Zhang Wenli (張文禮)

Overview

Zhang Wenli was a Zhao General; Adopted Son of Wang Rong.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Wang Deming	王德明	Wang Deming
Alternate name	Deming	德明	Deming

Life and dates

Death

AD 921 天祐十八年八月
Cause carbuncle 病疽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 64
AD 922 及文禮誅
executed 誅
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 67
AD 922 天祐十九年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 134
AD 921 天祐十八年八月
Died
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 64
AD 921 是歲八月
died of shock from abscess 驚悸而卒
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 91
Unspecified
Directly stated · History of Liao 2, passage 55

Attested activity

AD 921 龍德元年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 75
AD 921
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 26, passage 3
AD 922 十九年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 52, passage 78; Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 114
AD 922 十九年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passages 44-45
AD 921 十八年，從征張文禮
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 57, passage 16
AD 921 十八年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 91; Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 42; New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 86

Show 26 more source-backed claims

AD 921 十八年十月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 31
AD 921 唐天祐十八年二月
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 74
AD 910 天祐七年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 82
AD 911 天祐八年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 106
AD 922 天祐十九年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 85
AD 921 天祐十八年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passages 43, 49-50, 64
AD 921 天祐十八年三月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 61
AD 921 天祐十八年二月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 60
AD 921 天祐十八年八月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 62, 64
AD 921 天祐十八年正月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 59
AD 921 天祐末
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 57
AD 922 天贊元年
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passages 53, 55
AD 922 天贊初
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 113, passage 6
AD 920 延徽南奔後
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 74, passage 53
AD 921 to AD 922 弑王鎔至執震母妻
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 99-100
AD 921 張文禮之亂
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 129, passage 59
AD 921 張文禮殺王鎔，時莊宗未即尊位，文禮遣馥至鄴都勸進，因留鄴下，棲遲郵舍。
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 77
AD 921 從討張文禮
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 21
AD 921 是歲八月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 90
AD 921 to AD 922 晉討張文禮
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 152
AD 911 柏鄉戰勝之後
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 66
AD 920 to AD 921 神冊六年前
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 75, passages 96, 99
AD 921 to AD 923 莊宗討張文禮於鎮州
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 100
AD 921 to AD 922 討張文禮
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 207
AD 921 to AD 922 鎔為張文禮所害
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 58, 67
AD 921 龙德元年春
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 107

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Child of Wang Rong (王鎔)
adopted son 義男 · Adoptive parentage · Other
adopted son 義男 · Adoptive parentage
adopted son 養子 · Adoptive parentage
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 65; New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 108
Spouse of Mother of Zhang Chujin (張處瑾母)
mother of his sons 母 · Uncertain
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 101
Parent of Chuchiu (處球)
son 子 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 154
Parent of Chujin (處瑾)
son 子 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 64
Parent of Zhang Chuqi (張處琪)
son 子
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 101
Parent of Zhang Chuqiu (張處球)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 92
Parent of Zhang Chujin (張處瑾)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 64
Parent of Zhang Chujin (張處瑾)
son 子
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 92; History of Liao 2, passage 55

Key source chapters

Career and standing

great general of Zhenzhou 鎮州大將
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 31
rebel general of You and Cang 幽、滄叛將
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 61
Zhenzhou military commissioner in temporary charge 鎮州兵馬留後
AD 921 天祐十八年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 49
acting commander of Zhenzhou 鎮州兵馬留後
AD 921 天祐十八年二月 · Appointed
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 60
city-defense commissioner 防城使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 75
acting military governor 留後
Claimed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 85

Show 5 more source-backed claims

great general of Zhenzhou 鎮州大將
Held · At Zhenzhou 鎮州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 31
Zhenzhou great general 鎮州大將
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 75
acting governor 留後
Installed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 112
Self proclaimed
Acting commissioner
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 75
assassinated Wang Rong 弒其君镕
AD 921 天祐十八年正月 · Assassinated · With Wang Rong (镕)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 59

