Emperor Shun (帝舜) | 24 Histories

Overview

Emperor Shun was a Legendary sage ruler of Chinese antiquity.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal name	Yu Shun	虞舜	Yu Shun
Courtesy name	Chonghua	重華	Chonghua
Regnal name	Yu	虞

Life and dates

Age

20
As of when famed for filial piety
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 167
30
As of when Yao sought officials
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 168

Attested activity

堯舜之用心
Directly stated · Book of Han 89, passage 26
昔者虞舜窘於井廩
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 9
虞舜
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 68, passage 133
黃帝、堯、舜垂衣裳而天下治
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 131, passage 8
legendary antiquity
Directly stated · Book of Chen 2, passages 6, 10; Book of Han 22, passages 3, 13; Book of Han 98, passage 39; Book of Later Han 30, passage 275; Book of Later Han 32, passage 56; Book of Later Han 33, passage 223; Book of Later Han 37, passage 91; Book of Later Han 108, passage 117; History of Jin 32, passage 12; History of Jin 35, passage 24; Book of Jin 128, passages 61, 106; History of Liao 40, passage 3; History of Liao 44, passage 31; History of Liao 58, passage 10; History of Liao 111, passage 70; History of Liao 117, passage 33; History of Ming 66, passage 108; Book of Southern Qi 33, passage 205; Book of Southern Qi 60, passages 8-9; Draft History of Qing 120, passage 14; Records of the Three Kingdoms 34, passage 73; Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 102; Records of the Grand Historian 13, passage 265; Records of the Grand Historian 61, passages 3, 32; Records of the Grand Historian 84, passage 105; Records of the Grand Historian 120, passage 30; Book of Sui 5, passage 49; New Book of Tang 178, passage 77; New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 9; New History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 1; History of Yuan 171, passage 110; Book of Zhou 3, passage 12; Book of Zhou 4, passage 59; Book of Zhou 26, passage 101
legendary antiquity
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 353, passage 126; History of Song 497, passage 41; Book of Wei 27, passage 189

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c. BC 2300 to c. BC 2200 舜
Strongly inferred · Book of Han 70, passage 126

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Ancestor of Hu Gong Man (胡公滿)
descendant 之後
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 13, passage 113
Child of Gusou (瞽叟)
father 父
fathered 生 · paternal line
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 9; Records of the Grand Historian 13, passage 269
Child of Gu Sou (瞽叟)
father 父
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 155, 157
Parent of Son of Shun (舜子)
father 父
son 子
Sources vary in certainty · Book of Chen 2, passage 44
Spouse of Elder daughter of Yao (堯長女)
married to 妻 · Marriage
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 108, 169
Spouse of Younger daughter of Yao (堯次女)
married to 妻 · Marriage
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 108, 169
Child of Birth mother of Shun (舜生母)
mother 母
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 157
Kin of Yao (尧)
yielded to 让与
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 108, passage 117
Sibling of Xiang (象)
younger brother 弟 · Paternal half siblings
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 106, 157

Kinship Role stern father · Count 0 · Negated true
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 33, passage 205

Key source chapters

Career and standing

sage-king who danced with shields and axes 舞幹之聖王
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 77
tested in office 試之於位
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 3
Appointed
Regent · Authority Emperor Yao (帝堯)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 119, 143
Emperor Shun 帝舜
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 153

Places and affiliations

Polity Yu (legendary) 虞 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 77
At Ji region 冀州
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 161

Works and attributed material

Saying · Speaker · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Speaker Zhao Liang (趙良)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 68, passage 133
When the four seas are impoverished, Heaven's mandate is cut off forever. 四海困窮，天祿永終
Speech · Speaker · With Yu the Great (大禹) · Direct quotation · Mode named-source-report Speaker Emperor Shun (帝舜)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 120, passage 14
Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 153, 189, 213, 215-216, 218-223, 226, 230, 232-233, 235-236, 238, 240, 243-245
Speech · Subject of speech · Speaker Wang Tong (王通)
Directly stated · History of Liao 58, passage 10

Events and relationships

Accepted good counsel
Political · Ruler · With Yu the Great (大禹), Hou Ji (后稷), Xie (禼)
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 13
Aided
Political · Minister · With Yao (堯)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passage 223
Became himself without a stern father
Moral exemplum · Subject
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 33, passage 205
Charged
Political · Speaker · With Yu the Great (大禹)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 120, passage 14
his age was cited as the origin of the twelve-emblem robe system 自黃、虞以來
Later reference · Historical exemplar · Cited as precedent
Directly stated · History of Ming 66, passage 108
Danced with shields and axes as civilizing model
Ritual · Exemplar
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 77

