Overview
Zhu Di was a Third emperor of the Ming dynasty, born Zhu Di.
Other names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Posthumous name | Cultured Emperor | 文皇帝 | |
| Temple name | Chengzu | 成祖 | Chengzu |
| Regnal name | Yongle | 永樂 |
Life and dates
Death
- AD 1424 二十二年七月At Yumu River 榆木川Directly stated · History of Ming 8, passage 38
- At Yumu River 榆木川Directly stated · History of Ming 58, passage 29
Attested activity
- AD 1424 二十二年七月Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 8, passage 38
- AD 1410 八年Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 173
- AD 1408 六年Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 162
- AD 1424 十二月Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 58, passages 29, 59
- AD 1401 建文三年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passages 101, 103
- AD 1400 建文二年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passages 66, 70
Show 25 more source-backed claims
- AD 1399 to AD 1402 建文元年Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 150
- AD 1399 建文元年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passages 18, 22
- AD 1402 建文四年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passages 134, 172, 178
- AD 1403 to AD 1424 成祖Directly stated · History of Ming 77, passage 76
- AD 1402 成祖即位Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 151
- AD 1403 to AD 1424 成祖時Directly stated · History of Ming 77, passage 85
- AD 1399 成祖舉兵Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 8, passage 18
- AD 1402 成祖踐阼Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 8, passage 26
- AD 1424 文帝崩於榆木川Directly stated · History of Ming 58, passage 29
- AD 1409 明年Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 170
- AD 1405 永樂三年Directly stated · History of Ming 64, passage 110
- AD 1404 永樂二年Directly stated · History of Ming 64, passages 100-101, 115
- AD 1407 永樂五年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 169, passage 41
- AD 1407 永樂五年八月Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 158
- AD 1403 永樂元年Directly stated · History of Ming 64, passages 86-87; History of Ming 115, passage 183
- AD 1403 永樂元年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 65, passages 332-333
- AD 1403 to AD 1405 永樂初Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 77, passages 166-169
- AD 1413 永樂十一年五月五日Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 57, passages 252-253
- AD 1402 to AD 1424 洪、永、熙、宣之際Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 77, passage 4
- AD 1398 洪武三十一年閏五月Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passages 10-11
- AD 1402 洪武三十五年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passages 185, 210
- AD 1370 洪武三年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passage 3
- AD 1390 洪武二十三年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passage 7
- AD 1380 洪武十三年Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 5, passage 4
- AD 1402 燕王即帝位Directly stated · History of Ming 115, passage 177
Family
Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.
- Parent of Father of the Imperial Grandsonfather 父 · paternal lineStrongly inferred · History of Ming 57, passage 254
- Ancestor of Imperial Grandson (皇太孫)Directly stated · History of Ming 57, passage 254
- Spouse of Empress Xu (徐氏)consort 妃 · Primary marriageDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 210
- Parent of Zhu Gaochi (朱高熾)crown prince 皇太子
eldest son 長子 · paternal lineSources vary in certainty · History of Ming 58, passages 29-30; History of Ming 8, passage 1 - Parent of Zhu Gaoxu (朱高煦)son 子
Gaoxu 高煦Sources vary in certainty · History of Ming 8, passage 19; History of Ming 5, passage 82 - Parent of Heir Apparent of Yan (燕世子)heir apparent 世子Strongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 54
- Child of Ming Taizu (太祖)late father 皇考Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 177
- Child of Empress Xiaoci Gao (孝慈高皇后)mother 母Directly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 2
- Sibling of Zhu Hui (朱橞)Prince of Gu 谷王 · Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 172
- Sibling of Prince of Jin (晉王)Prince of Jin 晉王 · Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 7
- Sibling of Zhu Quan (寧王權)Prince of Ning 寧王 · Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 46
- Sibling of Zhu Su (朱橚)Prince of Zhou 周王 · Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 14
- Child of Taizu (太祖)son 子 · paternal line
son 子Sources vary in certainty · History of Ming 8, passages 1, 17; History of Ming 5, passage 1 - Parent of Zhu Gaosui (朱高燧)son 子Directly stated · History of Ming 8, passage 19
- Kin of Jianwen Emperor (建文皇帝)uncle 叔父Directly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 108