Places and affiliations

Polity Zhao 趙 · Relation Served
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 59
Polity Zhao 鎮州 / 趙 · Relation Held territory
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 91
At Yan 燕 · Relation Native of
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 58
At You and Cang 幽、滄 · Relation From
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 61
At Zhenzhou 鎮州 · Relation Based at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 45
At Zhenzhou 鎮州 · Relation Based in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 114

Works and attributed material

Boast · Speaker · With Sun Tzu (孫子), Wu Qi (吳起), Han Xin (韓信), Bai Qi (白起)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 64
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passages 80-81

Events and relationships

Attacked by imperial army
AD 922 十九年 · Military · Opponent
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 114
Campaigned against
Military · Target · With Fu Cunshen (符存審)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 25
Campaigned against
Military · Target · At Zhen 鎮州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 64, passage 100
Campaigned with Zhuangzong
Military · Commander · With Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (後唐莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 82
Held Zhenzhou against Yan Bao
AD 922 十九年 · Military · Defender · With Yan Bao (閻寶) · At Zhenzhou 鎮州
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 45
Incited guards to kill Rong
AD 911 天祐八年 · Political · Instigator · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passages 108, 110

Show 25 more source-backed claims

Killed his commander Wang Rong
Political violence · Killer · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passage 75
Killed Wang Rong and surrendered Zhenzhou to Liang
AD 921 天祐末 · Rebellion · Rebel · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 121, passage 57
Killed lord and requested aid
AD 921 龙德元年春 · Political · Assassin · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 107
Killed Wang Rong and rebelled
AD 921 十八年 · Assassination and rebellion · Perpetrator · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 42
Killed Wang Rong family
Military · Mutineer · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 83
Killed
Military · Killer · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 19, passage 11
Killed
Political · Perpetrator · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 77
Killed
Political · Murderer · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 58
Murdered
AD 921 十八年十月 · Political · Perpetrator · With Wang Rong (王鎔) · Summary Murdered his lord Wang Rong in the tenth month of year eighteen.
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 31
Murdered
AD 921 天祐十八年 · Political · Perpetrator · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 43
Murdered
AD 921 弒趙王 · Political · Perpetrator · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 26, passage 3
Murdered
AD 921 張文禮弑王鎔 · Assassination · Perpetrator · With Wang Rong (王鎔)
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 99
Raided Jing Zong
Military · Commander · Outcome Ambushed at Tangdian · With Yang Shihou (楊師厚)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passages 68, 70
Rebelled
AD 921 張文禮之亂 · Military · Rebel
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 129, passage 59
Rebelled
Military · Rebel · At Zhen Prefecture 鎮州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 74
Requested return of officers
Diplomatic · Author · With Fu Xi (符習)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 58
Seized and mutilated hostages
Legal · Captor · With Wu Zhen (烏震) · At Hengyang 恒陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passages 100-101
Sent envoys to request Later Liang aid; request was refused
Diplomatic · Requester
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 10, passages 75-76
Sought relief
Military · Besieged party
Dated from the passage context · History of Liao 2, passage 53
Was attacked by Yan Bao
Military · Target · With Yan Bao (閻寶)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 59, passage 207
Was the object of Yan Bao and Shi Jiantang's campaign
AD 921 十八年 · Military · Target
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 55, passage 91
Relation Subordinate of · Person Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 31
Relation Subordinate of · Person Wang Rong (王鎔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 29, passage 43
Relation Conspirator with · Person Wang Chuzhi (王處直)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 31
Relation Assassin of · Person Wang Rong (镕)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passage 59

Assessments and attributes

Assessment a groom's lackey / menial petty man · Mode quotation Speaker Emperor Zhuangzong (莊宗)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passage 39
Assessment doomed-to-defeat · Mode named-source-report Source Work those versed in omens 識者
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 141, passage 74
Assessment fierce, treacherous, coarse in speech · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 59