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Divided territory
Administrative · Ruler · At Youzhou 幽州
Directly stated · History of Liao 40, passage 3
Established spare commands and complete laws as the foundation of governing
Political · Ruler
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 60, passage 9
Executed
Legal · Ruler · With Gun (鮌), Huan Dou (讙兜)
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 13
Exiled
Legal · Authority · With Gonggong (共工)
Directly stated · History of Liao 111, passage 70
Held duties decades then received administration
Political · Heir designate · With Emperor Yao (帝堯)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 3
Let robes hang down and realm governed
Cultural · Ruler
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 131, passage 8
Received charge
Political · Addressee · With Emperor Yao (帝堯)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 120, passage 14
Survived granary fire
Personal · Victim · With Gu Sou (瞽叟)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 178-179
Survived well burial
Personal · Victim · With Gu Sou (瞽叟)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 180-181
Trapped in well and granary
Personal · Victim
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 124, passage 9
Yielded toward Xia
Political · Exemplar
Directly stated · Book of Chen 2, passage 10
Relation Successor of · Person Emperor Yao (帝堯)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 3
Relation Instructor of · Person Yu the Great (大禹)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 120, passage 14
Relation Predecessor of · Person Yu the Great (大禹)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 3
Relation Appointing superior of · Person Gao Yao (皋陶)
Directly stated · Book of Jin 128, passage 61
Relation Minister of · Person Yao (堯)
Directly stated · Book of Later Han 33, passage 223

Assessments and attributes

Assessment dancing with shields and axes surpasses what Shuzi makes his task · Mode speaker-judgment Speaker Liu Fen (劉蕡)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 77
Assessment filial and able to harmonize a wicked household · Mode named-speaker Speaker Emperor Yao (帝堯)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 106
Assessment highest wisdom: can join in good but not in evil · Mode named-source-report Source Work the Tradition 傳
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passages 13-14
possessed a divine nature and subtle virtue
Character
Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 60, passage 8
Item sighting instrument 璣 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · History of Liao 44, passage 31

Source notes

Historicity legendary
Directly stated · Book of Chen 2, passage 6; Book of Later Han 30, passage 275; Book of Later Han 33, passage 223; Book of Later Han 108, passage 117; History of Jin 35, passage 24; Book of Jin 128, passages 61, 106; History of Liao 40, passage 3; History of Liao 44, passage 31; History of Liao 58, passage 10; History of Liao 111, passage 70; History of Liao 117, passage 33; Book of Southern Qi 33, passage 205; Draft History of Qing 120, passage 14; Records of the Grand Historian 1, passage 102; Records of the Grand Historian 61, passage 3; History of Song 497, passage 41; Book of Sui 5, passage 49; New History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 9; New History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 1
Value legendary
Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 3; New Book of Tang 178, passage 77
From Chonghua 重華 · To Emperor Shun 帝舜
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 1, passages 153-154

References in the histories

Search passages

History

151 passages

Book of Chen, Chapter 2Volume 2: Emperor Wu 2 · 3 passages

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放勛、重華之世，咸無意於受終，當塗、典午之君，雖有心於揖讓，皆以英才處萬乘，高勳御四海，故能大庇黔首，光宅區縣。 Yao and Shun took the throne without seeking it; the rulers of Wei and Jin, though they spoke of abdication, still set men of rare talent upon the throne and men of towering merit at the helm of the realm—thus they sheltered the people and brought order to the land.

既而煙雲表色，日月呈瑞，緯聚東井，龍見譙邦，除舊布新，既彰玄象，遷虞事夏，且協謳訟，[2]九域八荒，同布衷款，百神群祀，皆有誠願。 Then clouds and mist took auspicious hues; sun and moon showed signs; stars clustered at the Eastern Well; a dragon was seen in Qiao. The old order gave way to the new, and Heaven's signs were plain; as in the transfer from Shun to Yu, the people's acclaim agreed. [2] Within the nine provinces and beyond the eight directions, loyal petitions poured in; every spirit and rite was offered in earnest devotion.

