Zonghan (宗翰) | 24 Histories

Overview

Zonghan was a Jin Prince, General, and Statesman.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Alternate name	Nianmehe	粘沒曷

Life and dates

Attested activity

AD 1121 天輔五年
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 19, passage 216
AD 1124 天會二年
Dated from the passage context · History of Jin 134, passages 13, 24, 34
AD 1123 太祖定燕京後
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 78, passage 19
AD 1121 to AD 1137 宗翰，太保、領三省事、晉國王
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 59, passage 110
AD 1121 宗翰、宗望皆從
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 208
AD 1122 to AD 1137 宗翰
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 68, passage 158

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AD 1132 宗翰請立熙宗
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 210
AD 1115 收國元年春正月壬申朔
Directly stated · History of Jin 36, passage 361
AD 1121 to AD 1137 秦王宗翰，金朝開國功臣
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 35, passages 55-56

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Commander-in-Chief of Jin Armies 都統軍事
Appointed
Directly stated · History of Jin 78, passage 19
Southwest and Northwest circuit commander 西南、西北兩路都統
AD 1124 天會二年 · Held
Directly stated · History of Jin 134, passages 14, 24
Grand Preceptor, Director of the Three Departments, Prince of Jin 太保、領三省事、晉國王
Held
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 110
Prince of Qin 秦王
Held
Directly stated · History of Jin 35, passage 56
晉國王
Held
Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 110

Places and affiliations

AD 1115 收國元年春正月壬申朔
Polity Great Jin 大金 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 36, passage 361
Jin
Relation Affiliated with
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 19, passage 216
Polity Jin
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 68, passage 158
Polity Jin 金 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 35, passage 56
Polity Jin 金 · Relation Served
Directly stated · History of Jin 134, passage 13

Works and attributed material

Biography of Zonghan 宗翰傳
Relation Subject of
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 20
Speech · Speaker · Direct quotation
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passages 21-23
Asked Egunai whether he could capture the warrior who rode out from the Liao line.
Direct quotation · Mode direct-speech
Strongly inferred · History of Jin 68, passage 172

Events and relationships

At fourteen he entered Prince of Qin Zonghan's army and often led the van as scout.
Biographical record · Source Text 年十四，隸秦王宗翰軍中，常領兵行前為偵候。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 170
Ceded territory
AD 1124 天會二年 · Diplomatic · Negotiator · Counterpart Xia
Directly stated · History of Jin 134, passages 13, 25
Commanded the renewed invasion of Song and siege of Bianjing
Military · With Zongwang (宗望) · Outcome Captured the two Song emperors
Directly stated · History of Jin 78, passages 30, 32
Followed in taking Zhong Capital
Military · Follower · With Gao (杲)
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 208
He led a thousand households under Zonghan, Prince of Qin, and helped take the Central and Western capitals.
Biographical record · Source Text 領秦王宗翰千戶，攻下中、西兩京。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 158
In Tianhui 8, while with the Prince of Qin at Yan, he learned Yudu had rebelled in the northwest. The prince sent him by relay post. He left at dawn for Tiande and arrived before sunset.
Biographical record · Source Text 天會八年，從秦王在燕，聞余睹反于西北，秦王令訛古乃馳驛以往，訛古乃黎明走天德，及至，日未曛也。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 177

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Met at Pu and took Dongping and Xuzhou
Military · Commander
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 18
Paired
AD 1207 泰和七年 · Ritual · Collateral offering · With Zhang Liang (張良)
Directly stated · History of Jin 35, passage 56
Presented farming implements
AD 1115 收國元年春正月壬申朔 · Ritual · Presenter · With Emperor (皇帝), Ali Hemen (阿離合懣)
Directly stated · History of Jin 36, passage 361
Presented horses and arms
AD 1115 收國元年春正月壬申朔 · Ritual · Presenter · With Emperor (皇帝), Ali Hemen (阿離合懣)
Directly stated · History of Jin 36, passage 362
Urged enthroning
Political · Advocate · With Xizong (熙宗)
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 210
When Zonghan marched on Song he besieged Taiyuan without success and returned to the Western Capital. Gunan held Taiyuan with the right wing under Yinshu Ke.
Biographical record · Source Text 宗翰伐宋，圍太原未下，宗翰還西京，骨赧以右翼軍佐銀術可守太原。
Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 159
Relation Advocate for establishment of · Person Xizong (熙宗)
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 210

