Zhang Qianzhao (張虔釗)

Overview

Zhang Qianzhao was a Military commissioner.

Life and dates

Death

Died of grief and anger · At Xing Prefecture 興州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 135

Attested activity

AD 934 應順元年三月丁未
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 95
AD 934 應順元年三月乙卯
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 102
AD 934 應順元年三月甲辰
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 92-93
AD 934 應順元年二月
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 79
AD 934 應順元年正月戊戌
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 46
AD 934 清泰初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 129, passage 135

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AD 934
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 65, passage 120
AD 926 三月八日夜
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 70, passage 34
AD 926 to AD 930 天成中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 113
AD 929 天成四年二月
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 5
AD 934 從珂反鳳翔
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 128
AD 946 晉開運末
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 125
AD 934 末帝之起於鳳翔
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 133
AD 895 to AD 926 武皇、莊宗之世
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 109
AD 934 潞王從珂以鳳翔反
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 36, passage 157
AD 930 to AD 933 長興中
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 118
AD 931 長興二年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 42
AD 930 長興元年三月壬午
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Child of Jian (簡)
father 父
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 108

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Inspector Grand Guardian 檢校太保
AD 930 長興元年三月壬午 · Added
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44
honorary Grand Commandant 檢校太尉
AD 934 應順元年正月戊戌 · Advanced
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 46
Fengxiang military commissioner; formerly Xuzhou military commissioner 鳳翔節度使、前徐州節度使
AD 931 長興二年 · Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 42, passage 42
Cang prefecture military commissioner 滄州節度使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 40, passage 5
Honorary Grand Preceptor 檢校太師
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 124
military governor of Cang 滄州節度使
Appointed
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 113

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military governor of Xingyuan 興元節度使
AD 934 清泰初 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 129, passage 135
Cang prefecture military commissioner 滄州節度使
AD 930 長興元年三月壬午 · Held
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44
commissioner of the Shannan West Circuit, honorary Grand Mentor, co-equal Grand Counsellor 山南西道節度使、檢校太傅、同平章事
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 46
commissioner of Xingyuan 興元節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 93
military governor of Shannan West Circuit 山南西道節度使
Held
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 118
Xu prefecture military commissioner 徐州節度使
AD 930 長興元年三月壬午 · Transferred to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44

Places and affiliations

AD 934 清泰初
Polity Shu 蜀 · Relation Submitted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 129, passage 135
Shu 蜀
Relation Defected to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 134
Polity Later Shu 後蜀 · Relation Submitted to
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 120
Polity Later Tang 後唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44; Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passages 46, 93; Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 109
At Liao Prefecture 遼州
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 105
At Yushe in Liao Prefecture 遼州榆社 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Annals of the Nine States 九國志
Textual variant · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 107

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AD 930 長興元年三月壬午
At Cang prefecture 滄州 · Relation Posted from
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44
AD 930 長興元年三月壬午
At Xu prefecture 徐州 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44
At Xingyuan 興元 · Relation Based in
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passage 133
At Xingyuan 興元 · Relation Posted at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 128

Events and relationships

Advanced to recover Dasan Pass
AD 934 應順元年三月乙卯 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 102
Defeated
AD 934 清泰初 · Military · Commander · At Qi 岐下 · Outcome Submitted Xingyuan west to Shu
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 129, passage 135
Defected
Military · Commander · With Li Congke (從珂) · At Xingyuan 興元
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 27, passage 128
Joined campaign against Fengxiang
AD 934 應順元年三月甲辰 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 45, passage 93
Joined then surrendered to Shu
AD 934 末帝之起於鳳翔 · Military · Commander · With Hanshao (漢韶)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 53, passages 133-134
Mutinied against
Military · Commander · At Fengxiang 鳳翔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 33, passage 79

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Submitted to Shu
Defection · Defector · With Meng Zhixiang (孟知祥)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 120
Transferred from Cang to Xu with added Inspector Grand Guardian
AD 930 長興元年三月壬午 · Political · Appointee
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44

Assessments and attributes

Assessment deserves pity among rebels for fleeing to preserve life · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 74, passage 153

Source notes

Value historical
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 44

References in the histories

Search passages

History

33 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 40Volume 40 Book of Later Tang 16: Mingzong Annals 6 · 1 passage

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以北面行營兵馬都監、鄭州防禦使張虔釗為滄州節度使； and Zhang Qianzhao, northern campaign army supervisor and defense commissioner of Zhengzhou, became military governor of Cangzhou;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 41Volume 41 Book of Later Tang 17: Mingzong Annals 7 · 1 passage

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滄州節度使張虔釗移鎮徐州，加檢校太保。 and Zhang Qianzhao of Cang moved to Xu with inspector grand guardian rank.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 42Volume 42 Book of Later Tang 18: Mingzong Annals 8 · 1 passage

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己亥，以前徐州節度使張虔釗為鳳翔節度使。 On jihai Zhang Qianzhao of Xuzhou became Fengxiang commissioner.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 45Volume 45 Book of Later Tang 21: Emperor Min Annals 1 · 4 passages

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戊戌，山南西道節度使、檢校太傅、同平章事張虔釗，襄州節度使趙在禮，並加檢校太尉。 On wuxu Zhang Qianzhao, commissioner of the Shannan West Circuit, honorary Grand Mentor, and co-equal Grand Counsellor, and Zhao Zaili, commissioner of Xiangzhou, were both advanced honorary Grand Commandant.