梁氏以天祿斯改，期運永終，欽若唐、虞，推其鼎玉，朕東西退讓，拜手陳辭，避舜子於箕山之陽，求支伯於滄洲之野，而公卿敦逼，率土翹惶，天命難稽，遂享嘉祚。 The House of Liang, its mandate spent, its turn complete—like Tang and Yu they offered up the regalia. We yielded east and west, bowed with joined hands and pleaded our case, hiding like Shun's son on Mount Ji's sunny slope, seeking Zhibo on Cangzhou's wilds—but ministers pressed us and the realm looked up in dread. Heaven's mandate would not wait; thus We received the glorious throne.

Book of Han, Chapter 22Volume 20: Prominent People from the Past Until the Present · 2 passages

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自書契之作，先民可得而聞者，經傳所稱，唐虞以上，帝王有號謚。 From the time writing first appeared, what the classics and commentaries preserve about the earliest ages is that rulers from the era of Yao and Shun and earlier were remembered with formal titles and posthumous names.

傳曰：譬如堯舜，禹、稷、禼與之為善則行，鮌、讙兜欲與為惡則誅。 As the Tradition says: take Yao and Shun. When Yu, Ji, and Xie joined them in doing what was right, it was carried out; when Gun and Huan Dou sought to join them in wrongdoing, they were executed.

Book of Han, Chapter 70Volume 60: Du Zhou · 1 passage

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如此，即堯、舜不足與比隆，咎異何足消滅？ Do this, and you will surpass even Yao and Shun—what omen could stand against you?

Book of Han, Chapter 76Volume 65: Dongfang Shuo · 4 passages

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陛下富於春秋，方積思於《六經》，留神於王事，馳騖於唐、虞，折節於三代，偃不遵經勸學，反以靡麗為右，奢侈為務，盡狗馬之樂，極耳目之欲，行邪枉之道，逕淫辟之路，是乃國家之大賊，人主之大蜮。 Your Majesty is young and should steep yourself in the Six Classics and the models of Yao, Shun, and the Three Dynasties; instead Dong Yan spurns learning, exalts luxury, fills your days with dogs, horses, and sensual delight, and leads you down depraved paths—he is a public scourge and a parasite on the throne.

朔對曰：「堯、舜、禹、湯、文、武、成、康上古之事，經歷數千載，尚難言也，臣不敢陳。 Shuo answered, "The deeds of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang lie so far back in time that even after millennia they are hard to discuss clearly; I would not presume to rehearse them here.

陛下誠能用臣朔之計，推甲乙之帳燔之於四通之衢，卻走馬示不復用，則堯、舜之隆宜可與比治矣。 If Your Majesty would truly adopt my plan — haul those ranked curtains into the open crossroads and burn them, retire the racehorses and show the realm they will not be raced again — then Your government might stand comparison with the golden ages of Yao and Shun.

朔對曰：「自唐、虞之隆，成、康之際，未足以諭當世。 Shuo answered, "Not even the heights of Yao and Shun's age, nor the peace of King Cheng and King Kang, gives us a fair yardstick for today.

Book of Han, Chapter 88Volume 77: Gai, Zhuge, Liu, Zheng, Sun, Wujiang and He · 1 passage

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公卿以下見陛下進用輔亟，而折傷之暴，人有懼心，精銳銷耎，莫敢盡節正言，非所以昭有虞之聽，廣德美之風也。 They warned that silencing Liu Fu would teach every official to hold his tongue.

Book of Han, Chapter 89Volume 78: Xiao Wangzhi · 2 passages

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今陛下以聖德居位，思政求賢，堯舜之用心也。 Your Majesty now rules with sage virtue, seeks good government and worthy men—the mind of Yao and Shun.

陛下布德施教，教化既成，堯、舜亡以加也。 Your virtue and teaching have already wrought a transformation Yao and Shun could not surpass.

Book of Han, Chapter 94Volume 83: Xue Xuan and Zhu Bo · 2 passages

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虞帝之明，在茲一舉，可不致詳！ Even Shun's wisdom turned on a single appointment—how can you be less than meticulous?

且持此道歸，堯、舜君出，為陳說之。」 Take that sermon home and save it for the day Yao and Shun walk the earth again."