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passages 82, 106; New History of the Five Dynasties 5, passages 59, 62
From Zhang Wenli 張文禮 · To Deming 德明 · Also Surname Granted true
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 62, passage 65
From Wang Deming 王德明 · To Zhang Wenli 張文禮 · Text follows old history in using Zhang Wenli
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 108
From Wang Deming 王德明 · To Zhang Wenli 張文禮
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 137, passages 31, 39

References in the histories

Search passages

History

78 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 10Volume 10 Book of Later Liang 10: Later Emperors Annals 3 · 1 passage

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是月，鎮州大將王德明殺其帥王熔，自稱留後，遣使來求援。 That month Wang Deming of Zhenzhou murdered Wang Rong, declared himself acting commissioner, and asked for help.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 29Volume 29 Book of Later Tang 5: Zhuangzong Annals 3 · 11 passages

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是月，鎮州大將張文禮殺其帥王鎔。 That month Zhang Wenli, a senior Zhen commander, murdered his lord Wang Rong.

時張文禮遣使請旄節於帝，帝曰：「文禮之罪，期於無赦，敢邀予旄節！」 Wenli then asked Cunxu for a commission; Cunxu said, "Wenli deserves no mercy—how dare he ask for my seal!"

帝不得已而從之，乃承製授文禮鎮州兵馬留後。 Cunxu yielded and, by rescript, confirmed Wenli as acting military commissioner of Zhen.

三月，河中節度使朱友謙、昭義節度使李嗣昭、滄州節度使李存審、定州節度使王處直、邢州節度使李嗣源、成德軍兵馬留後張文禮、遙領天平軍節度使閻寶、大同軍節度使李存璋、新州節度使王鬱、振武節度使李存進、同州節度使朱令德，各遣使勸進，請帝紹唐帝位，帝報書不允。 In the third month Youqian of Hezhong, Sizhao of Zhaoyi, Cunshen of Cangzhou, Chuzhi of Ding, Siyuan of Xing, Wenli acting for Chengde, Yan Bao holding Taiping in title, Cunzhang of Datong, Yu of Xin, Cunjin of Zhenwu, and Lingde of Tong all urged Cunxu to take the throne; he wrote back refusing.

八月庚申，令天平節度使閻寶、成德兵馬留後符習率兵討張文禮於鎮州。 On gengshen in the eighth month Yan Bao of Taiping and Fu Xi, acting commander of Chengde, marched on Wenli at Zhen.

文禮既行弑逆，忌鎔故將，多被誅戮，因遣使聞於帝，欲以他兵代習歸鎮，習等懼，請留。 After the murder Wenli purged Rong's veterans and asked Cunxu to swap other troops for Fu Xi's return; Xi and his men, in fear, begged to remain.

帝令傳旨於習及別將趙仁貞、烏震等，明正文禮弑逆之罪，且言：「爾等荷戟從征，蓋君父之故，銜冤報恩，誰人無心。 Cunxu sent orders to Xi, Zhao Renzhen, and Wu Zhen, spelling out Wenli's crime and saying, "You marched for lord and father—who would not want vengeance?

於是習等率諸將三十餘人，慟哭於牙門，請討文禮。 Xi and thirty-odd officers wept at the gate and begged leave to punish Wenli.

帝因授習成德軍兵馬留後，以部下鎮、冀兵致討於文禮； Cunxu made Xi acting commander of Chengde and sent the Zhen and Ji columns against Wenli;

是月，張文禮病疽而卒，其子處瑾代掌軍事。 That month Wenli died of a boil; his son Chujin succeeded him.

