Hong Xiuquan (洪秀全)

Overview

Hong Xiuquan was a rebel and Religious Leader.

Life and dates

Attested activity

AD 1853 咸豐三年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 411, passages 8-9
AD 1852 咸豐二年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 394, passage 57
AD 1851 咸豐元年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 392, passage 28; Draft History of Qing 393, passage 92
AD 1851 to AD 1864 太平天國
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 420, passage 134
AD 1850 文宗嗣位
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 369, passage 109
AD 1852 是年秋
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 35

Show 5 more source-backed claims

AD 1862 洪秀全
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 166
AD 1851 to AD 1852 洪秀全北犯
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 399, passage 233
AD 1861 to AD 1862 當是時
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passage 150
AD 1853 to AD 1864 踞江寧十有餘年
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 204
AD 1850 道光三十年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 393, passage 44; Draft History of Qing 394, passage 47

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Parent of Fuzhen (福瑱)
son 子
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 420, passage 134

Key source chapters

Places and affiliations

Polity Qing 清 · Relation Rebelled against
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 392, passage 28
Polity Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 太平天國 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 411, passage 8; Draft History of Qing 420, passage 134
Polity Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 太平天國 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 204
Polity Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 太平天國 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 405, passages 150, 166
Polity Taiping 太平天國 · Relation Led
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 35
AD 1853 to AD 1864 踞江寧十有餘年
At Jiangning 江寧 · Relation Occupied · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 204

Show 2 more source-backed claims

At Guangxi 廣西 · Relation Operated from
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 399, passage 233
At Nanjing 金陵 · Relation Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 411, passage 8

Learning and skills

Belief Catholicism / Heavenly Lord religion 天主教 · Relation Adherent of
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 392, passage 28

Works and attributed material

Historical commentary · Subject · Units s0204 · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 204

Events and relationships

Held city more than ten years
AD 1853 to AD 1864 踞江寧十有餘年 · Military · Occupier · At Jiangning 江寧 · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 204
Invaded
AD 1852 咸豐二年 · Military · Rebel leader · At Guilin/Hunan 桂林湖南
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 394, passage 57
Invaded
AD 1852 是年秋 · Military · Invader · At Hunan 湖南 · Summary Invaded Hunan and crossed Dongting northward 犯湖南，越洞庭而北
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 35
Marched north from Guangxi
Military · Rebel leader · At Guangxi 廣西
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 399, passage 233
Rebelled in Guangxi
AD 1850 文宗嗣位 · Military · Rebel leader · At Guangxi 廣西
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 369, passage 109
Relation Opponent of · Person Zeng Guoquan (曾國荃)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 414, passage 204

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 397, passage 35; Draft History of Qing 414, passage 204; Draft History of Qing 420, passage 134

References in the histories

Search passages

History

17 passages

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 369Volume 369 Biographies 156: Lin Zexu, Deng Tingzhen, Da Hong A · 1 passage

Open chapter

逾年，文宗嗣位，疊詔宣召，未至，以廣西逆首洪秀全稔亂，授欽差大臣，督師進剿，並署廣西巡撫。 The next year, after Emperor Wenzong succeeded to the throne, repeated summons reached him, but before he could arrive Hong Xiuquan had long been in rebellion in Guangxi. Lin was appointed imperial commissioner to lead a punitive expedition and also served as acting governor of Guangxi.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 392Volume 392 Biographies 179: Sai Shang A, Ne Er Jing E · 1 passage

Open chapter

又疏陳賊勢，略言：「粵西股匪繁多，馮雲山、洪秀全、凌十八等俱奉天主教，凶狠稱最，來往於金田、東鄉、廟旺、中坪，官兵壁上環觀，有無可如何之勢。 He also reported on rebel strength, writing in summary: "Guangxi is overrun with rebel bands; Feng Yunshan, Hong Xiuquan, Ling Shiba, and others all profess Catholicism and are the fiercest of the lot, operating between Jintian, Dongxiang, Miaowang, and Zhongping while government troops look on from the walls, unable to do anything about it.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 393Volume 393 Biographies 180: Li Xingyuan, Zhou Tianjue, Lao Chongguang · 5 passages

Open chapter

時左右江匪氛蔓延，諸賊尤以桂平金田洪秀全為最悍。 Rebel activity had spread along the Zuo and You Rivers, and among all the insurgents Hong Xiuquan of Jintian in Guiping was the most formidable.

咸豐元年春，親率兵與向榮會剿金田匪洪秀全等。 In the spring of 1851 he personally led troops to join Xiang Rong in suppressing Hong Xiuquan and the Jintian rebels.

尋金田賊洪秀全等永安突圍出犯桂林，命崇光回援，至則賊已北竄，連陷興安、全州，偕總兵和春追擊之，賊遂入湖南。 Soon the Jintian rebels Hong Xiuquan and others broke out of Yong'an and attacked Guilin; Chongguang was ordered back to relieve the city, but upon arrival the rebels had already fled north, successively taking Xing'an and Quanzhou; he joined major-general He Chun in pursuit, and the rebels then entered Hunan.