Book of Han, Chapter 96Volume 85: Gu Yong and Du Ye · 1 passage

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昔舜飭正二女，以崇至德； Shun disciplined his two royal brides to perfect his virtue;

Book of Han, Chapter 98Volume 87a: Yang Xiong 1 · 8 passages

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橫江、湘以南水往兮，雲走乎彼蒼吾，馳江潭之泛溢兮，將折衷乎重華。 South of the Yangzi and Xiang I ride the flood; clouds race under the blue vault; I speed the river's swells to seek judgment from Shun the double-pupiled.

舒中情之煩或兮，恐重華之不累與，陵陽侯之素波兮，豈吾累之獨見許？ I pour out my troubled heart, yet fear Shun will not heed me; I ride the pale waves of the river god— would he single me out for trust?

宮外近則洪崖、旁皇、儲胥、弩阹，遠則石關、封巒、枝鵲、露寒、棠梨、師得，遊觀屈奇瑰瑋，非木摩而不雕，牆塗而不畫，周宣所考，般庚所遷，夏卑宮室，唐、虞棌椽三等之制也。 Nearby stood Hongya, Panhuang, and the rest; farther off Stone Pass, Seal Peak, and other lodges— marvels of touring architecture, yet meant to recall King Xuan's scrutiny, Pan Geng's migration, Xia's humble halls, and the three grades of unadorned rafters of Tang and Yu.

既祭，行遊介山，回安邑，顧龍門，覽鹽池，登歷觀，陟西嶽以望八荒，跡殷、周之虛，眇然以思唐、虞之風。 Afterward they toured Mount Jie, Anyi, Dragon Gate, the salt ponds, and the western peak, scanning the eight directions and pondering the vanished manners of Yao and Shun.

樂往昔之遺風兮，喜虞氏之所耕。 They savor the ancient wind; they joy in the soil Shun once tilled.

雖頗割其三垂以贍齊民，然至羽獵、田車、戎馬、器械、儲偫、禁御所營，尚泰奢麗誇詡，非堯、舜、成湯、文王三驅之意也。 Some outer parkland was cut back for the people, yet the hunt itself—chariots, horses, gear—still swaggered in luxury, far from the restrained three-sided chase of the sages.

浮彭蠡，目有虞，方椎夜光之流離，剖明月之珠胎，鞭洛水之虙妃，餉屈原與彭胥。 They float across Lake Pengli and gaze toward Youyu; they hammer night-shining crystal, split the wombs of moon-bright pearls, whip Lady Fu of the Luo, and offer a feast to Qu Yuan, Peng Xian, and Wu Zixu.

群公常伯楊硃、墨翟之徒喟然稱曰：「崇哉乎德，雖有唐、虞、大廈、成周之隆，何以侈茲！ The assembled lords and ministers, Yang Zhu, Mozi, and their like, sighed and said, "How lofty is this virtue! Though Yao and Shun had their glory, and though the Great Hall of Xia and flourishing Zhou rose so high, how could they surpass this!

Book of Later Han, Chapter 30Volume 27: Biographies of Xuan, Zang, Two Wangs, Du, Guo, Wu, Cheng, Zheng, Zhao · 1 passage

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時，帝欲廣開鴻池，典諫曰：『鴻池泛溉，已且百頃，猶復增而深之，非所以崇唐、虞之約己，遵孝之愛人也。』 When the emperor planned to enlarge Hong Pool, Zhao Dian urged: 'It already floods nearly a hundred qing; to dig it wider and deeper is no way to honor the self-restraint of Yao and Shun or to show the humane care expected of a filial ruler.'

Book of Later Han, Chapter 32Volume 28b: Biography of Feng Yan · 4 passages

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欣吾黨之唐、虞兮，湣吾生之愁勤； I exult in the days of Tang and Yu; I pity this anxious life I lead;

臯陶釣於雷澤兮，賴虞舜而後親。 Gao Yao angled in Lei Marsh until Shun raised him up.

堯、舜煥其蕩蕩兮，禹承平而革命。 Yao and Shun shone with effortless breadth; Yu took a settled age and forged a new mandate.

思唐、虞之晏晏兮，揖稷、契與為朋； I dwell on the calm of Yao and Shun's age and would take Hou Ji and Xie as my companions;

Book of Later Han, Chapter 33Volume 29: Biographies of Shentu Gang; Bao Yong; Zhi Yun · 3 passages

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惲乃免寇謝曰：『昔虞舜輔堯，四罪鹹服，讒言弗庸，孔任不行，故能作股肱，帝用有歌。 Yun bowed: "When Shun aided Yao the Four Evils fell; slander failed and bad appointments ceased—then ministers became true limbs and the emperor had cause to sing.

