Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (唐昭宗)

Overview

Emperor Zhaozong of Tang was a Penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, who reigned from AD 888 to 904.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Posthumous name	Sagely Literary Sagaciously Virtuous Illuminated and Martial Expansive and Filial Emperor	昭宗聖文睿德光武弘孝皇帝

Life and dates

Death

AD 904 八月壬辰
Assassination · Agent Person Id Shi Tai (史太) · At Jiaolan Hall, Luoyang 洛陽椒蘭殿
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 36
Murder · Authority Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 72
Murdered · Authority Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 74
AD 904 昭宗遇弑
Cause assassinated 遇弑
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 8
AD 904 彥威等弒昭宗時
Assassination
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 43, 68
Assassinated
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 48

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Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 12

Attested activity

AD 904 八月壬辰
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 35-36
AD 896 三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 5
AD 894 to AD 898 乾寧中
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 75
AD 894 乾寧初…從昭宗幸華州
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 189
AD 894 乾寧初
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 113, passages 253, 255
AD 900 光化三年
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 136

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AD 894 其年冬，昭宗幸華州
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 194
AD 901 冬十月，宦者韓全誨劫昭宗幸鳳翔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 165
AD 900 初，劉季述廢昭宗
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 24
AD 900 劉季述謀廢昭宗
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 51, 54
AD 903 唐天復三年
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 4
AD 901 唐天復初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 26
AD 888 to AD 904 唐昭宗時
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 34, passage 20
AD 888 to AD 904 唐昭宗時
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 22
AD 894 天子自岐下還宮
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 195
AD 903 天復三年
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 145, 149
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passages 75, 78, 117
AD 902 天復二年
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passages 6, 12
AD 901 天復元年正月朔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 138, 143
AD 901 天復初
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 97
AD 904 太祖之弒昭宗也
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 67-68
AD 904 to AD 904 太祖弒昭宗
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 74
AD 902 太祖遂兼四鎮
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 105
AD 904 弒昭宗
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 114
AD 904 彥威等弒昭宗時
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 43
AD 904 從昭宗遷洛陽
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 198
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 70, passage 143
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 41, passage 38
AD 901 昭宗反正
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 25
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗在鳳翔
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passage 253
AD 904 昭宗崩
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 12
AD 895 昭宗幸石門
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 102
AD 904 昭宗改元天祐
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 32
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗時
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 184, passage 137
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗朝
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 114
AD 904 昭宗東遷
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 169
AD 904 昭宗東遷洛陽
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 113
AD 903 昭宗歸長安
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 12, passages 33, 59
AD 895 to AD 901 昭宗為李茂貞所迫
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 9
AD 894 昭宗甚悅
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 191
AD 888 昭宗立
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 113, passage 250
AD 888 to AD 904 昭宗聞其名，征赴闕，召對於內殿。
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 71, passage 150
AD 903 昭宗自岐還
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 26, 28
AD 901 昭宗返正
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 57-58
AD 904 昭宗遇弒
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 44, passage 48
AD 904 昭宗遷洛
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 17, 23, 29, 63, 106
AD 904 to AD 904 昭宗遷洛陽
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 7
AD 904 東遷
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 87
AD 904 梁太祖已弒昭宗
Dated from the passage context · New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 72
AD 901 to AD 904 迎昭宗
Dated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 145

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Parent of Li Yu (李裕)
beloved son 愛子
crown prince 皇太子
Sources vary in certainty · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 29, 54
Spouse of Empress Dowager He (何太后)
Empress Dowager He 何太后 · Primary marriage · Widowed
Strongly inferred · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 114
Spouse of Empress He (何皇后)
Empress He 何皇后 · Primary marriage
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 140

Kinship Role sons · Count 17
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 70, passage 143
Kinship Role imperial clansmen · Count 400 · Count Note 數百 · Fate killed and buried in one pit north of Longxing Temple
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 43
Kinship Role consorts of the six palaces · Quantity mostly starved to death
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passage 253
Kinship Role imperial clan members · Quantity mostly starved to death
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passage 253

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Emperor of Tang 唐昭宗
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 113, passage 250
Son of Heaven / Tang emperor 天子
Held
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 17, 24, 27
Restored
AD 901 天復元年正月朔
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 143
Restored
AD 901 昭宗反正
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 25
Restored
AD 901 昭宗返正
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 58
AD 888 昭宗立
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 113, passage 250

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Deposed
AD 900 光化三年 · By Person Id Liu Jishu (劉季述)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 136
Deposed
AD 900 初，劉季述廢昭宗 · By Person Id Liu Jishu (劉季述)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 24
Deposed
AD 900 劉季述謀廢昭宗 · By Person Id Liu Jishu (劉季述)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 51, 54