Assessments and attributes

Assessment right in principle and just in grounds in urging Xizong's establishment · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · History of Jin 19, passage 210

References in the histories

Search passages

History

24 passages

History of Jin, Chapter 19Volume 19 Annals 19: Ancenstral Records: Emperor Jingxuan Zongjun, Ruizong, Zongyao, Xianzong, Yungong · 7 passages

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遼主走陰山，耿守忠救西京，帝與宗翰等擊走之。 The Liao ruler fled to Yinshan; Geng Shouzhong came to relieve the Western Capital; the emperor with Zonghan and others struck and drove him off.

而宗翰來會於濮，既平河北，遂取東平及徐州，盡得宋人江淮運致金幣在徐州官庫者，分給諸軍，而劉豫遂以濟南降。 Zonghan met him at Pu; Hebei secured, they took Dongping and Xuzhou, emptied the Song treasury of Huai–Yang gold stored at Xuzhou, shared the spoils among the hosts, and Liu Yu surrendered Jinan.

宋主乃貶去帝號，再以書來請存社稷，語在《宗翰傳》中，既而宗弼追宋主，宋渡江，入於杭州，複遁入海，宗弼乃還。 The Song ruler stripped his imperial title and wrote again to beg the realm be spared—the story is in Zonghan's biography; then Zongbi chased him, Song crossed the Yangtze into Hangzhou, fled to sea, and Zongbi withdrew.

於是，婁室所下陝西城邑輒叛，宗翰等曰：「前討宋，故分西師合於東軍，而陝西五路兵力雄勁，當並力攻取。 Then the Shaanxi cities Lou Shi had taken rose again, and Zonghan said, "When we first struck Song we merged the western host with the eastern army, but the five Shaanxi circuits are strong—we should strike with united force.

於是班師，與宗翰俱朝京師，立熙宗為諳版勃極烈，帝為左副元帥。 They withdrew to court; with Zonghan they installed Hela as an-ban boji lie and made the emperor left deputy commander-in-chief.

贊曰：遼王杲取中京，宗翰、宗望皆從，景宣別領合紮猛安。 Appraisal: Gao, Prince of Liao, captured the Central Capital; Zonghan and Zongwang both followed him, while Jingxuan separately commanded the hezha meng'an.

宗翰請立熙宗，宗幹不敢違，太宗不能拒，其義正，其理直矣。 Zonghan urged enthroning Xizong; Zonggan dared not refuse and Taizong could not reject — right in principle and just in grounds.

History of Jin, Chapter 35Volume 35 Treatises 16: Rites 8: Consecration of Shrines to a Sages; Temple to the Warrior King Cheng of Zhou; Monarchs of Past Ages; Halls to Various Spirits in Changbai Shan, Dafang Shan, Amur River, Jia Yin Hou; Spirits of the Lu River; Spirits of Zhao Yin Shun; Spirits of Zhen an Gong, Rui Shen Gongl; Worshipping, Sacrifices, Vists, and State Ceremonies at Zhen Xian Jun Wang Temple · 2 passages

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於是，以秦王宗翰同子房配武成王，而降管仲以下。 Thereupon Prince of Qin Zonghan was paired with Zifang to accompany the Martial Accomplished King, while Guan Zhong and those below were demoted.

其祭，武成王、宗翰、子房各羊一、豕一，餘共用羊八，無豕。 At the sacrifice, the Martial Accomplished King, Zonghan, and Zifang each received one sheep and one pig; the remainder shared eight sheep in all, with no pigs.

History of Jin, Chapter 36Volume 36 Treatises 17: Rites 9: Ceremonies for Succesion of the Throne; Ceremonies for Receiving Honorific Titles; New Year's Day Rituals; Participation in Regular Court Assemblies; Pardoning Ceremonies; Ceremonies for Pardoning by Officials With Imperial Decree · 1 passage

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阿離合懣、宗翰乃陳耕具九，祝以辟土養民之意。 Ali Hemen and Zonghan then presented nine farming implements, praying with the intent of opening the land and nourishing the people.