將為巢、許，而父老堯、舜乎？』 Or hide like Chaofu and Xu You while I serve Yao and Shun?"

初從生步重華於南野，謂來歸為松子，今幸得全軀樹類，還奉墳墓，盡學問道，雖不從政，施之有政，是亦為政也。 Long ago I walked with Shun in the southern wastes and dreamed of becoming the immortal Chisongzi; now I am content to keep this body, tend my parents' graves, and study—though I hold no office, teaching is also ruling.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 37Volume 32: Biographies of Fan Hong; Yin Shi · 1 passage

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故雖大舜聖德，孳孳為善； Even Shun, for all his sagely virtue, strove endlessly for goodness;

Book of Later Han, Chapter 108Volume 97: Rituals and Worship Part One · 1 passage

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昔在帝尧，聪明密微，让与舜庶，后裔握机。 Formerly under Emperor Yao, intelligence was subtle and profound; he yielded to Shun the common people, and his descendants grasped the pivot.

Book of Later Han, Chapter 131Volume 120: Treatise on Carriages and Dress, Part Two · 1 passage

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黃帝、堯、舜垂衣裳而天下治，蓋取諸乾巛。 The Yellow Emperor, Yao, and Shun are said to have “let robe and skirt fall straight,” and good government followed—an image drawn, tradition holds, from the trigrams Qian and Kun.

History of Jin, Chapter 32Volume 32 Treatises 13: Rites 5: Conferring of Posthumous Titles · 1 passage

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虞舜生馮，遷于負夏，太王避狄，邑此岐山，聖姥來歸，天原肇發。 As when Shun was born at Feng and moved to Fuxia, or when King Tai fled the Di and settled at Mount Qi—when the Holy Matriarch came into the clan, the heavenly origin of the house first unfolded.

History of Jin, Chapter 35Volume 35 Treatises 16: Rites 8: Consecration of Shrines to a Sages; Temple to the Warrior King Cheng of Zhou; Monarchs of Past Ages; Halls to Various Spirits in Changbai Shan, Dafang Shan, Amur River, Jia Yin Hou; Spirits of the Lu River; Spirits of Zhao Yin Shun; Spirits of Zhen an Gong, Rui Shen Gongl; Worshipping, Sacrifices, Vists, and State Ceremonies at Zhen Xian Jun Wang Temple · 3 passages

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奠幣，姑洗宮《和甯之曲》，辭曰：「天生聖人，賢于堯舜。 For the presentation of silks, the "Song of Harmonious Peace" in the Guxian mode was sung; its words run: "Heaven gave birth to a sage more worthy than Yao and Shun.

三年一祭，于仲春之月祭伏犧于陳州，神農於亳州，軒轅於坊州，少昊於兗州，顓頊於開州，高辛於歸德府，陶唐於平陽府，虞舜、夏禹、成湯於河中府，周文王、武王於京兆府。 Sacrifices were held once every three years: in mid-spring Fuxi was honored at Chen Prefecture, Shennong at Bozhou, the Yellow Emperor at Fang Prefecture, Shaohao at Yan Prefecture, Zhuanxu at Kai Prefecture, Gaoxin at Guide Prefecture, Emperor Yao at Pingyang Prefecture, Shun, Yu, and Tang at Hezhong Prefecture, and Kings Wen and Wu of Zhou at Jingzhao Prefecture.

泰和三年、尚書省奏：「太常寺言：'《開元禮》祭帝嚳、堯、舜、禹、湯、文、武、漢祖祝版請禦署。 In Taihe 3 the Secretariat memorialized: "The Court of Imperial Sacrifices reports that under the Kaiyuan Rites, prayer boards for sacrifices to Di Ku, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Kings Wen and Wu, and the Han Founder require imperial endorsement.

Book of Jin, Chapter 128Volume 128 Records 28: Murong Chao · 2 passages

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且虞舜大聖，猶命咎繇作士，刑之不可已已也如是！ “Even Shun set Gao Yao over justice—punishment is inescapable.”

範曰：「雖由大小之義，亦緣寡君純孝過於重華，願陛下體敬親之道，霈然垂湣。」 Fan said: “Though the meaning of great and small is involved, it is also because our poor ruler’s pure filial piety surpasses Shun’s; I hope Your Majesty will embody reverence for kin and pour forth pity.”