Places and affiliations

Tang 唐
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 145; Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 87
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 189; New History of the Five Dynasties 35, passage 22; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 17, 32, 102, 113, 136
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Ruled
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 113, passage 250
Polity Name Tang 唐 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passage 9
Polity Name Tang · Relation Served or associated
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 20, passage 26
AD 904 八月壬辰
At Jiaolan Hall 椒蘭殿 · Relation Died at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 36

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AD 900 劉季述謀廢昭宗
At eastern palace 東宮 · Relation Imprisoned at
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 54
AD 895 昭宗幸石門
At Shimen 石門 · Relation Fled to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 102
AD 904 昭宗改元天祐
At eastern capital 東都 · Relation Moved to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 32
AD 903 昭宗自岐還
At Qi 岐 · Relation Returned from
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 26
AD 904 昭宗遷洛
At Luoyang 洛 · Relation Moved capital to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 17, 23, 29, 32
AD 904 昭宗遷洛
At Luoyang 洛 · Relation Moved to
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 106
At Fengxiang 鳳翔 · Relation Present at
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passage 253
At Shanzhou 陜州 · Relation Halted at
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 198

Works and attributed material

Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation · Addressed to Jiang Xuanhui (蔣玄暉) · Mode quotation Speaker Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (唐昭宗)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 29
汝當問彥若
Speech · Speaker · With Yanruo (彥若) · Direct quotation
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 113, passage 255

Events and relationships

Appointed Zhu Yanshou as Caizhou military commissioner
Appointment · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passage 97
Asked Jiang Xuanhui why Quanzhong wanted Yu dead
AD 904 昭宗遷洛 · Political · Speaker · With Jiang Xuanhui (蔣玄暉)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 29-30
Besieged by Liang troops
Siege · Besieged · At Fengxiang 鳳翔 · Outcome City cannibalism; emperor ate gruel; six palaces and imperial clan mostly starved
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passage 253
Declared Tianyou moved to eastern capital
AD 904 昭宗改元天祐 · Political · Ruler
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 32
Dynasty perished amid extreme destitution
Dynastic · Reigning sovereign · Outcome Tang fell
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passages 253-254
Fled drunk around pillar and was killed
AD 904 八月壬辰 · Assassination · Victim · With Shi Tai (史太)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 36

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Fled to Qi
Political · Captive emperor
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 38, passages 80-81
Moved east
AD 904 東遷 · Relocation · Ruler
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 24, passage 87
Moved to Luoyang
Travel · Ruler · At Luoyang 洛陽
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 198
Planned visit
AD 896 三年 · Travel · Traveler · At Taiyuan 太原
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 72, passage 5
Pleased promoted Shu
Political · Ruler · With Shu (樞)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 191
Posthumous honors
Ritual · Grantor · With Ma Jing (馬景)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 69, passage 12
Relocated
Political · Ruler · At Luoyang 洛陽
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 68, passage 7
Restored and pardoned Yu
AD 901 昭宗反正 · Political · Restored emperor · With Li Yu (李裕)
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 25
Returned to palace from below Qi
Travel · Ruler · At below Qi 岐下
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 195
Welcomed from Fengxiang by Taizu
AD 903 天復三年 · Political · Sovereign · With Zhu Quanzhong (硃全忠)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passages 145, 149
Welcomed
AD 901 to AD 904 天復中 · Political · Emperor
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 22, passage 145
Went to Huazhou again
Travel · Ruler · At Huazhou 華州
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 194
Went to Huazhou
Travel · Ruler · At Huazhou 華州
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 189

Assessments and attributes

Assessment had keen discerning spirit but declining fortune · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 7, passage 154
Assessment placed great reliance on Yanruo · With Yanruo (彥若) · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 113, passages 255-256

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 189; Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 114; New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passages 17, 43, 102, 113, 136
declared the Tianyou era; Jin and Shu rejected it and kept Tianfu
AD 904 昭宗改元天祐 · Field era-name
Directly stated · New History of the Five Dynasties 43, passage 32

References in the histories

Search passages

History

102 passages

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 7Volume 7 Book of Later Liang 7: Taizu Annals 7 · 7 passages

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《五代史闕文》：世傳梁太祖迎昭宗於鳳翔，素服待罪，昭宗佯為鞋系脫，呼梁祖曰：「全忠為吾系鞋。」《Lost Passages》: Tradition says that when Liang Taizu welcomed Emperor Zhaozong from Fengxiang, he wore plain dress to await punishment; Zhaozong feigned a loose shoe-thong and called: "Quanzhong, tie my shoe for me."

時天子扈蹕尚有衛兵，昭宗意謂左右擒梁祖以殺之，其如無敢動者。 The Son of Heaven's escort still had guards; Zhaozong hoped those beside him would seize Taizu and kill him—yet none dared.

自是梁祖被召多不至，盡去昭宗禁衛，皆用汴人矣。 Thereafter Taizu often ignored summons; he stripped Zhaozong of every palace guard and replaced them with men from Bian.