興元節度使張虔釗奏，會合討鳳翔。 Zhang Qianzhao, commissioner of Xingyuan, reported that he would join the campaign against Fengxiang.

丁未，洋州孫漢韶奏，至興元與張虔釗同議進軍。 On dingwei Sun Hanshao of Yangzhou reported that he had reached Xingyuan and agreed with Zhang Qianzhao on advancing the army.

乙卯，興元張虔釗奏，自鎮將兵赴鳳翔，收大散關。 On yimao Zhang Qianzhao of Xingyuan reported that he would lead troops from his commission to Fengxiang and recover Dasan Pass.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 53Volume 53 Book of Later Tang 29: Biographies 5: Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian · 2 passages

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末帝之起於鳳翔也，漢韶與興元張虔釗各帥部兵會王師於岐山下，及西師俱叛，漢韶逃歸本鎮。 When the Last Emperor rose at Fengxiang, Hanshao and Zhang Qianzhao of Xingyuan each led their troops to join the imperial army at the foot of Mount Qi. When the western armies mutinied, Hanshao fled back to his post.

聞末帝即位，心不自安，乃與張虔釗各舉其城送款於蜀。 Learning that the Last Emperor had taken the throne, he grew uneasy. He and Zhang Qianzhao each surrendered their cities to Shu.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 65Volume 65 Book of Later Tang 41: Biographies 17: Li Jianji, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong · 2 passages

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三月十四日，與張虔釗會於岐下，梯衝大集。 On the fourteenth of the third month he joined Zhang Qianjie below Qi; siege ladders and rams crowded the field.

張虔釗性褊，詰旦，西南用軍，與都監皆血刃以督軍士，軍士齊詬，反攻虔釗，虔釗躍馬避之。 Zhang Qianjie was hot-tempered. At dawn he threw troops at the southwest corner and, with every inspector, drew steel to drive the men forward. The soldiers cursed him in chorus and turned on him; he spurred his horse away.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 70Volume 70 Book of Later Tang 46: Biographies 22: Yuan Xingqin, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Li Yan, Li Renju, Kang Sili, Zhang Jingda · 1 passage

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明宗密令張虔釗至行欽營，戒之曰：「且堅壁勿動，計會同殺亂軍，莫錯疑誤。」 Mingzong secretly sent Zhang Qianzhao to Xingqin's camp with this warning: "Hold your position and do not move yet. We mean to strike the mutineers together—do not misread this and turn on us."

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 74Volume 74 Book of Later Tang 50: Biographies 126: Kang Yanxiao, Zhu Shouyin, Yang Li, Dou Tingwan, Zhang Qianzhao, Yang Yanwen · 16 passages

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張虔釗，遼州人也。 Zhang Qianzhao was a native of Liao Prefecture.

〈（《九國志》云：虔釗，遼州榆社人。 (According to the Annals of the Nine States: Qianzhao was from Yushe in Liao Prefecture.

〈（《九國志》：莊宗嘗以偏師取鎮陽，命虔釗率騎為先鋒，屢挫賊銳，遂陷其城。）〉 (According to the Annals of the Nine States: Zhuangzong once took Zhenyang with a detached column and made Qianzhao lead the cavalry vanguard. Qianzhao repeatedly broke the enemy's best troops and finally captured the city.)〉

明宗素聞虔釗有將帥才，及即位，擢為護駕親軍都指揮使，領春州刺史。 Mingzong had long heard of Qianzhao's gifts as a commander. When he took the throne he made Qianzhao chief commander of the imperial guard and prefect of Chun.

〈（《北夢瑣言》：虔釗鎮滄州日，因亢旱民饑，發廩賑之，方上聞，帝甚嘉獎。 (According to Miscellaneous Tales from Northern Dreams: While Qianzhao governed Cang, a severe drought brought famine. He opened the granaries to feed the people. When the report reached court, the emperor praised him warmly.

及末帝起於鳳翔，閔帝詔令虔釗帥部兵會王師於岐下。 When the Last Emperor rose at Fengxiang, Emperor Min ordered Qianzhao to lead his troops and join the imperial army at Qi.

洎西師俱變，虔釗憤惋，退歸興元，因與洋州節度使孫漢韶俱送款於蜀。 When the western armies all turned, Qianzhao withdrew to Xingyuan in anger and grief. He and Sun Hanzhao, military governor of Yang, then both submitted to Shu.

孟知祥待之尤厚，偽授本鎮節度使，俾知祥坐獲山南之地，由虔釗之故也。 Meng Zhixiang treated him with exceptional generosity and invested him as military governor of his former circuit. It was largely through Qianzhao that Zhixiang gained the lands of Shannan without a fight.