- Sibling of Zhu Fu (朱榑)Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 15
- Sibling of Prince of Dai (代王)Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 15
- Sibling of Prince of Xiang (湘王)Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 15
- Sibling of Prince of Min (岷王)Uncertain siblingsStrongly inferred · History of Ming 5, passage 15
Key source chapters
- History of Ming, Chapter 5 Volume 5 Annals 5: Chengzu 1 80 passages
- History of Ming, Chapter 8 Volume 8 Annals 8: Renzong 15 passages
- History of Ming, Chapter 58 Volume 58 Treatises 34: Rites 12 5 passages
- History of Ming, Chapter 115 Volume 115 Biographies 3: Emperor Xingzong Xiaokang, Emperor Ruizong Xingxian 5 passages
- History of Ming, Chapter 77 Volume 77 Treatises 53: Finance and Economics 1 4 passages
Career and standing
- emperorStrongly inferred · History of Ming 57, passages 252-253
- emperor 皇帝AD 1402 建文四年 · AssumedDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 178
- Prince of Yan 燕王AD 1370 洪武三年 · ReceivedDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 3
- AD 1402 建文四年Directly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 178
- AD 1402 成祖即位Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 151
- AD 1402 燕王即帝位Directly stated · History of Ming 115, passage 177
Places and affiliations
- Ming 明Relation RuledDirectly stated · History of Ming 8, passage 26; History of Ming 64, passages 86-87
- Ming 明Relation ServedDirectly stated · History of Ming 169, passage 40
- Polity Ming 明 · Relation RuledDirectly stated · History of Ming 77, passages 4, 76, 166-167; History of Ming 144, passage 151
- Polity Ming 明 · Relation ServedDirectly stated · History of Ming 58, passage 86
- Polity Ming 明 · Relation ServedStrongly inferred · History of Ming 65, passage 333
- AD 1424 庚申At Changling 長陵 · Relation Buried atDirectly stated · History of Ming 8, passage 97
Show 4 more source-backed claims
- AD 1413 永樂十一年五月五日At Eastern Park 東苑 · Relation VisitedDated from the passage context · History of Ming 57, passage 253
- AD 1380 洪武十三年At Beiping 北平 · Relation Posted toDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 4
- At Beiping 北平 · Relation Based atDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passages 4, 91, 125
- At Yumu River 榆木川 · Relation Died atDirectly stated · History of Ming 58, passage 29
Works and attributed material
- Veritable Records of Taizu 太祖實錄AD 1402 洪武三十五年 · Relation Ordered revisionDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 206
- Bestowed praise letterDirectly stated · History of Ming 77, passage 169
- Left final testament following TaizuTestament · AuthorDirectly stated · History of Ming 58, passage 29
- Ordered rewardDirectly stated · History of Ming 77, passage 168
- AD 1403 永樂元年Strongly inferred · History of Ming 65, passage 333
- Action · Agent · Mode narrative Speaker Zhu Di (朱棣)Directly stated · History of Ming 57, passages 253-254
Show 10 more source-backed claims
- Edict · Author · Hongwu 35 / Yongle 1 calendar and tax remissionsDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passages 185-187
- Edict · Author · With He Fu (何福) · ParaphrasedDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 157
- Edict · Author · With He Fu (何福) · Direct quotationDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passages 162-163, 177-178
- Memorial · Author · With Jianwen Emperor (建文皇帝) · denounced Qi Tai and Huang ZichengDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 23
- Message · Author · With He Fu (何福)Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 160
- rejected adding a Nine Dragons carriage to the guard of honor 九龍車既先朝所無，其仍舊便Speech · Speaker · Direct quotationDirectly stated · History of Ming 64, passages 87-89
- Speech · Speaker · Datong cold strategyDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 64
- Speech · Speaker · must fight speechDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 84
- Speech · Speaker · strategy regarding Jinglong and Wu GaoDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passages 39-41
- Speech · Speaker · Yangzhou strategyDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passages 160-162
Events and relationships
- added a pair of red staffs to the empress’s ceremonial train 增制紅杖一對AD 1403 永樂元年 · Administrative · Issuer · AddedDirectly stated · History of Ming 64, passage 132
- approved expansion of the heir apparent’s ceremonial regalia 從之AD 1404 永樂二年 · Administrative · Approver · ApprovedDated from the passage context · History of Ming 64, passages 100-101
- approved heir-apparent consort ceremonial-regalia rules 從之AD 1404 永樂二年 · Administrative · Approver · ApprovedDated from the passage context · History of Ming 64, passage 115