臣謹案：梁祖以天復三年迎唐昭宗於岐下，歲在甲子，其年改天祐，至國初建隆庚申歲，才五十六年矣，然則乾德七十歲人皆目睹其事。 This commentator notes: Liang Taizu in Tianfu year 3 welcomed Tang Emperor Zhaozong from below Qi in the jiazi year, then Tianyou; from Jianlong's founding gengshen to our day is only fifty-six years—yet men of seventy in the Qiande era saw it with their own eyes.

昭宗一朝，全無記注。 Zhaozong's entire reign left no record whatsoever.

晉天福中，史臣張昭重修《唐史》，始有《昭宗本紀》，但雲即位之始，有《會昌》之風，岐陽事蹟，不能追補。 In Jin's Tianfu era Zhang Zhao revised the Tang history and added Annals of Emperor Zhaozong, noting only Huichang-era style at his accession—affairs at Qi-yang could not be recovered.

此亦明唐昭宗有英睿之氣，而衰運不振； This shows that Zhaozong had keen spirit, yet declining fortune would not turn;

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 12Volume 12 Book of Later Liang 12: Biographies 2: Imperial Family · 3 passages

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及昭宗歸長安，朝廷議迎駕功，友寧授嶺南西道節度使，加特進、檢校司徒，賜號迎鑾毅勇功臣。 After Emperor Zhaozong's return to Chang'an the court rewarded those who had escorted him: You Ning became military commissioner of Lingnan West, Special Grandee, and acting Minister of Works, with the honorific Welcoming-the-Carriage Resolute Warrior.

三年，昭宗歸長安，製授友倫寧遠軍節度使、檢校司徒，賜號迎鑾毅勇功臣。 In the third year, after Zhaozong returned to Chang'an, You Lun became Ningyuan military commissioner and acting Minister of Works with the honorific Welcoming-the-Carriage Resolute Warrior.

昭宗輟視朝一日，詔贈太傅，歸葬於碭山縣。 Zhaozong mourned him with a day without court and posthumously made him Grand Tutor; he was buried in Dangshan.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 17Volume 17 Book of Later Liang 17: Biographies 7: Cheng Rui, Du Hong, Tian Yun, Zhao Kuangning, Zhang Ji, Lei Man · 1 passage

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〈（《九國志》：天復初，北司擁駕西幸，昭宗聞延壽有武幹，遣李儼間道齎詔授延壽蔡州節度使。）〉 (The 《Nine States Chronicle》 says that early in Tianfu, with the court driven west, Zhaozong heard of Yanshou's ability and sent Li Yan secretly to name him Cai commissioner.)〉

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 20Volume 20 Book of Later Liang 20: Biographies 10: Xie Tong, Si Maye, Liu Han, Wang Jinrao, Gao Shao, Ma Sixun, Zhang Cunjin, Kou Yanqing · 9 passages

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韓建傳判官司鄴昭宗之幸鳳翔也，太祖引兵入關，前鋒至左馮翊，鄴持印鑰迎謁道左。 Maye had served as Han Jian's administrative officer; when Zhaozong fled to Fengxiang and the Founder entered the Pass, Maye met the vanguard at Fengyi with seal and keys in hand.

及大軍在岐下，遣奏事於昭宗，再入復出。 While the army camped at Qi's walls he carried dispatches to Zhaozong, going in twice and returning each time.

太祖迎昭宗於岐下，以捍為親軍指揮。 When the Founder welcomed Zhaozong at Qi's walls, he made Han commander of his personal guard.

昭宗聞其至，即召見，詢東兵之事，仍以錦服、銀鞍勒馬賜之。 Zhaozong summoned him at once, questioned him on the eastern armies, and gave him brocade robes and a horse with silver saddle and bridle.

昭宗還京，改常州刺史，賜號迎鑾毅勇功臣。 When Zhaozong returned to the capital Han became prefect of Chang and received the title "Meritous Minister for Courageously Welcoming the Imperial Chariot."

唐昭宗之鳳翔，太祖迎奉未出，劭有疑謀，遂令赴華州，詣丞相府以議其事； When Zhaozong fled to Fengxiang and the Founder had not yet marched to receive him, Shao's plotting aroused suspicion; he was sent to Hua to consult the chief minister's office—

天復中，太祖迎昭宗於岐下，軍至華之西，使嗣勳入見，韓建即時同出迎謁。 During Tianfu, as the Founder brought Zhaozong from Qixia and halted west of Hua, he sent Sixun in to audience; Han Jian came out at once to greet them together.

天復中，太祖迎昭宗於鳳翔，累與岐軍對陣。 During Tianfu, as the Founder brought Zhaozong from Fengxiang, he fought the Qi army again and again.