發張文禮屍，磔於市。 Zhang Wenli's corpse was dug up and torn apart in the market.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 52Volume 52 Book of Later Tang 28: Biographies 4: Li Sizhao, Pei Yue, Li Siben, Li Si'en · 1 passage

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十九年，莊守親征張文禮於鎮州。 In the nineteenth year Zhuangzong led a personal campaign against Zhang Wenli at Zhen Prefecture.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 53Volume 53 Book of Later Tang 29: Biographies 5: Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian · 1 passage

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王師討張文禮於鎮州，閻寶、李嗣昭相次不利而歿。 The imperial army campaigned against Zhang Wenli at Zhenzhou. Yan Bao and Li Sizhao met defeat in turn and died.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 54Volume 54 Book of Later Tang 30: Biographies 6: Wang Rong, Wang Zhaohui, Wang Chuzhi · 5 passages

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及破梁軍於高邑，我軍大振，自是遣大將王德明率三十七都從莊宗征伐，收燕降魏，皆預其功，然鎔未嘗親軍遠出。 After the Liang army was defeated at Gaoyi our forces were greatly heartened. Thereafter the great general Wang Deming led thirty-seven commands in Zhuangzong's campaigns, sharing in the conquest of Yan and the submission of Wei, yet Rong never personally led armies far afield.

是日，令其子昭祚與張文禮以兵圍李宏規及行軍司馬李藹宅，並族誅之，詿誤者凡數十家。 That day he ordered his son Zhaozhuo and Zhang Wenli to surround the residences of Li Honggui and the campaign secretary Li Ai with troops, executed their entire clans, and implicated several dozen households by error.

文禮因其反側，密諭之曰：「王此夕將坑爾曹，宜自圖之。」 Wenli, taking advantage of their restlessness, secretly told them, "The prince intends to bury you all alive tonight. You should plan for yourselves."

軍校有張友順者，率軍人至張文禮之第，請為留後。 An army officer named Zhang Youshun led soldiers to Zhang Wenli's residence and asked that he be made acting governor.

鎔長子昭祚，亂之翌日，張文禮索之，斬於軍門。 Rong's eldest son Zhaozhuo was demanded by Zhang Wenli the day after the uprising and beheaded at the army gate.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 55Volume 55 Book of Later Tang 31: Biographies 7: Kang Junli, Xue Zhiqin, Shi Jiantang, Li Chengsi, Shi Yan, Gai Yu, Yi Guang, Li Chengxun, Shi Jingrong · 1 passage

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十八年，與閻寶討張文禮，為馬軍都將。 In the eighteenth year he joined Yan Bao in the campaign against Zhang Wenli as commander of the horse army.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 57Volume 57 Book of Later Tang 33: Biographies 9: Gao Chongtao · 1 passage

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十八年，從征張文禮於鎮州。 In the eighteenth year he accompanied the campaign against Zhang Wenli at Zhen Prefecture.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 59Volume 59 Book of Later Tang 35: Biographies 11: Ding Hui, Yan Bao, Fu Xi, Wu Zhen, Wang Zan, Yuan Xiangxian, Zhang Wen, Li Shaowen · 9 passages

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十八年，張文禮殺王鎔叛，寶帥師進討。 In the eighteenth year Zhang Wenli murdered Wang Rong and rebelled; Yan Bao marched to suppress him.

鎔為張文禮所害，時習在德勝寨，文禮上書請習等歸鎮。 When Wang Rong was murdered by Zhang Wenli, Fu Xi was at Desheng Stockade. Wenli wrote asking Xi and his officers to return to Zhao.

且張文禮乃幽、滄叛將，趙王知人不盡，過意任使，致被反噬。 Zhang Wenli was a turncoat from You and Cang. The Prince of Zhao misjudged him, trusted him too far, and was destroyed for it.

莊宗即令閻寶、史建瑭助習討文禮，乃以習為成德軍兵馬留後。 Zhuangzong at once ordered Yan Bao and Shi Jiantang to aid Fu Xi against Wenli and made Xi acting military governor of the Chengde army.

及文禮誅，將正授節鉞，習不敢當其任，辭曰：「臣緣故使未葬，又無嗣息，臣合服斬縗，候臣禮制畢聽命。」 After Wenli was killed, Zhuangzong was ready to grant Fu Xi the full commission, but Xi declined. "My late lord is still unburied and left no heir," he said. "I ought to wear the deepest mourning. When those rites are finished I will await your command."

聞張文禮弑王鎔，誌復主讎，雪泣請行。 When he heard that Zhang Wenli had murdered Wang Rong, he vowed to avenge his lord, wept aloud, and begged to march.

