 135Volume 135 Biographies 23: Chen Yu, Ye Dui, Fan Chang, Song Siyan, Guo Jingxiang, Yang Yuangao, Ruan Hongdao, Kong Keren · 2 passages

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太祖渡江，以秦從龍薦，發書聘之，引伊、呂、諸葛為喻。 After the Founder crossed the Yangzi, Qin Conglong recommended him; the Founder sent a letter of invitation comparing Chen to Yi Yin, Lü Shang, and Zhuge Liang.

孔明臥草廬，與先主論三分形勢者是也。 and Zhuge Liang, still in his thatched hut, discussed the three-way balance of power with the Former Lord—such were the models.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 405Volume 405 Biographies 192: Ceng Guofan · 2 passages

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故諸葛敗祁山，且謀減兵損食，勤求己過，非虛言也。 When Zhuge Liang was defeated at Qishan he even planned to cut troops and rations and searched diligently for his own faults—that was no empty lesson.

凡規畫天下事，久無不驗，世皆稱之，至謂漢之諸葛亮、唐之裴度、明之王守仁，殆無以過，何其盛歟！ Whatever he planned for the empire was eventually vindicated; the age praised him, comparing him to Zhuge Liang of Han, Pei Du of Tang, and Wang Yangming of Ming—how grand his reputation!

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 423Volume 423 Biographies 210: Zong Jichen, Yin Gengyun, Wang Zheng, Mu Jixianga, You Baichuan, Shen Huai · 1 passage

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昔諸葛亮為三代下一人，史獨稱之以謹慎。 Zhuge Liang was the greatest man since antiquity, yet history praised him above all for caution.

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 31Volume 31: Book of Shu 1: Biographies of the Two Governor Lius · 2 passages

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後丞相諸葛亮問秦宓以扶所長，宓曰：「董扶褒秋毫之善，貶纖芥之惡。」 Later Chancellor Zhuge Liang asked Qin Mi what Dong Fu excelled at. Mi replied: “Dong Fu praises goodness down to the finest hair and condemns wrongdoing down to the smallest flaw.”

丞相諸葛亮平南土，闡還吳，為御史中丞。 After Chancellor Zhuge Liang pacified the south, Liu Chan returned to Wu and was promoted to palace assistant censor-in-chief.

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 33Volume 33: Book of Shu 3: Biography of the Later Lord · 30 passages

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使使持節丞相亮授印綬，敬聽師傅，行一物而三善皆得焉，可不勉與！」 We send the credential-bearing envoy, Chancellor Liang, to confer the seal and cord. Respectfully heed your tutors—in performing one act the three goods are all obtained; can you not exert yourself?"

初備以諸葛亮為太子太傅，及禪立，以亮為丞相，委以諸事，謂亮曰：「政由葛氏，祭則寡人。」 At first Bei had named Zhuge Liang grand tutor of the crown prince; when Shan succeeded, he made Liang chancellor and entrusted him with all affairs, saying: "Let the Ge clan govern; I shall perform the sacrifices alone."

亮亦以禪未閒於政，遂總內外。 Liang too, seeing that Shan was not yet versed in government, took charge of both court and field.

又諸葛亮以禪立之明年領益州牧，其年與主簿杜微書曰「朝廷今年十八」，與禪傳相應，理當非虛。 Moreover, the year after Shan succeeded, Zhuge Liang took charge as governor of Yizhou; that year he wrote to chief clerk Du Wei that "the court is eighteen this year"—matching the Later Lord's biography, this can hardly be false.

又案諸書記及《諸葛亮集》，亮亦不為太子太傅。 Moreover, various records and the Collected Works of Zhuge Liang show that Liang never served as grand tutor of the crown prince.

諸葛亮誅房諸子，徙其四弟於越雋，欲以安之。 Zhuge Liang put Chang Fang's sons to death, banished four of his younger brothers to Yuexi, and meant the gesture as a conciliatory signal.

三年春三月，丞相亮南征四郡，四郡皆平。 That March of 225 Zhuge Liang led the southern expedition; the four rebel commanderies were brought to heel.

十二月，亮還成都。 Zhuge Liang was back in Chengdu by the twelfth month.

五年春，丞相亮出屯漢中，營沔北陽平石馬。 In the spring of 227 Zhuge Liang moved his headquarters to Hanzhong and threw up positions north of the Han River at Yangping and Shima.

〈諸葛亮集載禪三月下詔曰：「朕聞天地之道，福仁而禍淫；〈The collected papers of Zhuge Liang preserve an edict Liu Shan issued that March. It begins: "Heaven and earth bless the humane and punish the wanton;

諸葛丞相弘毅忠壯，忘身憂國，先帝託以天下，以勗朕躬。 Chancellor Zhuge Liang is steadfast, loyal, and bold; he sets self aside for the state. My father left the realm in his hands to brace my own weakness.

