Hong Chengchou (洪承疇)

Overview

Hong Chengchou was a Ming General and Official.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Alternate name	Chengchou

Life and dates

Attested activity

AD 1641 1641 activity
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 24, passage 113
AD 1642 1642 activity
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 24, passage 151
AD 1651 八年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 79
AD 1635 八年三月
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 268, passage 104
AD 1635 六月
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 268, passages 119, 122, 135
AD 1638 十一年十二月
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 24, passage 35

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AD 1638 十一年十月
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 24, passage 27
AD 1638 十一年春正月丁丑
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passage 2
AD 1639 十二年正月丁丑
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passage 40
AD 1632 十月
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 268, passages 51, 53-54
AD 1635 四月
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 268, passages 106, 108-109
AD 1641 崇德六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 246, passage 21
AD 1644 順治元年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 245, passages 39, 41
AD 1644 順治元年
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 245, passages 239-240
AD 1651 順治八年辛卯
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 179, passages 108, 113
AD 1660 順治十七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 247, passage 199
AD 1645 順治間
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 248, passages 116, 234

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Left Censor-in-Chief 左都御史
AD 1651 順治八年辛卯 · Administered
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 179, passage 113
grand coordinator of Ji and Liao 總督薊、遼
AD 1639 十二年正月丁丑 · Appointed
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passage 40
governor-general 总督
Held
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 51
governor-general 總督
Held
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 104
Grand Secretary and commissioner-general 經略大學士
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 247, passage 199
Grand Secretary 大學士
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 39

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Ordered
Execution · With Ketianfei (可天飞), Li Dusi (李都司) · At Pingliang 平凉
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 51
Ordered
Execution · Quantity 400
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 54

Places and affiliations

Polity Ming 明 · Relation Served
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passages 2, 40, 113, 151; History of Ming 268, passage 104
Polity Ming 明 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · History of Ming 268, passage 51
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passages 39, 79, 240
AD 1635 八年三月
At Xinyang 信陽 · Relation Posted to
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 268, passage 104
AD 1635 四月
At Ruzhou 汝州 · Relation Encamped at
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 268, passage 106
At Lingbao 靈寶 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 108

Works and attributed material

Memorial · Co author · With Feng Quan (馮銓)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 39
Speech · Speaker · With Cao Wenzhao (曹文詔) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passages 110, 123-125

Events and relationships

Accepted surrender
Military · Commander · With Bai Guang'en (白广恩) · At Pingliang 平凉
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 51
Appealed to court for reinforcements
Military · Commander · Negated Outcome no-orders-received
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 119
Asked to resign
AD 1644 順治元年 · Political · Petitioner
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 41
Beat breast and wept
Personal · Mourner · With Cao Wenzhao (曹文詔)
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 135
Defeated rebels
AD 1638 十一年春正月丁丑 · Military · Commander · At Zitong 梓潼
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passage 2
Evening discussion of Hanlin officials
Administrative · Participant
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 79

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Omitted from honors list
Administrative · Superior · With Cao Wenzhao (曹文诏)
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 57
Ordered Suizhou attack
Military · Commander · With Cao Wenzhao (曹文詔)
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 105
Planned Guanzhong return and assigned passes
Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passages 107-108
Recalled to defend capital
AD 1638 十一年十二月 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passage 35
Routed rebels at Tong Pass southern plain
AD 1638 十一年十月 · Military · Commander · With Li Zicheng (李自成) · At Tong Pass 潼關
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passage 27
Summoned to surrender
Political · Recruiter · With Zhang Jinyan (張縉彥)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 245, passage 240
Relation Recommender of · Person Zhao Tingbiao (趙廷標)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 247, passage 199
Relation Military colleague of · Person Cao Bianjiao (曹變蛟)
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passage 27
Relation Commander of · Person Cao Wenzhao (曹文詔)
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passages 105, 109

Assessments and attributes

Assessment greatly pleased with Wenzhao · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · History of Ming 268, passage 105

References in the histories

Search passages

History

29 passages

History of Ming, Chapter 24Volume 24 Annals 24: Emperor Zhuanglie 2 · 7 passages

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十一年春正月丁丑，洪承疇敗賊於梓潼，賊還走陝西。 In spring of the eleventh year, on dingchou of the first month, Hong Chengchou routed the rebels at Zitong, and they fled back into Shaanxi.