兵及恒陽，文禮執其母妻洎兒女十口誘之，不回，攻城日急。 When the army reached Hengyang, Wenli seized his mother, wife, and children—ten persons in all—to lure him back, but he would not turn aside, and the siege pressed harder day by day.

文禮忿之，鹹割鼻斷腕，不絕於膚，放至軍門，觀者皆不忍正視。 Wenli in his rage had them mutilated, noses cut and wrists severed, wound upon wound, then sent them to the camp gate. The onlookers could not bear to meet their eyes.

從閻寶討張文禮，為馬步軍都虞候。 He followed Yan Bao against Zhang Wenli and was made overall adjutant of the horse and foot forces.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 62Volume 62 Book of Later Tang 38: Biographies 14: Meng Fangli, Zhang Wenli, Dong Zhang · 14 passages

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張文禮，燕人也。 Zhang Wenli was a native of Yan.

鎔賞其言，給遺甚厚，因錄為義男，賜姓，名德明，由是每令將兵。 Rong was impressed, lavished gifts on him, adopted him as a son, granted him the surname and the name Deming, and thereafter regularly put him in command.

初，梁將楊師厚在魏州，文禮領趙兵三萬夜掠經、宗，因侵貝郡。 When the Liang general Yang Shihou held Weizhou, Wenli led thirty thousand Zhao troops on a night raid into Jing and Zong and pressed into Bei commandery.

文禮大掠而旋，士皆卷甲束兵，夜凱歌，行至唐店，師厚伏兵四面圍合，殺戮殆盡，文禮單騎僅免。 Wenli looted heavily and withdrew with his men singing victory songs in the night, armor bundled on their backs; at Tangdian Shihou's ambush closed on every side and slaughtered them almost to a man—Wenli alone escaped on horseback.

文禮大慚。 Wenli flushed with shame.

惟王鎔略無猜間，漸為腹心，乃以符習代其行營，以文禮為防城使，自此專伺間隙。 Wang Rong alone remained unsuspecting and drew him into his inner circle; he replaced Wenli in the field army with Fu Xi and made Wenli commissioner of city defense, after which Wenli watched only for his chance.

初，李宏規、李藹持權用事，樹立親舊，分董要職，故奸宄之心不能搖動，文禮頗深畏憚。 Earlier Li Honggui and Li Ai had held real power, placing kin and allies in every key post, so that would-be traitors could not stir—and Wenli feared them deeply.

文禮因其離心，密以奸辭激之曰：「令公命我盡坑爾曹，我念爾十餘年荷戈隨我，為家為國，我若不即殺爾，則得罪於令公； Wenli exploited their disaffection and secretly incited them: "The lord has ordered me to bury you all alive. I remember how for more than ten years you bore arms and followed me, for family and state; if I do not kill you at once, I offend the lord;

文禮徇賊帥張友順所請，因為留後，於潭城視事。 Wenli acceded to the bandit leader Zhang Youshun's request, took the title of acting governor, and administered affairs from Tancheng.

文禮比廝役小人，驟居人上，行步動息，皆不自安。 A menial who had risen overnight, Wenli could not compose himself in gait or breath.

南通朱氏，北結契丹，往往擒獲其使，莊宗遣人送還，文禮由是愈恐。 He courted the Zhu clan in the south and the Khitan in the north, often seizing their envoys until Zhuangzong returned them—which only deepened Wenli's terror.

師興，文禮病疽腹，及聞史建瑭攻下趙州，驚悸而卒。 As the campaign opened Wenli lay ill with an abdominal abscess; when he heard that Shi Jiantan had taken Zhaozhou he died of shock.

初，文禮疽未發時，舉家咸見鬼物，昏瞑之後或歌或哭，又野河色變如血，遊魚多死，浮於水上，識者知其必敗。 Before Wenli's abscess broke, his household saw apparitions; after dark there were songs and wails; the wild river turned the color of blood and fish died in shoals upon the surface—those who read omens knew he was doomed.