他如詔書律令，丞相其露布天下，使稱朕意焉。」〉 All other details follow statute and edict: let the Chancellor publish this abroad until every corner of the realm knows my mind."〉"

六年春，亮出攻祁山，不克。 In the spring of 228 Zhuge Liang struck at Qishan but failed to take it.

魏將王雙率軍追亮，亮與戰，破之，斬雙，還漢中。 The Wei commander Wang Shuang gave chase; Zhuge Liang turned on him, broke his force, killed Wang Shuang, and withdrew to Hanzhong.

七年春，亮遣陳式攻武都、陰平，遂克定二郡。 In the spring of 229 Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi against Wudu and Yinping; both commanderies fell.

冬，亮徙從府營於南山下原上，築漢、樂二城。 That winter he shifted his headquarters camp onto the plateau south of the Qinling crest and raised the twin fortresses of Hanzhong city and Lecheng.

丞相亮待之於城固、赤坂，大雨道絕，真等皆還。 Zhuge Liang blocked them at Chenggu and Chipo; torrential rains washed out the roads, and Cao Zhen's columns had to turn back.

九年春二月，亮復出軍圍祁山，始以木牛運。 In the second month of 231 Zhuge Liang marched on Qishan again, this time supplying the army with his wooden-ox carts.

夏六月，亮糧盡退軍，郺追至青封，與亮交戰，被箭死。 By the sixth month Zhuge Liang had exhausted his grain and fell back; Zhang He pressed him to Qingfeng, joined battle, and was killed by an arrow.

十年，亮休士勸農於黃沙，作流馬木牛畢，教兵講武。 In 232 Zhuge Liang rested his troops and promoted farming at Huangsha, finished building his 'flowing horse' supply carts to complement the wooden oxen, and put the army through maneuvers.

十一年冬，亮使諸軍運米，集於斜谷口，治斜谷邸閣。 In the winter of 233 he had every column haul grain to the mouth of the Xie Valley and built granaries and relay stations there.

十二年春二月，亮由斜谷出，始以流馬運。 In the second month of 234 Zhuge Liang debouched from the Xie Valley, this time using the flowing-horse carts for logistics.

秋八月，亮卒渭濱。 He died that eighth month by the Wei River in the field.

征西大將軍魏延與丞相長史楊儀爭權不和，舉兵相攻，延敗走。 Wei Yan, general who conquers the west, and Yang Yi, chief clerk of the chancellery, fell out over authority, drew swords on each other, and Wei Yan broke and ran.

以丞相留府長史蔣琬為尚書令，總統國事。 Jiang Wan, chief clerk of Zhuge Liang's rear office, became director of the secretariat and took overall direction of government.

雖使諸葛亮在，不能輔之久全，而況姜維邪？」 Even if Zhuge Liang were still alive, he could not have kept him safe for long—how much less Jiang Wei?"

諸葛亮雖達於為政，凡此之類，猶有未周焉。 Zhuge Liang was a master of administration, yet even he left gaps like these unfilled.

自亮沒後，茲制漸虧，優劣著矣。 After his death the old discipline frayed, and the contrast could not have been clearer.

〈《華陽國志》曰：丞相亮時，有言公惜赦者，亮答曰：“治世以大德，不以小惠，故匡衡、吳漢不原為赦。〈The Huayang Records relate that when someone complained Zhuge Liang granted amnesties too rarely, he answered: "Good government rests on broad moral sway, not petty indulgence—Kuang Heng and Wu Han likewise refused to make a habit of pardons.

亮歿後，延熙之號，數盈二十，‘茲制漸虧’，事又不然也。〉 After Zhuge Liang died, the Yanxi era ran on for more than twenty years, so the claim that institutions steadily crumbled does not quite fit either.〉

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 34Volume 34: Book of Shu 4: Biographies of Concubines and Sons of the Two Lords · 3 passages

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丞相亮上言： Zhuge Liang memorialized as follows:

夫人欲將太子歸吳，諸葛亮使趙雲勒兵斷江留太子，乃得止。 She meant to take the crown prince with her, but Zhuge Liang had Zhao Yun seal the river and keep the boy—only then was she stopped.

今以后為皇后，遣使持節丞相亮授璽綬，承宗廟，母天下，皇后其敬之哉！」 I now make the empress queen, send envoys with the imperial baton for Chancellor Zhuge Liang to confer her seals and cords, that she may receive the ancestral shrines and mother the realm—revere this charge, O empress!"

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 37Volume 37: Book of Shu 7: Biographies of Pang Tong and Fa Zheng · 14 passages

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〈《襄陽記》曰：諸葛孔明為臥龍，龐士元為鳳雛，司馬德操為水鏡，皆龐德公語也。〈The Xiangyang Ji records that people called Zhuge Liang the Sleeping Dragon, Pang Tong the Fledgling Phoenix, and Sima Hui the Clear Mirror of Water—epithets attributed to Pang Degong.

孔明每至其家，獨拜床下，德公初不令止。 Whenever Zhuge Liang visited, he alone bowed low at the bedside; Degong did not at first tell him to rise.