三年，洪秀全等既踞江寧，分黨北犯中原。 In 1853, after Hong Xiuquan and others seized Nanjing, they sent factions north to invade the Central Plains.

勞崇光久在兵間，洪秀全北竄後已不顧舊巢，然伏莽四起，終賴湘軍之力，數年而後克定； Lao Chongguang had long been in military affairs; after Hong Xiuquan fled north the old rebel base was abandoned, yet latent insurgents rose on all sides, and in the end order depended on the Hunan Army — only after several years was the province finally pacified;

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 394Volume 394 Biographies 181: Xu Guangjin, Ye Mingchen, Huang Zonghan · 3 passages

Open chapter

時兩廣盜賊蜂起，以廣西金田洪秀全為最悍。 Bandits were rising throughout the two Guang provinces, and the fiercest leader was Hong Xiuquan of Jintian in Guangxi.

匪首凌十八、陳二、吳三、何茗科踞羅鏡圩及信宜，與洪秀全聲勢相倚。 The rebel leaders Ling Shiba, Chen Er, Wu San, and He Mingke held Luojing Market and Xinyi, coordinating their strength with Hong Xiuquan.

命馳赴梧州，而洪秀全大股已犯桂林，竄入湖南。 He was ordered to rush to Wuzhou, but Hong Xiuquan's main column had already struck Guilin and slipped into Hunan.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 397Volume 397 Biographies 184: Lu Jianying, Yang Wending, Qing Lin, Chong Lun, He Guiqing · 1 passage

Open chapter

是年秋，粵匪洪秀全犯湖南，越洞庭而北，勢張甚。 That autumn the Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan invaded Hunan, crossed Lake Dongting northward, and his forces were surging.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 399Volume 399 Biographies 186: Lv Xianji, Zou Minghe, Dai Xi, Tang Yifen, Zhang Fei, Huang Cong, Tao Tingjie, Feng Peiyuan, Sun Mingen, Shen Bingyuan, Zhang Xigeng · 1 passage

Open chapter

廣西自洪秀全北犯後，群匪迭起。 After Hong Xiuquan marched north from Guangxi, bandit groups rose one after another.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 405Volume 405 Biographies 192: Ceng Guofan · 2 passages

Open chapter

當是時，偽天王洪秀全僭號踞金陵，偽忠王李秀成等犯蘇、滬，偽侍王李世賢等陷浙杭，偽輔王楊輔清等屯寧國，偽康王汪海洋窺江西，偽英王陳玉成屯廬州，捻首苗霈霖出入潁、壽，與玉成合，圖竄山東、河南，眾皆號數十萬。 At that time the false Heavenly King Hong Xiuquan held Jinling in regal pretension; the false Loyal King Li Xiucheng and others attacked Suzhou and Shanghai; the false Attendant King Li Shixian and others seized Zhejiang and Hangzhou; the false Assistant King Yang Fuqing and others held Ningguo; the false King of Kang Wang Haiyang watched Jiangxi; the false Brave King Chen Yucheng held Luzhou; Nian chief Miao Peilin moved in and out of Ying and Shou, cooperating with Yucheng and plotting to break into Shandong and Henan—all claiming forces in the hundreds of thousands.

時洪秀全被圍久，召李秀成蘇州，李世賢浙江，悉眾來援，號六十萬，圍雨花台軍。 At this time Hong Xiuquan, long besieged, summoned Li Xiucheng from Suzhou and Li Shixian from Zhejiang; they came with all their forces, claiming six hundred thousand men, and besieged the army at Yuhuatai.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 411Volume 411 Biographies 198: Li Hongzhang · 1 passage

Open chapter

洪秀全據金陵，侍郎呂賢基為安徽團練大臣，奏鴻章自助。 When Hong Xiuquan held Nanjing, Vice-President Lü Xianji was appointed to organize militia in Anhui and recommended that Hongzhang assist him.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 414Volume 414 Biographies 201: Li Chendian, Xiao Fusi, Zhu Hongzhang, Liu Lianjie, Peng Yuju, Zhang Shiri, Wu Weishou, Zhu Nangui, Luo Fengyuan, Li Xianghe, Xiao Qingyan, Wu Zongguo · 1 passage

Open chapter

論曰：洪秀全踞江寧十有餘年，曾國荃於蘇、浙未定之先，孤軍直搗，城大援眾，事勢綦難。 The historians remark: Hong Xiuquan had held Jiangning for more than a decade when Guoquan, before Jiangsu and Zhejiang were pacified, struck in with a single army—a vast city, massive relief, and odds as hard as they come.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 420Volume 420 Biographies 207: Han Chao, Tian Xingshu, Ceng Biguang, Xi Baotian · 1 passage

Open chapter

會大軍克江寧，群賊擁洪秀全子福瑱逸出，由開化犯玉山，走瀘溪，寶田邀擊於新城，進至石城楊家牌，擒洪仁玕、洪仁政、黃文英等。 When Nanjing fell, rebels escorted Hong Xiuquan's son Fuzhen in flight through Kaihua into Yushan and on to Luxi. Baotian intercepted them at Xincheng, advanced to Yangjiapai in Shicheng, and captured Hong Rengan, Hong Renzheng, Huang Wenying, and others.