又發文禮之屍，磔之於市。 Wenli's corpse was exhumed and dismembered in the marketplace.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 64Volume 64 Book of Later Tang 40: Biographies 16: Hou Yanwei, Wang Yanqiu, Dai Siyuan, Zhu Hanbin, Kong Qing, Liu Qi, Zhou Zhiyu · 1 passage

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久之，莊宗討張文禮於鎮州，契丹來援，莊宗追襲契丹至幽州。 Later Emperor Zhuangzong marched against Zhang Wenli at Zhen; when the Khitan came to his aid, Emperor Zhuangzong pursued them all the way to You.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 69Volume 69 Book of Later Tang 45: Biographies 21: Zhang Xian, Wang Zhengyan, Hu Zhuang, Cui Yisun, Meng Hu, Sun Yue, Zhang Yanlang, Liu Yanhao, Liu Yanlang · 1 passage

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從討張文禮，鎮州平，授魏、博、鎮、冀十郡觀察判官，改考功郎中，兼御史中丞，權鎮州留事。 He followed the campaign against Zhang Wenli; when Zhenzhou was pacified he was appointed investigating officer for the ten prefectures of Wei, Bo, Zhen, and Ji, then promoted to director in the Bureau of Merit, made concurrent vice censor-in-chief, and given charge of Zhenzhou as acting administrator.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 71Volume 71 Book of Later Tang 47: Biographies 23: Ma Yu, Si Kongting, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Gao, Luo Guan, Chun Yuyan, Zhang Ge, Xu Ji, Zhou Xuanbao · 1 passage

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張文禮殺王鎔，時莊宗未即尊位，文禮遣馥至鄴都勸進，因留鄴下，棲遲郵舍。 After Zhang Wenli killed Wang Rong, while Zhuangzong had not yet taken the throne, Wenli sent Fu to Yedu to urge his accession; Fu stayed on there, lodging at the post station.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 121Volume 121 Book of Later Zhou 23: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 2 passages

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張文禮之亂，妃流離於外。 During Zhang Wenli's rebellion she was cast adrift in the chaos.

天祐末，趙將張文禮殺王镕，以鎮州歸梁，莊宗命將符存審討平之。 At the end of Tianyou the Zhao general Zhang Wenli killed Wang Rong and surrendered Zhenzhou to Liang; Zhuangzong sent Fu Cunshen to suppress him.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 129Volume 129 Book of Later Zhou 31: Biographies 9: Chang Si, Di Guangye, Cao Ying, Li Yanyun, Li Hui, Li Jianchong, Wang Zhongyi, Sun Hanyin, Xu Qian, Zhao Feng, Qi Cangzhen, Wang Huan, Zhang Yanchao, Zhang Ying, Liu Renshan · 1 passage

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及張文禮之亂，唐莊宗奄有其地，乃錄镕之左右，署為散指揮使。 When Zhang Wenli rebelled, Zhuangzong of Tang suddenly seized the region and enrolled Rong's attendants, appointing Ying a scattered commander.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 137Volume 137: Foreign States Biographies 1: Khitan · 2 passages

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十八年十月，鎮州大將張文禮弒其帥王镕，莊宗討之，時定州王處直與文禮合謀，遣威塞軍使王郁復引契丹為援。 In the tenth month of year eighteen the Zhenzhou general Zhang Wenli murdered his lord Wang Rong, and Emperor Zhuangzong marched to punish him. Wang Chuzhi of Dingzhou joined the plot and sent the Weisai commissioner Wang Yu to bring the Khitan in as allies again.

今吾以數萬之眾安集山東，王德明廝養小人，阿保機生長邊地，豈有退避之理，吾何面視蒼生哉！ I hold Shandong secure with tens of thousands of men. Wang Deming is a groom's lackey, and Abaoji is a frontier barbarian. Why should I retreat? How could I face the people of this land?