諸葛亮亦言之於先主，先主見與善譚，大器之，以為治中從事。 Zhuge Liang spoke for him as well. Liu Bei received Tong, conversed at length, thought highly of him, and named him Assistant Clerk to the Administrator.

時孔明諫孤莫行，其意獨篤，亦慮此也。 Zhuge Liang alone urged me not to travel—his concern ran deepest because he foresaw exactly this.

親待亞於諸葛亮，遂與亮併為軍師中郎將。 He honored Tong next after Zhuge Liang and made Tong and Liang joint Military Advisers of the Household.

亮留鎮荊州。 Zhuge Liang stayed behind to guard Jingzhou.

拜統父議郎，遷諫議大夫，諸葛亮親為之拜。 He ennobled Tong’s father as a Court Gentleman and advanced him to Grand Counselor of the Household; Zhuge Liang himself led the ceremony of respect.

或謂諸葛亮曰：「法正於蜀郡太縱橫，將軍宜啟主公，抑其威福。」 Advisers urged Zhuge Liang: “Fa Zheng abuses his prefecture—tell our lord to rein him in.”

亮答曰：「主公之在公安也，北畏曹公之強，東憚孫權之逼，近則懼孫夫人生變於肘腋之下； Zhuge Liang answered: “When our lord sheltered at Gong’an he dreaded Cao Cao north, Sun Quan east, and Lady Sun plotting beside him;

亮又知先主雅愛信正，故言如此。 Zhuge Liang knew how fond Liu Bei was of Fa Zheng—that is why he framed his answer this way.

諸葛氏之言，於是乎失政刑矣。〉 In Sun Sheng’s eyes Zhuge Liang’s defense blurred the line between policy and penal justice.〉

諸葛亮與正，雖好尚不同，以公義相取。 Though Zhuge Liang and Fa Zheng differed in their tastes and values, they respected each other’s commitment to the public good.

亮每奇正智術。 Zhuge Liang repeatedly admired Fa Zheng’s schemes.

亮嘆曰：「法孝直若在，則能制主上，令不東行； Zhuge Liang sighed, “Had Fa Zheng lived he could have checked our lord and blocked the eastern march;

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 39Volume 39: Book of Shu 9: Biographies of Dong, Liu, Ma, Chen, Dong, and Lü · 45 passages

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先主定蜀，徵和為掌軍中郎將，與軍師將軍諸葛亮並署左將軍大司馬府事，獻可替否，共為歡交。 After Liu Bei brought Shu under control, Dong He was called up as general of the household for army affairs and, alongside Army Advisor General Zhuge Liang, jointly ran the Left General and grand marshal’s headquarters—offering candid counsel and enjoying genuine rapport.

亮後為丞相，教與群下曰：「夫參署者，集眾思廣忠益也。 Later, as chancellor, Zhuge Liang told his staff: "Serving together on paperwork means pooling ideas for the good of the state.

苟能慕元直之十一，幼宰之殷勤，有忠於國，則亮可少過矣。」 If others could match even a fraction of Xu Shu’s steadiness or Dong He’s persistence in serving the state, I would make far fewer mistakes myself."

其追思和如此。 Such was Zhuge Liang’s tribute to Dong He.

為亮主簿，有忠藎之效，故見褒述。 He served as Zhuge Liang’s chief clerk with conspicuous loyalty, which is why Liang singled him out for praise.

亮卒，為中典軍，統諸軍，封成陽亭侯，遷中監軍前將軍，督漢中，假節領兗州刺史，至右驃騎將軍。 After Zhuge Liang’s death he rose to central army supervisor and overall troop commander, was made village marquis of Chengyang, then central inspector and forward general with responsibility for Hanzhong, credential-bearing concurrent inspector of Yan Province, and finally general of the right agile cavalry.

時諸葛亮在臨烝，巴與亮書曰：「乘危歷險，到值思義之民，自與之眾，承天之心，順物之性，非餘身謀所能勸動。 Zhuge Liang was then at Linzheng. Liu Ba wrote: "I have crossed danger after danger only to find people moved by duty and rallying of their own accord—Heaven’s will and human nature at work, not something my petty schemes can sway.

亮追謂曰：「劉公雄才蓋世，據有荊土，莫不歸德，天人去就，已可知矣。 Zhuge Liang answered: "Lord Liu’s genius towers over his generation and he holds the Jing heartland—everyone turns to him. Heaven and men have already chosen.

而諸葛孔明數稱薦之，先主闢為左將軍西曹掾。 Zhuge Liang spoke up for him repeatedly, and Liu Bei named him western bureau clerk on the Left General’s staff.

諸葛亮謂巴曰：「張飛雖實武人，敬慕足下。 Zhuge Liang urged Liu Ba: "Zhang Fei may be a soldier, but he admires you.