昭宗還京，賜迎鑾毅勇功臣，改邢州刺史，尋遷亳州團練使。 After Zhaozong returned to the capital he received the merit title Welcome-the-Chariot Bold and Brave, became prefect of Xingzhou, and soon regimental commissioner of Bozhou.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 22Volume 22 Book of Later Liang 22: Biographies 12: Yang Shihou, Niu Cunjie, Wang Tan · 2 passages

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唐天復三年，從太祖迎昭宗於岐下，李茂貞以勁兵出戰，為師厚所敗。 In Tianfu 3 he joined the Founder in bringing Emperor Zhaozong back from Qi; Li Maozhen marched out with elite troops and Shihou routed him.

天復中，從太祖率四鎮之師圍鳳翔，以迎昭宗。 In Tianfu he followed the Founder with the armies of four commands to besiege Fengxiang and restore Zhaozong.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 24Volume 24 Book of Later Liang 24: Biographies 14: Li Ting, Lu Ceng, Sun Zhi, Zhang Jun, Zhang Yan, Du Xunhe, Luo Yin, Chou Yin, Duan Shen · 1 passage

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唐昭宗東遷，以宗奭勳力隆峻，衍由校書郎拜左拾遺，旋召為翰林學士。 When Zhaozong moved east, on Zong Shi's great merit Yan rose from collating clerk to Left Collector and Memorialist and was soon made Hanlin academician.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 31Volume 31 Book of Later Tang 7: Zhuangzong Annals 5 · 2 passages

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壬寅，南郊禮儀使、太常卿李燕進太廟登歌酌獻樂舞名，懿祖室曰《昭德之舞》，獻祖室曰《文明之舞》，太祖室曰《應天之舞》，昭宗室曰《永平之舞》。 On renyin Li Yan, director of southern-suburb rites and Grand Master of Ceremonies, submitted the names of the ascent songs, libation offerings, and dances for the Imperial Ancestral Temple: for the chamber of the Honored Ancestor, 《Dance of Manifest Virtue》; for the Offered Ancestor, 《Dance of Civilizing Brilliance》; for the Grand Ancestor, 《Dance of Responding to Heaven》; and for Zhaozong, 《Dance of Eternal Peace》.

唐時宦官為內諸司使務、諸鎮監軍，出納王命，造作威福，昭宗以此亡國。 Under Tang eunuchs ran inner offices and supervised circuits, wielding royal power until Zhaozong lost the realm.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 54Volume 54 Book of Later Tang 30: Biographies 6: Wang Rong, Wang Zhaohui, Wang Chuzhi · 1 passage

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鎔於昭宗朝賜號敦睦保定久大功臣，位至成德軍節度使、守太師、中書令、趙王，梁祖加尚書令。 Under Emperor Zhaozong, Rong was granted the title Meritorious Minister of Lasting Concord, Preservation, and Endurance, rose to military governor of the Chengde army, Grand Preceptor, Director of the Chancellery, and Prince of Zhao; the Founding Emperor of Liang later added Minister of Works.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 68Volume 68 Book of Later Tang 44: Biographies 20: Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Liu Ye, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengzheng, Li Baoyin, Gui Ai, Kong, Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Yi, Liu Zan · 6 passages

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昭宗遷洛陽，征為禮部侍郎。 When Emperor Zhaozong relocated to Luoyang, Tinggui was recalled and appointed Vice Minister of Rites.

昭宗時，累遷至員外郎、知制誥。 Under Emperor Zhaozong he rose in stages to outer-court director and drafting commissioner.

昭宗遷洛時，為翰林學士，舜卿為中書舍人，叔侄對掌內外製。 When Emperor Zhaozong moved to Luoyang, Wei was a Hanlin academician while Shunqing was a Secretariat drafting secretary — uncle and nephew together controlled inner and outer edict drafting.

昭宗朝，自處士除太子正字，改錢塘縣尉。 Under Emperor Zhaozong he rose from recluse scholar to proofreader of the heir apparent, then became magistrate of Qiantang County.

據《舊唐書·昭宗紀》：天祐元年七月，宴於文思殿。 According to the Annals of Zhaozong in the Old Book of Tang, in the seventh month of Tianyou 1 (904) a banquet was held in Wensi Hall.

張文寶，昭宗朝諫議大夫顗之子也。 Zhang Wenbao was the son of Grand Censor Yi, who had served under Emperor Zhaozong.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 71Volume 71 Book of Later Tang 47: Biographies 23: Ma Yu, Si Kongting, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Gao, Luo Guan, Chun Yuyan, Zhang Ge, Xu Ji, Zhou Xuanbao · 2 passages

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昭宗聞其名，征赴闕，召對於內殿。 Emperor Zhaozong heard of him, summoned him to court, and received him in the inner hall.