History of Jin, Chapter 59Volume 59 Tables 1: Imperial Family · 1 passage

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宗翰（本名粘沒曷。太保、領三省事、晉國王。） Zonghan (born Nianmehe; Grand Preceptor, Director of the Three Departments, Prince of Jin).

History of Jin, Chapter 68Volume 68 Biographies 6: Huandu and His Son Mouyan; Yehe and His Sons Alubu, Gunan, and Egunai; Sanda's Son Pucha · 4 passages

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領秦王宗翰千戶，攻下中、西兩京。 He led a thousand households under Zonghan, Prince of Qin, and helped take the Central and Western capitals.

宗翰伐宋，圍太原未下，宗翰還西京，骨赧以右翼軍佐銀術可守太原。 When Zonghan marched on Song he besieged Taiyuan without success and returned to the Western Capital. Gunan held Taiyuan with the right wing under Yinshu Ke.

年十四，隸秦王宗翰軍中，常領兵行前為偵候。 At fourteen he entered Prince of Qin Zonghan's army and often led the van as scout.

天會八年，從秦王在燕，聞余睹反于西北，秦王令訛古乃馳驛以往，訛古乃黎明走天德，及至，日未曛也。 In Tianhui 8, while with the Prince of Qin at Yan, he learned Yudu had rebelled in the northwest. The prince sent him by relay post. He left at dawn for Tiande and arrived before sunset.

History of Jin, Chapter 78Volume 78 Biographies 16: Liu Yanzong and His Sons E and Kuo; Kuo's Son Zhonghui; Liu Yi; Shi Liai; Han Qixian and His Son Duo · 5 passages

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太祖至鴛鴦濼，不豫，還上京，留宗翰都統軍事，留彥宗佐之。 At Mandarin Duck Marsh Taizu fell ill, returned to the supreme capital, left Zonghan in overall command of the armies, and had Yanzong assist him.

明年，再伐宋，已圍汴京，彥宗謂宗翰、宗望曰：「蕭何入關，秋毫無犯，惟收圖籍。 The following year they invaded Song again. With Bianjing already under siege, Yanzong told Zonghan and Zongwang: "When Xiao He entered the passes he took nothing from the people—only the archives.

天會二年，遷太常少卿、東上閣門使，從宗翰伐宋，圍太原。 In Tianhui year 2 he became Vice Director of Imperial Sacrifices and Eastern Upper Portal Commissioner, joined Zonghan's campaign against Song, and helped besiege Taiyuan.

宗翰為都統經略山西，表署西京留守。 When Zonghan was commander-in-chief administering Shanxi, he memorialized to appoint Qixian Resident Commissioner of the Western Capital.

宗翰、宗幹雅敬重之，世稱賢相焉。 Zonghan and Zonggan deeply respected him, and his age called him a worthy chancellor.

History of Jin, Chapter 134Volume 134 Biographies 72: Foreign Countries 1: Xixia · 4 passages

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宗翰承制，割下寨以北、陰山以南、乙室耶刮部吐祿濼之西，以賜之。 Zonghan, acting on imperial command, granted them the lands north of Xia Fortress, south of the Yin Mountains, and west of the Tulu Bo marshes of the Yishi Yegua tribe.

所謂西北，西南兩路都統者宗翰也。 The "Southwest and Northwest circuit commanders" referred to here were Zonghan.

蓋宗望以太祖命與之通書，而宗翰以便宜割地議和雲。 Zongwang had exchanged letters with Xia under the founding emperor's orders; Zonghan had ceded territory at his own discretion to conclude the peace.

是時，宗翰朝京師未還，錄夏國奏付權都統斡魯，宋人侵略新受疆土、及使人王阿海爭儀物事，與夏通問以便宜決之。 Zonghan was still at court and had not returned; the Xia memorial was forwarded to Acting Commander Wulu with orders to settle, as circumstances required, both Song's encroachment on newly granted lands and the dispute over ceremonial gifts with envoy Wang Ahai through consultation with Xia.