孟昶嗣偽位，加檢校太師、兼中書令。 When Meng Chang succeeded to the Shu throne, Qianzhao was made Honorary Grand Preceptor and Concurrent Director of the Secretariat.

晉開運末，蜀人聞契丹入洛，令虔釗率眾數萬，將寇秦、雍。 Late in the Kaiyun era of Jin, when Shu heard that the Khitan had entered Luoyang, Chang ordered Qianzhao to lead tens of thousands against Qin and Yong.

俄聞漢高祖已定中原，虔釗無功而退。 Soon word came that Emperor Gaozu of Han had secured the Central Plains, and Qianzhao withdrew without accomplishing anything.

會晉昌軍節度使趙匡讚、鳳翔節度使侯益俱謀歸蜀，遂以虔釗為北面行營招討使，應接經營。 When Zhao Kuangzan of Jinchang and Hou Yi of Fengxiang both plotted to defect to Shu, Qianzhao was made northern-campaign pacification commissioner to coordinate the effort.

俄而趙匡讚、侯益請昶出師，掠定三秦，因命虔釗與韓保貞等總師五萬出散關，雄武軍節度使何重建出隴右，奉鑾肅衛都虞候李廷珪出子午穀，會於雍州。 Soon Zhao and Hou urged Chang to march and seize the Three Qin. Chang ordered Qianzhao and Han Baozhen to lead fifty thousand men through San Pass, He Chongjian of Xiongwu to advance through Longyou, and Li Tinggui of the Imperial Escort to march through Ziwu Valley. All were to converge on Yong.

時虔釗、福誠、保貞師次陳倉，謀不相葉，而侯益聞匡讚已去，廷珪班師，亦誠款中變，閉壘不出。 By then Qianzhao, Fucheng, and Baozhen had halted at Chencang and could not agree among themselves. Hou Yi heard that Kuangzan was gone and Tinggui had withdrawn, changed his mind about submitting, and shut himself behind his walls.

司天監趙廷樞累以雲氣不利為諷，保貞乃與福誠率所部取隴州道，會重建歸蜀，虔釗留寶雞，以勢孤不可深入，遂班師。）〉 The director of the Astronomical Bureau, Zhao Tingshu, repeatedly warned that the omens were unfavorable. Baozhen and Fucheng then led their men toward Long Prefecture. When He Chongjian returned to Shu, Qianzhao held Baoji but, finding his force too isolated to advance, withdrew.)〉

唯虔釗因避地以偷生，彥溫乃為人之所嗾，比諸叛臣，亦可矜也。 Only Qianzhao, who fled to preserve his life, and Yanwen, who was driven by others, deserve some pity when set beside the other rebels in this chapter.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 129Volume 129 Book of Later Zhou 31: Biographies 9: Chang Si, Di Guangye, Cao Ying, Li Yanyun, Li Hui, Li Jianchong, Wang Zhongyi, Sun Hanyin, Xu Qian, Zhao Feng, Qi Cangzhen, Wang Huan, Zhang Yanchao, Zhang Ying, Liu Renshan · 1 passage

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清泰初，興元節度使張虔釗失律於岐下，遂以其地西臣於蜀，漢英兄漢韶，時為洋州節度使，因茲阻隔，亦送款於蜀，由是漢英與弟漢筠久之不調。 In Qingtai year one Zhang Qianzhao of Xingyuan lost at Qi and submitted that territory west to Shu; Hanyin's elder brother Hanshao, then military governor of Yang, was cut off and also submitted to Shu; Hanyin and his younger brother Hanjun long went without promotion.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 27Volume 27 Later Tang Biographies 7: Zhu Hongzhao, Liu Yanlang, Kang Sili, Kang Yicheng, Yao Yanchou · 2 passages

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潞王從珂反鳳翔，王思同率諸鎮兵圍之，興元張虔釗兵叛降從珂，思同走，諸鎮兵皆潰。 Congke rebelled at Fengxiang. Wang Sitong besieged him with allied hosts. Zhang Qianzhao of Xingyuan defected; Sitong fled and the coalition broke.

不如以見兵守京師以自固，彼雖幸勝，特得虔釗一軍耳。 Hold the capital with the men here. If they win, it is only Zhang Qianzhao’s host.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 33Volume 33 Biographies of Martyrs to Service 13: Zhang Yuande, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Wang Sitong, Zhang Jingda, Di Jinzong, Shen Bin, Wang Qing, Shi Yanchao, Sun Cheng · 1 passage

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興元張虔釗攻城西，督戰甚急，士卒苦之，反兵攻虔釗，虔釗走。 Zhang Qianzhao of Xingyuan stormed the west wall so hard the men mutinied and drove him off.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 36Volume 36 Biographies of Righteous Sons 16: Li Sizhao, Li Siben, Li Si'en, Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian · 1 passage

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潞王從珂以鳳翔反，漢韶與張虔釗會唐軍討之，唐軍皆降於從珂，獨漢韶與虔釗軍不降，俱奔於蜀。 When Prince of Lu Congke rose at Fengxiang, Han Shao and Zhang Qianzhao marched with Tang to crush him; every Tang army turned to Congke—only theirs held out, then both fled to Shu.