會昭宗方與伶人調品篳篥，事訖，方命坐賜果，問《易》義。 Zhaozong happened to be tuning a pipe with his actor-favorites; when they finished, he had Ji seated, gave him fruit, and questioned him on the Changes.

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三年，昭宗將幸太原，以承業與武皇善，用除為河東監軍，密令迎駕。 In the third year, as Emperor Zhaozong prepared to visit Taiyuan, Chengye—who was on good terms with Emperor Wu—was appointed Hedong army supervisor and secretly ordered to welcome the emperor.

既而昭宗幸華州，就加左監門衛將軍。 Soon afterward Emperor Zhaozong went to Hua Prefecture, and Chengye was promoted on the spot to General of the Left Gate Guard.

崔魏公之誅宦官也，武皇偽戮罪人首級以奉詔，匿承業於斛律寺，昭宗遇弑，乃復請為監軍。 When Duke Cui moved against the eunuchs, Emperor Wu pretended to execute condemned criminals' heads to satisfy the edict and hid Chengye at Huli Temple. After Emperor Zhaozong was murdered, Chengye again asked to serve as army supervisor.

昭宗在華下，超授內常侍，出監幽州軍事，秩滿詔歸，節度使劉仁恭表留之。 While Emperor Zhaozong was at Hua, Juhan was promoted out of turn to palace attendant and sent to supervise military affairs at Youzhou. When his term expired an edict ordered his return, but military commissioner Liu Rengong memorialized to retain him.

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聖朝中興，重修宗廟，今太廟見饗高祖、太宗、懿宗、昭宗、獻祖、太祖、莊宗七廟，太祖景皇帝在祧廟之數，不列廟饗。 After the dynasty's revival the ancestral shrines were rebuilt; the Imperial Temple now served seven halls—the High Ancestor, Great Ancestor, Yizong, Zhaozong, Xianzu, Taizu, and Zhuangzong—while Grand Ancestor Emperor Jing was relegated to the distant-lineage shrine and no longer received regular temple offerings.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 52Volume 52 Treatises 48: Finance and Economics 2 · 1 passage

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昭宗在鳳翔，為梁兵所圍，城中人相食，父食其子，而天子食粥，六宮及宗室多餓死。 Zhaozong was at Fengxiang, besieged by Liang troops; in the city people ate one another, fathers eating their sons, while the Son of Heaven ate gruel; the six palaces and the imperial clan mostly starved to death.

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昭宗昭宗聖文睿德光武弘孝皇帝十七子。 Emperor Zhaozong had seventeen sons.

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昭宗立，再用為御史中丞。 When Emperor Zhaozong took the throne, Yanruo twice served as censor-in-chief.

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涉，昭宗時，仕至吏部侍郎。 She, under Emperor Zhaozong, rose to Vice Minister of Personnel.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 34Volume 34 Biographies of Recluses 14: Zhen Gao, Shi Ang, Cheng Fuyun, Li Zilun · 1 passage

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唐昭宗時，舉進士不中，見天下已亂，有拂衣遠去之意，欲攜其妻、子與俱隱，其妻不從，遨及入少室山為道士。 Under Zhaozong he failed the jinshi; seeing chaos, he wished to flee with wife and children—his wife refused; he entered Mount Shaoshi as a Daoist.

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唐昭宗時，為翰林學士承旨。 Under Zhaozong he was chief Hanlin Academician.

是時，天子微弱，制度已隳，文蔚居翰林，制詔四方，獨守大體。 The throne was weak and institutions broken; in the Hanlin, Wenwei drafted edicts for the realm yet held to the great pattern.

昭宗遷洛，拜中書侍郎、同中書門下平章事。 When Zhaozong moved to Luoyang, Wenwei became Vice Director and Palace Attendant.

涉舉進士，昭宗時為吏部尚書。 She passed the jinshi and under Zhaozong was Minister of Personnel.

昭宗時為翰林學士承旨、御史中丞，以世亂棄官，居洛陽，杜門絕人事者五六年。 Under Zhaozong he was chief Hanlin Academician and Censor-in-Chief; amid the turmoil he left office, lived in Luoyang, and shut his doors to the world for five or six years.

昭宗自岐還長安，大誅宦者，貽矩時為中尉韓全誨等作畫像贊，坐左遷。 When Zhaozong returned from Qi to Chang’an and slaughtered eunuchs, Yiju had written eulogies for Han Quanhui and others and was demoted.

是時，梁太祖已弒昭宗，立哀帝，唐之舊臣皆憤惋切齒，或俯首畏禍，或去不仕，而循特附會梁以希進用。 Taizu had murdered Zhaozong and enthroned Emperor Ai; Tang’s old ministers gnashed teeth, fled, or bowed in fear—yet Xun alone clung to Liang for advancement.

循有子楷，乾寧中舉進士及第，昭宗遣學士陸扆覆落之，楷常慚恨。 His son Kai passed the jinshi in the Qianning era; Zhaozong had Lu Yi strike him from the list; Kai bore lasting resentment.