亮亦曰：「運籌策於帷幄之中，吾不如子初遠矣！ Zhuge Liang said: "When it comes to planning behind the curtain, I am nowhere near Zichu.

卒後，魏尚書僕射陳群與丞相諸葛亮書，問巴消息，稱曰劉君子初，甚敬重焉。 After his death Wei’s supervisor of the masters of writing, Chen Qun, wrote Zhuge Liang asking after “Lord Liu Zichu,” a mark of deep respect.

及先主入蜀，諸葛亮亦從後往，良留荊州，與亮書曰：「聞雒城已拔，此天祚也。 When Liu Bei marched into Shu and Zhuge Liang followed, Ma Liang stayed behind in Jing and wrote: "Luocheng has fallen—that is Heaven’s favor.

尊兄應期贊世，配業光國，魄兆見矣。 Your elder brother’s timely genius brings glory to the realm—the omens of greatness already show.

〈臣松之以為良蓋與亮結為兄弟，或相與有親；〈Pei Songzhi thinks Ma Liang may have sworn brotherhood with Zhuge Liang or been related by kinship;

亮年長，良故呼亮為尊兄耳。〉 Zhuge Liang was older, so Ma Liang called him “elder brother” in that sense.〉

後遣使吳，良謂亮曰：「今銜國命，協穆二家，幸為良介於孫將軍。」 When Liu Bei later sent him as envoy to Wu, Ma Liang asked Zhuge Liang: “I carry the mandate to bind our two courts—please speak well of me to General Sun.”

亮曰：「君試自為文。」 Zhuge Liang replied: “Draft your own letter.”

才器過人，好論軍計，丞相諸葛亮深加器異。 Gifted beyond most men and fond of debating strategy, he won Zhuge Liang’s exceptional esteem.

先主臨薨謂亮曰：「馬謖言過其實，不可大用，君其察之！」 On his deathbed Liu Bei warned Zhuge Liang: “Ma Su talks bigger than he delivers—do not give him heavy responsibility; remember that.”

亮猶謂不然，以謖為參軍，每引見談論，自晝達夜。 Zhuge Liang disagreed: he kept Ma Su as army adviser and often debated with him from dawn till midnight.

〈《襄陽記》曰：建興三年，亮征南中，謖送之數十里。〈The Xiangyang ji notes that in 225, when Zhuge Liang marched south, Ma Su accompanied him for miles.

亮曰：「雖共謀之歷年，今可更惠良規。」 Zhuge Liang said: “We have schemed together for years—give me your best counsel now.”

亮納其策，赦孟獲以服南方。 Zhuge Liang took the advice and pardoned Meng Huo in order to subdue the south.

故終亮之世，南方不敢復反。〉 For the rest of Zhuge Liang’s life the south did not rise again.〉

建興六年，亮出軍向祁山，時有宿將魏延、吳壹等，論者皆言以為宜令為先鋒，而亮違眾拔謖，統大眾在前，與魏將張郃戰於街亭，為郃所破，士卒離散。 In 228 Zhuge Liang struck toward Qishan. Everyone expected veterans such as Wei Yan or Wu Yi to lead the van, but he chose Ma Su instead. Ma Su took the main force forward, met Zhang He at Jieting, was shattered, and his men fled in disorder.

亮進無所據，退軍還漢中。 With no foothold left to advance, Zhuge Liang pulled back to Hanzhong.

謖下獄物故，亮為之流涕。 Ma Su was jailed and died; Zhuge Liang wept for him.

〈襄陽記曰：謖臨終與亮書曰：「明公視謖猶子，謖視明公猶父，原深惟殛鯀興禹之義，使平生之交不虧於此，謖雖死無恨於黃壤也。」〈The Xiangyang ji records Ma Su’s dying letter: “You have treated me as a son and I have honored you as a father. Remember how Yu rose though Gun was punished—do not let our bond end in bitterness; then I can rest easy beneath the sod.”

亮自臨祭，待其遺孤若平生。 Zhuge Liang conducted the rites himself and cared for Ma Su’s children as though nothing had changed.

蔣琬後詣漢中，謂亮曰：「昔楚殺得臣，然後文公喜可知也。 When Jiang Wan later visited Hanzhong he said to Zhuge Liang: “Remember how Duke Wen of Jin rejoiced after Chu executed Cheng Dechen.

亮流涕曰：「孫武所以能製勝於天下者，用法明也。 Zhuge Liang answered through tears: “Sun Wu conquered because his discipline was clear.

習鑿齒曰：諸葛亮之不能兼上國也，豈不宜哉！ Xi Zuochi observed: Small wonder Zhuge Liang never mastered the Central Plains.

亮受誡而不獲奉承，明謖之難廢也。 Zhuge Liang ignored that warning—proof that he could not bring himself to sideline Ma Su.