是月，洪承疇、曹變蛟大破賊于潼關南原，李自成以數騎遁。 That month Hong Chengchou and Cao Bianjiao routed the rebels on the southern plain at Tong Pass, and Li Zicheng fled with only a handful of horsemen.

征洪承疇入衛。 Hong Chengchou was recalled to help defend the capital.

丁丑，改洪承疇總督薊、遼，孫傳庭總督保定、山東、河北。 On dingchou Hong Chengchou was reassigned as grand coordinator of Ji and Liao, and Sun Chuanting as grand coordinator of Baoding, Shandong, and Hebei.

丙申，洪承疇會八鎮兵于寧遠。 On bingshen Hong Chengchou assembled the armies of eight garrisons at Ningyuan.

壬寅，洪承疇援錦州，駐師松山。 On renyin Hong Chengchou marched to relieve Jinzhou and encamped at Songshan.

戊午，大清兵克松山，洪承疇降，巡撫都御史丘民仰，總兵官曹變蛟、王廷臣，副總兵江翥、饒勳等死之。 On wuwu Great Qing forces captured Songshan; Hong Chengchou surrendered, while grand coordinator Qiu Minyang, regional commanders Cao Bianjiao and Wang Tingchen, and vice commanders Jiang Zhu and Rao Xun and others were killed.

History of Ming, Chapter 268Volume 268 Biographies 156: Cao Wenzhao, Zhou Yuji, Huang Degong · 12 passages

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總督洪承疇斬可天飛、李都司於平涼，降其將白廣恩，余賊分竄。 Governor-general Hong Chengchou executed Ketianfei and Li Dusi at Pingliang, accepted the surrender of their general Bai Guang'en, and the remaining rebels scattered.

承疇戮四百人，余散遣。 Chengchou executed four hundred men and sent the rest away.

文詔在陜西，大小數十戰，功最多，承疇不為敘。 In Shaanxi Wenzhao fought dozens of engagements and won the greatest credit, yet Chengchou omitted him from the honors list.

會賊高加計已殲，而鳳陽告陷，遂整兵南，以八年三月會總督洪承疇於信陽。 Gao Jiaji's band was already destroyed, but Fengyang had fallen; Wenzhao marched south and in the third month of Chongzhen 8 joined Hong Chengchou at Xinyang.

承疇大喜，即令擊賊隨州，文詔追斬賊三百八十有奇。 Chengchou was delighted and sent him against the rebels at Suizhou; Wenzhao pursued and killed more than three hundred eighty of them.

四月，承疇次汝州。 In the fourth month Chengchou made camp at Ruzhou.

分命諸將扼要害，檄文詔入關，文詔乃馳至靈寶謁承疇。 Generals were posted at key points and Wenzhao was summoned into the passes; he galloped to Lingbao to see Chengchou.

承疇以賊在商、雒，聞官兵至，必先走漢中，而大軍由潼關入，反在其後，乃令文詔由閿鄉取山路至雒南、商州，直搗賊巢，復從山陽、鎮安、洵陽馳入漢中，遏其奔軼。 Chengchou judged that rebels in Shang and Luo would flee to Hanzhong once they heard government troops were coming, leaving the main army entering through Tong Pass behind them. He ordered Wenzhao by mountain paths from Wenxiang to Luonan and Shangzhou to strike their lair, then through Shanyang, Zhen'an, and Xunyang into Hanzhong to cut off their escape.