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 141Volume 141: Treatises 3 Five Elements · 1 passage

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唐天祐十八年二月，張文禮叛於鎮州，時野水變，其色如血，遊魚多死，浮於水上，識者知其必敗。 In the second month of the eighteenth year of Tianyou of Later Tang, Zhang Wenli rebelled at Zhen Prefecture. Wild waters turned the color of blood, fish died in great numbers and floated on the surface, and those versed in omens knew he was doomed to defeat.

History of Liao, Chapter 2Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizu 2 · 2 passages

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癸亥，李存圍鎮州，張文禮求援，命郎君迭烈、將軍康末怛往擊，敗之，殺其將李嗣昭。 On guihai day Li Cun besieged Zhenzhou; Zhang Wenli sought relief, and Langjun Dielie and General Kang Modan were dispatched against him; they routed the enemy and killed their general Li Sizhao.

五月丁未，張文禮卒，其子處瑾遣人奉表來謝。 In the fifth month, on dingwei day, Zhang Wenli died; his son Chujin sent envoys with a memorial of gratitude.

History of Liao, Chapter 74Volume 74 Biographies 4: Yelu Dila, Xiao Hendu, Kang Moji, Han Yanhui, Han Zhigu · 3 passages

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已而與他將王緘有隙，懼及難，乃省親幽州，匿故人王德明舍。 Soon he fell out with the general Wang Jian and, fearing reprisal, visited his family in Youzhou and hid with his friend Wang Deming.

德明問所適，延徽曰：「吾將復走契丹。」 Deming asked where he was headed. Yanhui said: "I mean to flee back to the Khitan."

德明不以為然。 Deming thought this unwise.

History of Liao, Chapter 75Volume 75 Biographies 5: Yelu Dilie, Yelu Duozhen, Wang Yu, Yelu Tulujiong · 1 passage

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處直料晉必討張文禮，鎮亡，則定不獨存，益自疑。 Chuzhi reckoned that Jin would surely move against Zhang Wenli; if the commandery fell, Dingzhou could not survive on its own, and his suspicions deepened.

History of Liao, Chapter 113Volume 113 Biographies 43: Rebellious Officials 2 · 1 passage

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天贊初，唐兵圍鎮州，節度使張文禮遣使告急。 Early in the Tianzan era, Tang forces besieged Zhen Prefecture, and the military commissioner Zhang Wenli sent envoys begging for relief.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 3Volume 3 Later Liang Annals 3: Later Emperors · 2 passages

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龍德元年春，趙將張文禮殺其君鎔來乞師，不許。 In spring of Longde 1, the Zhao general Zhang Wenli murdered his lord Wang Rong and requested military aid; the court refused.

文禮初為鎔養子，號王德明，此書張文禮者，從舊史。 Wenli had first been Wang Rong’s adopted son, under the name Wang Deming. The text calls him Zhang Wenli in accordance with the old history.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 5Volume 5 Later Tang Annals 2: Zhuangzong 2 · 5 passages

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趙將張文禮弒其君镕，文禮來請命。 Zhang Wenli, a Zhao officer, assassinated his prince Wang Rong and came to ask what Jin would have him do.

二月，以文禮為鎮州兵馬留後。 In the second month Wenli was named acting commander of the Zhenzhou garrison.

三月，河中節度使朱友謙、昭義軍節度使李嗣昭、橫海軍節度使李存審、義武軍節度使王處直、安國軍節度使李嗣源、鎮州兵馬留後張文禮、領天平軍節度使閻寶，大同軍節度使李存璋、振武軍節度使李存進、匡國軍節度使朱令德，請王即皇帝位，王三辭，友謙等三請，王曰：「予當思之。」 In the third month Zhu Youqian of Hezhong, Li Sizhao of Zhaoyi, Li Cunshen of Henghai, Wang Chuzhi of Yiwu, Li Siyuan of Anguo, Zhang Wenli acting at Zhenzhou, Yan Bao holding Tianping, Li Cunzhang of Datong, Li Cunjin of Zhenwu, and Zhu Lingde of Kuangguo begged the king to take the throne. He refused thrice; they pressed thrice; he said, “I will think on it.”