及昭宗遇弒，唐政出於梁，楷為起居郎，與柳璨、張廷範等相結，因謂廷範曰：「夫謚者，所以易名而貴信也。 When Zhaozong was murdered and Liang held Tang’s government, Kai was Diarist and joined Liu Can and Zhang Tingfan; he told Tingfan, “A posthumous title should honor truth.

前有司謚先帝曰『昭』，名實不稱，公為太常卿，予史官也，不可以不言。」 They titled the late emperor “Zhao,” which does not fit; you are Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and I am historiographer—we cannot stay silent.”

而廷範本梁客將，嘗求太常卿不得者，廷範亦以此怨唐，因下楷疏廷範，廷範議曰：「臣聞執事堅固之謂恭，亂而不損之謂靈，武而不遂之謂莊，在國逢難之謂閔，因事有功之謂襄，請改謚昭宗皇帝曰恭靈莊閔皇帝，廟號襄宗。」 Tingfan, a Liang guest-general who had failed to win that post, resented Tang; he received Kai’s memorial and proposed: “I have heard that steadfast conduct is Gong, undamaged in disorder Ling, martial yet incomplete Zhuang, meeting national hardship Min, merit through events Xiang—I beg the posthumous title of Emperor Zhaozong be changed to Emperor Gong-Ling-Zhuang-Min, temple name Xiangzong.”

昭宗時，王行瑜、李茂貞兵犯京師，昭宗殺讓能於臨臯以自解。 Under Zhaozong, Wang Xingyu and Li Maozhen attacked the capital; Zhaozong killed Rangneng at Linhao to excuse himself.

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及昭宗為李茂貞所迫，將出奔太原，乃先遣承業使晉以道意，因以為河東監軍。 When Zhaozong, harried by Li Maozhen, prepared to escape to Taiyuan, he sent Chengye ahead to Jin with his message and appointed him Hedong army supervisor.

昭宗崩，乃出承業，復為監軍。 After Zhaozong’s death Chengye emerged from hiding and resumed the post of army supervisor.

昭宗時，為范陽軍監軍，與節度使劉仁恭相善。 Under Zhaozong he served as army supervisor at Fanyang and was on good terms with the military governor Liu Rengong.

宦者之為禍，雖欲悔悟，而勢有不得而去也，唐昭宗之事是已。 Eunuch harm—even repentance may not let him escape; Zhaozong proved that.

昭宗信狎宦者，由是有東宮之幽。 Zhaozong doted on his eunuchs—and the crown prince was imprisoned.

梁兵且至，而宦者挾天子走之岐。 As Liang marched, the eunuchs dragged the emperor west to Qi.

梁兵圍之三年，昭宗既出，而唐亡矣。 Three years of siege; when Zhaozong emerged, Tang was dead.

初，昭宗之出也，梁王悉誅唐宦者第五可範等七百餘人，其在外者，悉詔天下捕殺之，而宦者多為諸鎮所藏匿而不殺。 When Zhaozong fled, the Liang king slaughtered seven hundred Tang eunuchs including Diwu Kefan; the rest were ordered killed empire-wide, yet governors hid many.

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昭宗以澧、朗為武貞軍，拜滿節度使。 Zhaozong formed the Wuzhen circuit from Li and Lang and made Man its military commissioner.

太祖弒昭宗，將謀代唐，畏匡凝兄弟不從，遣使告之，匡凝對使者流涕答曰：「受唐恩深，不敢妄有佗誌。」 When Zhu Wen killed Zhaozong and moved to take the throne, he feared the Kuangning brothers would refuse him. He sent word ahead. Kuangning wept before the envoys and said: “Tang’s kindness to me runs deep. I dare not dream of any other allegiance.”

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 43Volume 43 Miscellaneous Biographies 23: Shi Shucong, Li Yanwei, Li Zhen, Pei Di, Wei Zhen, Kong Xun, Sun Dezhao, Wang Jingrao, Jiang Yin · 34 passages

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昭宗遷洛，拜右龍武統軍。 When Emperor Zhaozong moved to Luoyang, Shucong became right Dragon Martial commander.

太祖遣叔琮與李彥威等弒昭宗，已而殺之。 The Founder sent Shucong and Li Yanwei to murder Zhaozong—and afterward had them killed.

昭宗遷洛，拜右龍武統軍。 When Emperor Zhaozong moved to Luoyang, Yanwei became right Dragon Martial commander.

初，劉季述廢昭宗，立皇太子裕為天子。 Earlier Liu Jishu had deposed Zhaozong and set up Crown Prince Yu as emperor.

昭宗反正，以為太子幼，為賊所立，赦之，復其始封為德王。 After Zhaozong’s restoration the boy was treated as too young and too tainted by the coup; he was pardoned and restored to his old title, Prince of De.