七年，孫權稱尊號，以震為衛尉，賀權踐阼，諸葛亮與兄瑾書曰：「孝起忠純之性，老而益篤，及其贊述東西，歡樂和合，有可貴者。」 In 229, when Sun Quan declared himself emperor, Chen Zhen went as commandant of the guards to offer congratulations. Zhuge Liang wrote his brother Zhuge Jin: “Xiaoqi’s loyalty has only deepened with age; his work knitting east and west in friendship is truly admirable.”

諸葛亮與長史蔣琬、侍中董允書曰：「孝起前臨至吳，為吾說正方腹中有鱗甲，鄉黨以為不可近。 Zhuge Liang wrote Jiang Wan and Dong Yun: “When Xiaoqi went east he warned me Li Yan was armored inside—his neighbors had long kept their distance.

丞相亮將北征，住漢中，慮後主富於春秋，硃紫難別，以允秉心公亮，欲任以宮省之事。 When Zhuge Liang was about to campaign north and was stationed in Hanzhong, he worried that the young emperor could not tell sound counsel from flattery; Dong Yun’s integrity made him the right man for palace oversight.

上疏曰：「侍中郭攸之、費禕、侍郎董允等，先帝簡拔以遺陛下，至於斟酌規益，進盡忠言，則其任也。 Zhuge Liang submitted a memorial: 'Palace Attendants Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi, Gentleman Dong Yun, and the others were selected and promoted by the Former Sovereign and left to Your Majesty. Weighing policy, correcting faults, and offering loyal counsel to the utmost are their charge.

亮尋請禕為參軍，允遷為侍中，領虎賁中郎將，統宿衛親兵。 Zhuge Liang soon summoned Fei Yi as army adviser while Dong Yun became palace attendant, concurrent general of the tiger guard household, commanding the imperial bodyguard.

雖嘗有鳴吠之益於時務，然既已任之，勢不得輕，若一朝無諸葛亮，必為禍亂矣。 They may yap usefully at times, yet once entrusted with power they cannot be dismissed lightly—without Zhuge Liang they would tear Shu apart.

諸葛亮聞之，以為知言。 Zhuge Liang heard the story and pronounced Dong Hui shrewd.

〈《華陽國志》曰：時蜀人以諸葛亮、蔣琬、費禕及允為四相，一號四英也。〉〈The Records of Huayang states: At that time the people of Shu regarded Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, and Yun as the four chancellors, also called the Four Heroes.〉

丞相諸葛亮連年出軍，調發諸郡，多不相救，乂募取兵五千人詣亮，慰喻檢制，無逃竄者。 Zhuge Liang’s endless campaigns strained county levies until few answered the call. Lü Yi raised five thousand men, delivered them to the front, and through careful encouragement and discipline lost not one deserter.

亮卒，累遷廣漢、蜀郡太守。 After Zhuge Liang’s death he rose through posts as Guanghan and Shu administrators.

蜀郡一都之會，戶口眾多，又亮卒之後，士伍亡命，更相重冒，姦巧非一。 Shu Commandery, centered on the capital, swarmed with people; after Zhuge Liang’s death deserters multiplied identities and fraud flourished in countless forms.

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 41Volume 41: Book of Shu 11: Biographies of Huo, Wang, Xiang, Zhang, Yang, and Fei · 35 passages

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先主甚悼惜，乃詔諸葛亮曰：「峻既佳士，加有功於國，欲行爵。」 The First Sovereign mourned him deeply and issued an edict to Zhuge Liang: "Jun was an excellent man and, moreover, had rendered merit to the state. I wish to grant him rank."

丞相諸葛亮北駐漢中，請為記室，使與子喬共周旋游處。 Zhuge Liang, campaigning from Hanzhong, asked him onto his staff as secretary and paired him with Zhuge Qiao for daily companionship.

亮卒，為黃門侍郎。 After Zhuge Liang’s death he rose to gentleman attendant at the yellow gates.

宪方亮严正，待士不倦，轻财好施，不治产业。 He was upright and austere, tireless with his men, generous with his purse, and uninterested in amassing property.

時南方諸郡不賓，諸葛亮將自征之，連諫以為「此不毛之地，疫癘之鄉，不宜以一國之望，冒險而行」。 At the time, the southern commanderies had not submitted, and Zhuge Liang was about to lead a campaign against them in person. Wang Lian remonstrated, arguing that "this is barren country, a land of pestilence; the one on whom the whole state depends should not go there at such risk."

亮慮諸將才不及己，意欲必往而連言輒懇至，故停留者久之。 Zhuge Liang doubted any general could replace him, yet Wang Lian’s pleas were so earnest that the campaign was delayed for a long while.

丞相亮南征，朗留统后事。 During Zhuge Liang's southern expedition he stayed behind to manage the capital.

五年，隨亮漢中。 In 227 he followed Zhuge Liang to Hanzhong.

朗素與馬謖善，謖逃亡，朗知情不舉，亮恨之，免官還成都。 He had long been friendly with Ma Su; when Ma fled after his defeat, Xiang Lang knew but said nothing. Zhuge Liang, furious, stripped him of rank and sent him back to Chengdu.