八月，遣趙王王镕故將符習及閻寶、史建瑭等攻張文禮於鎮州。 In the eighth month he sent Wang Rong’s old officer Fu Xi with Yan Bao, Shi Jiantang, and others against Zhang Wenli at Zhenzhou.

張文禮卒，其子處瑾閉城拒守。 Wenli died; his son Chujin barred the walls and held out.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 19Volume 19: Taizu of Later Zhou's Family · 2 passages

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熔為張文禮所殺，鎮州亂，妃亦流寓民間，後嫁里人石光輔。 When Rong was killed by Zhang Wenli and Zhen Prefecture was thrown into chaos, she too was cast adrift among the people and later married a local man, Shi Guangfu.

熔死，鎮州亂，莊宗遣幽州符存審以兵討張文禮，裨將武從諫館於妃家，見妃尚幼，憐之，而從諫家在太原，遂以妃歸，為其子婦。 After Rong's death threw Zhen Prefecture into chaos, Zhuangzong sent Fu Cunjian from Youzhou against Zhang Wenli. The subordinate commander Wu Congjian was quartered at her family's house, took pity on the girl still in her youth, and—his own family being in Taiyuan—brought her home as a daughter-in-law.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 26Volume 26 Later Tang Biographies 6: Fu Xi, Wu Zhen, Kong Qian, Zhang Yanlang, Li Yan, Li Renju, Mao Zhang · 5 passages

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晉軍德勝，張文禮弒趙王王镕，上書莊宗，求習歸趙。 After Jin’s victory at Desheng, Zhang Wenli murdered Wang Rong of Zhao and petitioned Zhuangzong to send Xi home to Zhao.

莊宗壯之，乃遣閻寶、史建瑭等助習討文禮，以習為鎮州兵馬留後。 Zhuangzong was moved. He sent Yan Bao and Shi Jiantan to help Xi crush Wenli and made Xi acting commander of Zhenzhou’s forces.

習攻文禮不克，莊宗用佗將破之。 Xi besieged Wenli without success; Zhuangzong sent other commanders and broke him.

習從莊宗於河上，而镕為張文禮所弒，震從習討文禮，而家在趙，文禮執震母妻及子十餘人以招震，震不顧。 Xi followed Zhuangzong on the river while Wenli murdered Wang Rong. Zhen marched with Xi against Wenli, but his kin were still in Zhao. Wenli seized Zhen’s mother, wife, and more than ten children to force him over. Zhen would not look.

文禮乃皆斷其手鼻，割而不誅，縱至習軍，軍中皆不忍正視。 Wenli cut off their hands and noses, maimed but did not kill them, and sent them to Xi’s camp. No soldier could meet their eyes.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 36Volume 36 Biographies of Righteous Sons 16: Li Sizhao, Li Siben, Li Si'en, Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian · 3 passages

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是時，晉遣閻寶攻張文禮於鎮州，寶為鎮人所敗，乃以嗣昭代之。 Jin had sent Yan Bao against Zhang Wenli at Zhenzhou; Zhen beat Bao, and Sizhao took his place.

晉討張文禮於鎮州，久不克，而史建瑭、閻寶、李嗣昭相次戰歿，乃以存進代嗣昭為招討使，軍於東垣渡。 Jin besieged Zhang Wenli at Zhenzhou without success; Shi Jiantang, Yan Bao, and Li Sizhao fell in turn; Cunjin replaced Sizhao as commander and camped at Dongyuan Ford.

晉軍晨出芻牧，文禮子處球以兵千餘逼存進柵，存進出戰橋上，殺處球兵殆盡，而存進亦歿於陣。 At dawn Jin herded fodder; Wenli’s son Chuchiu hit the stockade with a thousand men; Cunjin met him on the bridge, wiped out nearly all his troops, and fell in the fight.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 1 passage

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十八年，晉軍討張文禮於鎮州，以寶為招討使。 Year 18 the Jin host campaigned against Zhang Wenli at Zhen and made Bao pacification commissioner.