昭宗自岐還，太祖見裕眉目疏秀，惡之，謂宰相崔胤曰：「德王嘗為季述所立，安得猶在乎？ When Zhaozong came back from Qi, the Founder looked at Yu’s fine face and hated him. He told Cui Yin: “Jishu made that boy emperor. How is he still breathing?

公白天子殺之。」 Tell the emperor to kill him.”

胤奏之，昭宗不許，佗日以問太祖，太祖曰：「臣安敢及之，胤欲賣臣爾。」 Yin memorialized; Zhaozong refused. Another day Zhaozong asked the Founder about it. Zhu Wen said: “I would never dare raise a hand—Yin is trying to sell me out.”

昭宗遷洛，謂蔣玄暉曰：「德王，朕愛子也，全忠何為欲殺之？」 At the move to Luoyang Zhaozong told Jiang Xuanhui: “The Prince of De is my beloved son. Why does Quanzhong want him dead?”

是時，昭宗改元天祐，遷於東都，為梁所迫，而晉人、蜀人以為天祐之號非唐所建，不復稱之，但稱天復。 Zhaozong declared the Tianyou era and shifted to the eastern capital under Liang’s fist. Jin and Shu refused the name—they said Tianyou was not Tang’s to proclaim—and kept dating by Tianfu.

太祖大懼，恐昭宗奔佗鎮，以兵七萬如河中，陰遣敬翔至洛，告彥威與氏叔琮等，使行弒逆。 The Founder feared Zhaozong would bolt to another warlord. He took seventy thousand men toward Hezhong and secretly sent Jing Xiang to Luoyang with orders for Yanwei, Shucong, and the rest to kill the emperor.

龍武牙官史太殺之，趨椒蘭殿，問昭宗所在，昭宗方醉，起走，太持劍逐之，昭宗單衣旋柱而走，太劍及之，昭宗崩。 Dragon Martial adjutant Shi Tai cut her down, ran to Jiaolan Hall, and demanded the emperor. Zhaozong was drunk, lurched up, and ran. Tai chased with his blade. In only a night robe Zhaozong spun around a pillar until the steel found him and he fell.

莊宗時，得故唐內人景姹，言當彥威等弒昭宗時，諸王宗屬數百人皆遇害，而同為一坑，瘞於龍興寺北，請合為一冢而改葬之。 Under Zhuangzong a former Tang inner woman, Jing Cha, testified that when Yanwei and the others killed Zhaozong several hundred imperial clansmen died in one pit north of Longxing Temple. She begged a common tomb and a proper reburial.

宦官劉季述謀廢昭宗，遣其侄希正因梁邸吏程巖見振曰：「今主上嚴急，誅殺不辜，中尉懼及禍，將行廢立，請與諸邸吏協力以定中外，如何？」 Eunuch Liu Jishu plotted to depose Zhaozong. His nephew Xizheng came through embassy clerk Cheng Yan to Zhen: “The emperor has turned cruel and kills without cause. The chief eunuch fears for his neck and will depose him. Will you and the clerks act together to settle the court—yes or no?”

今梁王百萬之師，方仗大義尊天子，君等無為此不祥也！」 Liang has a million men and stands on righteousness for the Son of Heaven. Do not touch this unlucky business!”

振還，季述卒與巖等廢昭宗，幽之東宮，號太上皇，立皇太子裕為天子。 Zhen left. Jishu still deposed Zhaozong with Yan and the rest, locked him in the eastern palace as “Retired Emperor,” and set Crown Prince Yu on the throne.

是時，太祖用兵在邢、洺間，季述詐為太上皇誥告太祖，太祖猶豫，未知所為，振曰：「夫豎刁、伊戾之亂，所以為霸者資也。 The Founder was fighting between Xing and Ming. Jishu forged a retired-emperor edict to him. Zhu Wen wavered. Zhen said: “The disorders of Shu Diao and Yili became the stuff from which hegemons are made.

今閹宦作亂，天子危辱，此正仗義立功之時。」 Eunuchs run wild and the emperor is shamed. This is the hour to strike in the name of justice.”

太祖大悟，乃囚季述使者，遣振詣京師見崔胤，謀出昭宗。 The Founder seized the point, jailed Jishu’s messenger, and sent Zhen to Chang’an to Cui Yin to free Zhaozong.

昭宗返正，太祖大喜，執振手曰：「卿謀得之矣！」 When Zhaozong was restored the Founder gripped his hand: “You saw it right!”

昭宗遷洛，振往來京師，朝臣皆側目，振視之若無人。 After the move to Luoyang Zhen shuttled to the capital. Ministers glared; he walked past as if the halls were empty.

太祖之弒昭宗也，遣振至京師與朱友恭、氏叔琮謀之。 When Zhu Wen ordered Zhaozong’s death he sent Zhen to Luoyang with Yougong and Shucong to arrange it.