數年，為光祿勳，亮卒後徒左將軍，追論舊功，封顯明亭侯，位特進。 Some years later he became superintendent of the imperial household; after Zhuge Liang's death he was promoted to general of the left, enfeoffed as village marquis of Xianming for past service, and given the specially advanced rank.

諸葛亮當北行，表與後主曰：「將軍向寵，性行淑均，曉暢軍事，試用於昔，先帝稱之曰能，是以眾論舉寵為督。 When Zhuge Liang was about to march north, he memorialized the emperor: "General Xiang Chong is even-tempered and fair, and well versed in military affairs. The late emperor tested him in earlier days and praised his ability, and the court therefore recommended him as camp supervisor.

會先主薨，諸葛亮遣鄧芝使吳，亮令芝言次可從權請裔。 When Liu Bei died, Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi to Wu and told him to seize an opening to ask Sun Quan for Zhang Yi’s release.

既至蜀，丞相亮以為參軍，署府事，又領益州治中從事。 Back in Shu, Zhuge Liang made him an army adviser with charge of headquarters business and added the post of administrative aide for Yizhou.

亮出駐漢中，裔以射聲校尉領留府長史，常稱曰：「公賞不遺遠，罰不阿近，爵不可以無功取，刑不可以貴勢免，此賢愚之所以僉忘其身者也。」 When Zhuge Liang went out to garrison Hanzhong, Zhang Yi, as Colonel of the She-sheng Archers, served concurrently as chief clerk of the rear headquarters. He often said, "The Duke's rewards do not overlook those far away, and his punishments do not favor those close to him. Rank cannot be taken without merit, and punishment cannot be escaped through noble power. This is why worthy and foolish alike forget themselves in his service."

其明年，北詣亮諮事，送者數百，車乘盈路，裔還書與所親曰：「近者涉道，晝夜接客，不得寧息，人自敬丞相長史，男子張君嗣附之，疲倦欲死。」 The next year, when he went north to consult Zhuge Liang on affairs, several hundred people saw him off and carriages filled the road. Zhang Yi later wrote to close friends, "Recently on the road I have had to receive guests day and night, with no chance for quiet rest. People honor the Chancellor's chief clerk, and Zhang Junsi, poor man, is carried along by it until he is nearly dead with fatigue."

先主爭漢中，急書發兵，軍師將軍諸葛亮以問洪，洪曰：「漢中則益州咽喉，存亡之機會，若無漢中則無蜀矣，此家門之禍也。 When the First Sovereign was fighting for Hanzhong and urgent letters called for troops, Military Adviser General Zhuge Liang asked Yang Hong about it. Hong said, "Hanzhong is Yizhou's throat and the hinge of survival or ruin. Without Hanzhong, there is no Shu; this would be disaster at our very gate.

時蜀郡太守法正從先主北行，亮於是表洪領蜀郡太守，眾事皆辦，遂使即真。 Fa Zheng had gone north with Liu Bei, so Zhuge Liang had Yang Hong appointed acting governor of Shu; he handled every task and was soon confirmed in the post.

漢嘉太守黃元素為諸葛亮所不善，聞先主疾病，懼有後患，舉郡反，燒臨邛城。 Huang Yuan, governor of Hanjia, had fallen foul of Zhuge Liang; hearing Liu Bei was gravely ill, he feared what might follow, rebelled across the district, and burned Linqiong.

時亮東行省疾，成都單虛，是以元益無所憚。 Zhuge Liang was then away east tending the emperor's illness; Chengdu lay nearly bare, and Yuan grew bolder.

五年，丞相亮北住漢中，欲用張裔為留府長史，問洪何如？ In 227, with Zhuge Liang in Hanzhong, he considered making Zhang Yi chief clerk of the rear headquarters and asked Yang Hong’s opinion.

及洪見亮出，至裔許，具說所言。 After Yang Hong’s interview with Zhuge Liang he went to Zhang Yi and repeated every word.

亮與裔書曰：「君昔在[陌]下，營壞，吾之用心，食不知味； Liang wrote Yi a letter saying, "Sir, formerly below the roads [at Deyang], the camp was ruined—my heart's use, eating did not know flavor;

及其來還，委付大任，同獎王室，自以為與君古之石交也。 and after his return, when Zhuge Liang entrusted him with weighty office to help the house of Han, he had thought theirs the “stone friendship” of old.

洪少不好學問，而忠清款亮，憂公如家，事繼母至孝。 Yang Hong had little scholarly bent but was loyal, candid, devoted to the public good as to his own kin, and deeply filial to his stepmother.

是以西土鹹服諸葛亮能盡時人之器用也。 People in the west marveled that Zhuge Liang could employ every man to the full measure of his gifts.

时诸葛亮用法峻密，阴闻祗游戏放纵，不勤所职，尝奄往录狱。 Zhuge Liang’s justice was strict; hearing that He Zhi was carousing and neglecting duty, he once descended on the jail without warning to audit the dockets.