History of Liao, Chapter 40Volume 40 Treatises 10: Geography 4 · 1 passage

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高陽氏謂之幽陵，陶唐曰幽都，有虞析為幽州。 The Gaoyang clan called it Youling; Yao called it Youdu; Shun carved out Youzhou.

History of Liao, Chapter 44Volume 44 Treatises 14: Celestial Phenomena 3 · 1 passage

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天文之變，六合之表可以仰觀，有虞之璣是矣。 The shifting heavens across the four quarters could be viewed directly—such was the sighting instrument of the age of Shun.

History of Liao, Chapter 58Volume 58 Treatises 28: Ceremonial Guards 4 · 1 passage

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王通氏言，舜歲遍四嶽，民不告勞，營衛省、征求寡耳。 Wang Tong observed that even when Emperor Shun toured the four sacred peaks every year, the people did not complain of exhaustion, because his camp guards were few and his levies light.

History of Liao, Chapter 111Volume 111 Biographies 41: Treacherous Ministers 2 · 1 passage

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論曰：舜流共工，孔子誅少正卯，治奸之法嚴矣。 The commentary says: Shun exiled Gong Gong, and Confucius executed Shaozheng Mao—the standards for dealing with traitors were severe indeed.

History of Liao, Chapter 117Appendix: History of the Liao Table · 1 passage

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若舜好問，而浚哲冠倫。 like Shun in his love of inquiry, yet profound in wisdom and unmatched among men.

History of Ming, Chapter 66Volume 66 Treatises 42: Carriages and Clothing 2 · 1 passage

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於是楊一清等詳議：「袞冕之服，自黃、虞以來，玄衣黃裳，為十二章。 Thereupon Yang Yiqing and others submitted a detailed memorial: "From the age of the Yellow Emperor and Shun onward, the sacrificial crown and robe consisted of a dark upper garment and yellow skirt bearing twelve emblems.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 33Volume 33 Biographies 14: Wang Sengqian, Zhang Xu · 1 passage

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然重華無嚴父，放勳無令子，亦各由己耳。 Yet Shun had no stern father, and Yao had no worthy son—each came to it by his own path.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 60Preface · 1 passage

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昔者，唐虞有神明之性，有微妙之德，使由之者不能知，知之者不能名。 In antiquity Tang and Yu possessed a divine nature and subtle virtue: those who followed them could not fully grasp it, and those who grasped it could not put it into words.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 120Volume 120 Treatises 95: Food and Money 1, Households and Land System · 1 passage

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夫以唐、虞治平之世，而其告舜、禹也，諄諄以「四海困窮，天祿永終」為戒。 Even in the golden age of Yao and Shun, their charge to Shun and Yu rang with one warning: "When the four seas are impoverished, Heaven's mandate is cut off forever."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 353Volume 353 Biographies 140: Da Chun | Son: Sa Bin Tu, Tie Bao Younger Brother: Yu Bao, He Ying, Jue Luo Gui Fang · 2 passages

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昔孔子論仁至於濟眾，論敬至於安百姓，皆曰：'堯、舜其猶病諸。 Confucius, in speaking of benevolence as far as benefiting the multitude and of reverence as far as securing the people, said of each: 'Even Yao and Shun would still have found it difficult.'

'豈真以堯、舜之聖為未至哉？ Did he truly mean that Yao and Shun had not yet attained sagehood?

Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 34Volume 34: Book of Shu 4: Biographies of Concubines and Sons of the Two Lords · 1 passage

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今先主無權事之偪，而引前失以為譬，非導其君以堯、舜之道者。 Liu Bei faced no such coercion, yet Fa Zheng cited an old lapse as precedent—this was not guiding a ruler along the path of Yao and Shun.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 1Annals of the Five Emperors · 70 passages

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眾皆言於堯曰：「有矜在民閒，曰虞舜。」 The assembly told Yao, “Among the commoners there is a bachelor named Shun of Yu.”

父頑，母嚚，弟傲，能和以孝，烝烝治，不至姦。」 The father is brutish, the mother spiteful, the half-brother overbearing, yet Shun has made peace in the house through filial duty and brotherly love, so that no evil takes root.”

於是堯妻之二女，觀其德於二女。 Yao therefore married his two daughters to Shun to see how he treated them.

舜飭下二女於媯汭，如婦禮。 Shun settled the princesses on the south bank of the Guirui, and they kept every rule of a wife’s conduct.