昭宗崩，太祖問振所以待友恭等宜如何？ After the murder the Founder asked Zhen what to do with Yougong and the others.

昭宗幸石門，太祖遣震由虢略間道奉表行在，昭宗賜其名震。 When Zhaozong fled to Shimen, Taizu sent Zhen along the Guolue trail with a memorial to the traveling court. Zhaozong gave him the name Zhen.

昭宗初不許，震強辯，敢大言，語數不遜，昭宗卒許梁以鄆州，太祖遂兼四鎮，表震鄆州留後。 Zhaozong refused. Zhen browbeat him with words that grew ruder each time he spoke. Zhaozong yielded Yan to Liang. Taizu now held four domains and left Zhen as acting governor of Yan.

昭宗遷洛，震入為河南尹、六軍諸衛副使，以病喑，守太子太保致仕。 Zhaozong moved to Luoyang. Zhen became governor of Henan and deputy overseer of the palace guards, then went mute, retired as Junior Grand Mentor, and left office.

昭宗東遷洛陽，太祖盡去天子左右，悉以梁人代之，以王殷為宣徽使，循為副使。 When Zhaozong was moved to Luoyang, Taizu stripped the emperor’s household of every Tang loyalist and filled it with Liang men. Wang Yin became commissioner of the Imperial Secretariat; Xun was his deputy.

循與蔣玄暉、張廷範等共與弒昭宗之謀，其後循與玄暉有隙，哀帝即位，將有事於南郊，循因與王殷讒於太祖曰：「玄暉私侍何太后，與廷範等奉天子郊天，冀延唐祚。」 Xun had helped Jiang Xuanhui, Zhang Tingfan, and the rest murder Zhaozong, then quarreled with Xuanhui. Emperor Ai was preparing the southern suburban sacrifice when Xun and Wang Yin told Taizu: “Xuanhui is sleeping with Empress Dowager He. He and Tingfan mean to march the emperor to the altar and keep Tang alive.”

光化三年，劉季述廢昭宗，幽之東宮，宰相崔胤謀反正，陰使人求義士可共成事者，德昭乃與孫承誨、董從實應胤，胤裂衣襟為書以盟。 In Guanghua 3 (900) Liu Jishu deposed Zhaozong and shut him in the Eastern Palace. Chancellor Cui Yin plotted to restore him and quietly sought men with the stomach for the work. Dezhao, Sun Chenghui, and Dong Congshi answered the call. Yin ripped his robe lining into oath strips.

昭宗聞外喧嘩，大恐。 Zhaozong heard the clamor outside and was terrified.

已而承誨等悉取餘黨首以獻，昭宗信之。 Soon Chenghui and the others piled the rest of the rebel heads at the door. Zhaozong was convinced.

德昭破鎖出昭宗，禦丹鳳樓反正，以功拜靜海軍節度使，賜姓李，號「扶傾濟難忠烈功臣」，與承誨等皆拜節度使、同中書門下平章事，圖形淩煙閣，俱留京師，號「三使相」，恩寵無比。 Dezhao broke the locks and led Zhaozong out to Danfeng Tower, where the emperor took the throne again. Dezhao was made military commissioner of Jinghai, given the Li surname and the title "Loyal Martyr Who Rights the Fallen." Chenghui and the others became commissioners and chancellors too. Their faces went up in the Lingyan Pavilion. They all stayed in the capital as the "Three Commissioner-Chancellors," showered with honors such as the court had never given before.

冬十月，宦者韓全誨劫昭宗幸鳳翔，承誨、從實皆從，而德昭獨與梁，乃率兵衞胤及百官保東街，趣梁兵以西，梁太祖頗德其附己，以龍鳳劍、鬬鷄紗遺之。 In the tenth winter month eunuch Han Quanhui abducted Zhaozong to Fengxiang. Chenghui and Congshi went along, but Dezhao alone backed Liang. He marched to shield Cui Yin and the officials on East Street and pushed Liang's army west. Zhu Wen rewarded his loyalty with the dragon-phoenix sword and fighting-cock gauze.

昭宗東遷，拜左威衞上將軍，以疾免。 When Zhaozong moved east, Dezhao became general of the Left Majestic Guard, then left office on account of illness.

New History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 44Volume 44 Miscellaneous Biographies 24: Liu Zhijun, Ding Hui, He Delun, Yan Bao, Kang Yanxiao · 1 passage

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昭宗遇弒，會與三軍縞素髮哀。 When Zhaozong was murdered, Hui and the host went into white hemp and loose hair for mourning.

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茂貞後與梁和，昭宗出，贈景官，謚曰忠壯。 Maozhen later made peace with Liang. When Emperor Zhaozong was released, he granted Jing a posthumous office and the posthumous title Loyal and Stalwart.