诸葛晨往，祗悉已闇诵，答对解释，无所凝滞，亮甚异之。 When Zhuge Liang arrived at dawn, He Zhi had memorized the files and answered every question without hesitation, which greatly impressed the chancellor.

建興三年，隨諸葛亮南行，歸至漢陽縣，降人李鴻來詣亮，亮見鴻，時蔣琬與詩在坐。 In 225, returning with Zhuge Liang from the southern campaign, they reached Hanyang county, where the defector Li Hong came to see Zhuge Liang; Jiang Wan and Fei Shi were present.

達曰：『諸葛亮見顧有本末，終不爾也。』 Meng Da had replied that Zhuge Liang’s goodwill had always been consistent and he would never do such a thing.

亮謂琬、詩曰：「還都當有書與子度相聞。」 Liang said to Wan and Shi, "When returning to the capital there ought to be a letter to exchange news with Zidu."

亮默然不答。 Zhuge Liang said nothing.

亮欲誘達以為外援，竟與達書曰：「往年南征，歲 Zhuge Liang wished to draw Meng Da in as an outside ally and ultimately wrote him a letter: "In former years, during the southern campaign, before the year

達得亮書，數相交通，辭欲叛魏。 Meng Da answered repeatedly and began plotting to revolt from Wei.

亮亦以達無款誠之心，故不救助也。 Zhuge Liang did not send help because he judged Meng Da insincere.

以先主之广济，诸葛之准绳，诗吐直言，犹用陵迟，况庸后乎哉！ Yet even Liu Bei’s generosity and Zhuge Liang’s fairness could not save Fei Shi from demotion for blunt speech—what hope for lesser lords thereafter?

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 62Volume 62: Book of Wu 17: Biographies of Shi Yi and Hu Zong · 1 passage

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蜀相諸葛亮卒，權垂心西州，遣儀使蜀申固盟好。 After Zhuge Liang's death Sun Quan turned his eyes westward and sent Shi Yi to Chengdu to renew the alliance.

History of Song, Chapter 359Volume 359 Biographies 118: Li Gang 2 · 3 passages

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上言：「荊湖、國之上流，其地數千里，諸葛亮謂之用武之國。 He submitted a memorial: "Jinghu lies in the upper reaches of the realm, its territory stretching thousands of li. Zhuge Liang called it a country made for war.

諸葛亮佐蜀，連年出師以圖中原，不如是，不足以立國。 Zhuge Liang served Shu and sent armies out year after year to recover the Central Plain; without that, the state could not endure.

嗚呼，中興功業之不振，君子固歸之天，若綱之心，其可謂非諸葛孔明之用心歟？ Alas, that the work of restoration did not flourish — upright men may indeed ascribe this to Heaven; yet can Li Gang's devotion be said to fall short of Zhuge Kongming's?

History of Song, Chapter 408Volume 408 Biographies 167: Wu Changyi, Wang Gang, Chen Mi, Wang Ting · 1 passage

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自言居官必如顏真卿，居家必如陶潛，而深愛諸葛亮身死家無餘財，庫無餘帛。 He said that in office one must be like Yan Zhenqing, at home like Tao Qian, and he deeply admired Zhuge Liang, who at death left his family no surplus wealth and the treasury no surplus cloth.

History of Song, Chapter 436Volume 436 Biographies 195: Confucian Scholars 6: Chen Liang, Zheng Qiaolinting, Li Daochuan · 1 passage

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又二百餘年，遂為三國交據之地，諸葛亮由此起輔先主，荊楚之士從之如雲，而漢氏賴以復存於蜀； Two hundred years more it became the three states' contested ground; Zhuge Liang from here rose to aid the First Lord; Jing-Chu scholars followed like clouds, and the Han house relied on this to survive again in Shu;

Book of Song, Chapter 62Volume 62 Biographies 22: Yang Xin, Zhang Fu, Wang Wei · 1 passage

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諸葛孔明云：「來敏亂郡，過於孔文舉。」 Zhuge Liang said, "Lai Min throws a commandery into disorder—worse than Kong Rong."

Book of Song, Chapter 69Volume 69 Biographies 29: Liu Zhan, Fan Ye · 1 passage

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博涉史傳，諳前世舊典，弱年便有宰世情，常自比管夷吾、諸葛亮，不為文章，不喜談議。 He read widely in histories and chronicles and knew the statutes of earlier ages by heart; even in his youth he harbored ambitions to govern the realm and often likened himself to Guan Zhong and Zhuge Liang. He did not write belles lettres and disliked idle talk.

Book of Song, Chapter 76Volume 76 Biographies 36: Zhu Xiuzhi, Zong Que, Wang Xuanmo · 1 passage

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尋除車騎將軍、江州刺史，副司徒建安王於赭圻，賜以諸葛亮筩袖鎧。 He was soon Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and Inspector of Jiangzhou, serving under the Minister of Works, Prince of Jian'an, at Zheqi, and was presented with Zhuge Liang's linked tube armor.