- Bestowed commendation edictDated from the passage context · History of Ming 77, passage 169
- Betrothed He Fu niece to Prince of ZhaoDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 152
- Campaign target of He Fu Sheng Yong Ping AnMilitary · Opponent · At north of the Huai 淮北Directly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 150
Show 23 more source-backed claims
- Campaigned againstDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passages 7-8
- Employed He Fu with full trustPolitical · RulerDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 151
- Fixed colony reward punishment regulationsAD 1403 to AD 1405 永樂初 · Administrative · IssuerDated from the passage context · History of Ming 77, passage 166
- Generally approved He Fu other requestsAdministrative · RulerDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 180
- Northern campaign summoned He FuMilitary · CommanderDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 173
- Ordered heavy rewardDated from the passage context · History of Ming 77, passage 168
- Ordered sample fields for yield comparisonAD 1403 to AD 1405 永樂初 · Administrative · IssuerDated from the passage context · History of Ming 77, passage 167
- Ordered Yang Rong to enfeoff He Fu in campRitual · RulerDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 172
- ordered the Ministry of Works that princes’ red gold-brocaded umbrellas retain pearl-and-dragon designs 命工部，親王儀仗內紅銷金傘，仍用寶珠龍文AD 1405 永樂三年 · Administrative · Issuer · OrderedDirectly stated · History of Ming 64, passage 110
- PardonedStrongly inferred · History of Ming 65, passage 333
- Raised arms / Jingnan campaignAD 1399 成祖舉兵 · Military · CommanderDirectly stated · History of Ming 8, passage 18
- Raised Jingnan armyAD 1399 建文元年秋七月 · Military · CommanderDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passages 22, 24-25
- Rebuked by letterStrongly inferred · History of Ming 65, passage 333
- audited Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Qin, and Fen households with many adult males but little or no land and redistributed persons to populate Beiping 核太原、平陽、澤、潞、遼、沁、汾丁多田少及無田之家，分其丁口以實北平Administrative · Ruler · Redistributed shanxi households to beiping · At Beiping 北平Directly stated · History of Ming 77, passage 76
- Refused request for Xiping household horsesPolitical · RulerDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 179
- refused to add a Nine Dragons carriage to the guard of honor 拒增置九龍車AD 1403 永樂元年 · Administrative · Decision maker · RejectedDirectly stated · History of Ming 64, passages 86-89
- selected 3,000 wealthy households from Yingtian and Zhejiang as ward chiefs of Wan and Da counties in Beijing, attached to capital registers while still liable for home corvée 復選應天、浙江富民三千戶，充北京宛、大二縣廂長，附籍京師，仍應本籍徭役Administrative · Ruler · Selected wealthy ward chiefsDirectly stated · History of Ming 77, passage 85
- Sent Hu Ying to search for JianwenDirectly stated · History of Ming 169, passage 41
- Sent Yang Rong to assist He Fu with Ejin surrendersDiplomatic · RulerDirectly stated · History of Ming 144, passage 170
- Suburban sacrificeAD 1402 洪武三十五年秋七月 · Ritual · OfficiantDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 184
- Visited the Eastern Park for polo and willow shooting and permitted officials, envoys, and capital elders to watchAD 1413 永樂十一年五月五日 · Ritual · Host · At Eastern Park 東苑Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 57, passages 253-254
- over time wealthy ward households were ruined and fled; home-district wealthy households were conscripted as replacements 供給日久，貧乏逃竄，輒選其本籍殷實戶僉補AD 1403 to AD 1424 成祖時 · Administrative · Reign authority · Wealthy household flight and replacementDated from the passage context · History of Ming 77, passages 85-86
- Yan army at Jinchuan GateMilitary · Commander · At Jinchuan Gate 金川門Directly stated · History of Ming 115, passage 187
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment reign associated with popular prosperity and overflowing storehouses · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · History of Ming 77, passage 4
- Assessment valued ritual moderation against extravagance · Mode self-report Speaker Zhu Di (朱棣)Directly stated · History of Ming 64, passages 87-88
- Assessment wise, brave, and strategically capable; won service by sincerity · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 6
- striking stature with fine beard and mustachePhysical descriptionDirectly stated · History of Ming 5, passage 5
Source notes
- Historicity historical
References in the histories
113 passages
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