承疇以文詔所部合張全昌、張外嘉軍止六千，眾寡不敵，告急於朝，未得命。 Chengchou saw that Wenzhao, together with Zhang Quanchang and Zhang Waijia, had only six thousand men—far too few—and appealed urgently to court, but received no reply.

文詔聞之，瞋目大罵，亟詣承疇請行。 Hearing this, Wenzhao glared and cursed; he hurried to Chengchou and asked to go at once.

承疇喜曰：「非將軍不能滅此賊。 Chengchou said gladly: "Only you can destroy these rebels.

承疇聞，拊膺大哭，帝亦痛悼，贈太子太保、左都督，賜祭葬，世蔭指揮僉事，有司建祠，春秋致祭。 Chengchou beat his breast and wept; the emperor mourned him deeply, posthumously making him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and Left Chief Commander, granting state burial and a hereditary vice commandership, and ordering a shrine with spring and autumn sacrifices.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 179Volume 179 Tables 19: Ministers of Boards and Courts Chronological Table 1 Lower · 1 passage

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徐啓元閏二月致仕。戊辰洪承疇管左都御史。八月乙卯趙開心左都御史。 In the intercalary second month, Xu Qiyuan retired from office. On the wuchen day, Hong Chengchou administered the post of Left Censor-in-Chief. On the yimao day of the eighth month, Zhao Kaixin: Left Censor-in-Chief.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 245Volume 245 Biographies 32: Gang Lin, Feng Quan, Chen Mingxia, Chen Zhilin, Liu Zhengzong · 4 passages

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令以大學士原銜入內院佐理機務，與大學士洪承疇疏請復明票擬舊制，又與大學士謝升等議定郊社、宗廟樂章。 He was ordered to enter the Inner Court to assist in state affairs under his former grand secretary title; with Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou he memorialized to restore the Ming practice of drafting memorials with approval slips, and with Grand Secretary Xie Sheng and others he also settled the ceremonial music for suburban sacrifices and the ancestral temple.

銓與升、承疇乞罷，諭令益殫忠猷，以襄新治。 Quan, together with Sheng and Chengchou, asked to resign; an edict ordered them instead to devote themselves more fully and assist the new regime.

銓至，召見，又與承疇、文程等同夕對論翰林官賢否，上曰：「朕將親試之！」 When Quan arrived and was granted audience, the emperor that evening discussed with Chengchou, Wencheng, and others whether the Hanlin officials were worthy, and said: "I shall examine them myself!"

既，复受洪承疇招降。 Later he again accepted Hong Chengchou's summons to surrender.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 246Volume 246 Biographies 33: Tan Tai, He Luohui, Xi Tu Ku, Bo Er Hui, Leng Sengji · 1 passage

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與明總督洪承疇兵戰，大敗之。 He met Ming governor-general Hong Chengchou in battle and crushed his army.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 247Volume 247 Biographies 34: Peng Ershu, Lu Zhenfen, Yao Yanzhu, Bi Zhenji, Fang Guodong, Yu Pengju, Wang Tianjian, Yue Tingbiao · 1 passage

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經略大學士洪承疇薦廷標，十七年，擢雲南迤東道副使。 Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou recommended Tingbiao; in the seventeenth year he was promoted to vice commissioner of Yidong Circuit in Yunnan.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 248Volume 248 Biographies 35: Xu Dingguo, Zuo Menggeng, Tian Xiong, Zhang Tianlu, Sun Kewang · 3 passages

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四年，大學士洪承疇請以得功署副將。 In the fourth year Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou asked that Degong be appointed acting vice commander.

可望知事去，將詣經略洪承疇請降，遣使先納款。 Kewang knew all was lost. He prepared to go to Frontier Commissioner Hong Chengchou to surrender and sent envoys ahead to offer submission.

承疇援兵至，乃得脫，將妻子詣長沙降，時順治十四年十月也。 When Chengchou's relief troops arrived, Kewang escaped. He brought his wife and children to Changsha to surrender in the tenth month of the fourteenth year of Shunzhi.