Book of Song, Chapter 86Volume 86 Biographies 46: Yin Xiaozu, Liu Mian · 1 passage

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御仗先有諸葛亮筒袖鎧帽，二十五石弩射之不能入，上悉以賜孝祖。 Among the imperial stores were sleeve-armor caps of the Zhuge Liang type that even twenty-five-stone crossbows could not penetrate; the emperor bestowed them all on Xiaozu.

Book of Sui, Chapter 53Volume 53 Biographies 18: Daxi Zhangru, Helou Zigan, Shi Wansui, Liu Fang · 1 passage

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先是，南寧夷爨翫來降，拜昆州刺史，既而復叛．遂以萬歲為行軍總管，率眾擊之．入自蜻蛉川，經弄凍，次小勃弄、大勃弄，至于南中．賊前後屯據要害，萬歲皆擊破之．行數百里，見諸葛亮紀功碑，銘其背曰：「萬歲之後，勝我者過此．」萬歲令左右倒其碑而進．渡西二河，入渠濫川，行千餘里，破其三十餘部，虜獲男女二萬餘口．諸夷大懼，遣使請降，獻明珠徑寸．於是勒石頌美隋德．萬歲遣使馳奏，請將翫入朝，詔許之．爨翫陰有二心，不欲詣闕，因賂萬歲以金寶，萬歲於是捨翫而還．蜀王時在益州，知其受賂，遣使將索之．萬歲聞而悉以所得金寶沉之於江，索無所獲．以功進位柱國．晉王廣虛衿敬之，待以交友之禮．上知為所善，令萬歲督晉府軍事．明年，爨翫復反，蜀王秀奏萬歲受賂縱賊，致生邊患，無大臣節．上令窮治其事，事皆驗，罪當死．上數之曰：「受金放賊，重勞士馬．朕念將士暴露，寢不安席，食不甘味，卿豈社稷臣也？」 Earlier, Cuan Wan of the Ningnan Yi had surrendered and been made governor of Kunzhou, then rebelled again. Wansui was sent as commander on campaign against him. He entered by the Qingling River, passed Nongdong, and halted at Lesser and Greater Bonong before reaching the southern heartland. The rebels held every strong point; Wansui broke them all. After several hundred li he came upon Zhuge Liang’s victory stele, inscribed on the back: “After ten thousand years, whoever surpasses me will pass this place.” Wansui had his men overturn it and march on. He crossed the two western rivers, entered the Quluan River, marched more than a thousand li, and shattered more than thirty tribes, taking more than twenty thousand captives. The Yi were terrified, sent envoys to surrender, and presented a pearl an inch across. He carved a stone praising Sui virtue. Wansui sent a swift report asking that Wan be brought to court; the edict agreed. Wan secretly had no wish to come to the capital and bribed Wansui with gold and jewels; Wansui then left him and returned. The prince of Shu was in Yizhou; learning of the bribe, he sent men to seize the goods. Wansui heard of it and sank everything he had received in the river, and nothing was found. For his merit he was made pillar of state. Prince Jin Guang treated him with open respect as a friend. The emperor, knowing Guang favored him, put Wansui in charge of the prince of Jin’s military affairs. The next year Cuan Wan rebelled again. Prince Xiu of Shu reported that Wansui had taken bribes and released the rebel, bringing border trouble and failing the integrity of a great minister. A full investigation confirmed everything; the crime merited death. The emperor recounted his offenses: “You took gold and let the rebel go, wasting soldiers and horses. When I think of men exposed in the field I cannot sleep or eat with ease—are you a minister of the altars of state?”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 64Volume 64: Hereditary House of Later Shu · 1 passage

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兵始發成都，昶遣李昊等餞之，昭遠手執鐵如意，指揮軍事，自比諸葛亮，酒酣，謂昊曰：「吾之是行，何止克敵，當領此二三萬雕面惡少兒，取中原如反掌爾！」 As the army left Chengdu, Chang sent Li Hao and others to see them off. Zhaoyuan gripped an iron ruyi scepter, directed the troops, and compared himself to Zhuge Liang. Deep in wine he told Hao: "This campaign will be more than defeating the enemy—I mean to lead these twenty or thirty thousand fierce young brutes and take the central plains as easily as turning my hand!"

History of Yuan, Chapter 171Volume 171 Biographies 58: Liu Yin, Wu Cheng · 1 passage

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嘗愛諸葛孔明靜以修身之語，表所居曰「靜修」。 He admired Zhuge Liang's saying about cultivating oneself through stillness and named his residence "Quiet Cultivation."

Book of Zhou, Chapter 17Volume 17 Biographies 9: Liang Yu; Guo Ganhui; Yi Feng; Liu Liang; Wang De · 1 passage

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太祖乃謂之曰：「卿文武兼資，即孤之孔明也。」 Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai told him: "You unite civil and military talent—you are my Kongming."