Zhu Ci (硃泚) | 24 Histories

Overview

Zhu Ci was a rebel.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Epithet	the rebel Ci	賊泚

Life and dates

Death

Beheaded · Authority Tian Xijian (田希鑒)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 131, passage 28

Attested activity

AD 783 Zhu Ci rebellion joined by Li Chulin
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 141
AD 783 建中四年
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 94; Old Book of Tang 131, passages 6, 19
AD 783 建中四年冬
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 157, passages 91-92
AD 779 德宗嗣位
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 127, passage 100
AD 783 to AD 784 朱泚亂、帝出居奉天
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 144, passages 164, 169
AD 783 to AD 784 朱泚亂
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 150, passage 142

Show 11 more source-backed claims

AD 783 to AD 784 朱泚反
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 161, passage 44
AD 783 朱泚反
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 194, passage 243
AD 783 to AD 784 朱泚平
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passage 49
AD 784 朱泚平
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 54, passage 86
AD 783 to AD 784 朱泚構亂
Strongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 17
AD 783 to AD 784 硃泚、懷光之亂
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 246
AD 783 to AD 784 硃泚之亂
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 114, passage 86
AD 783 硃泚反
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 160; Old Book of Tang 117, passage 152
AD 783 與吐蕃相尚結贊等盟於清水
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 129, passages 46, 72-73
AD 784 興元初
Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 138, passages 153-154
AD 784 駕幸梁州
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 95

Key source chapters

Career and standing

military governor of Fengxiang-Longyou 鳳翔隴右節度使
AD 783 與吐蕃相尚結贊等盟於清水 · Replaced
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 46
Assumed
Usurper
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 131, passage 22
Ended
AD 784 朱泚平 · Rebel
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 54, passage 86
Held
Rebel
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 94
Led mutiny
Rebel
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 157, passages 91-92
Pacified
Defeated
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passage 49

Places and affiliations

Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Active in
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 144, passage 164
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Rebelled against
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 141; New Book of Tang 54, passage 86; New Book of Tang 138, passage 154; New Book of Tang 150, passage 142; New Book of Tang 194, passage 243
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 127, passage 100; Old Book of Tang 129, passage 46
Polity Tang 唐 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 246
At Fanyang 范陽 · Relation Commanded troops from
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 144, passage 164

Events and relationships

Alienation stratagem
AD 783 to AD 784 朱泚亂、帝出居奉天 · Political · Instigator
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 144, passage 176
Mutinied
AD 783 建中四年冬 · Military · Rebel leader · Organization Jing army 涇師
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 157, passage 91
Rebelled and was later pacified
Military · Rebel
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 52, passages 49, 164
Rebelled
AD 783 to AD 784 朱泚亂、帝出居奉天 · Rebellion · Leader
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 144, passage 169
Rebelled
AD 783 朱泚反 · Military · Rebel leader
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 194, passage 243
Rebelled
AD 783 to AD 784 硃泚、懷光之亂 · Military · Rebel
Dated from the passage context · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 246

Show 17 more source-backed claims

Rebelled
AD 783 硃泚反 · Military · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 117, passage 152
Rebelled
Military · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 160; New Book of Tang 150, passage 142
Rebelled
Military · Rebel
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 114, passage 86
Rebellion pacified
AD 784 朱泚平 · Military · Rebel
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 54, passage 86
Received adherence
Military · Rebel leader · With Li Chulin (李楚琳)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 141
Sent envoys to entice
Political · Recruiter · With Liu Nai (劉迺)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 157, passage 92
Sent false chancellor
Political · Recruiter · With Jiang Zhen (蔣鎮)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 157, passage 93
Sent spies to entice
Political · Instigator · With Feng Heqing (馮河清)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 94
Sided with Cui Youfu
Political · Mediator · With Cui Youfu (崔祐甫)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 127, passage 100
Stirred rebellion
Military · Rebel · With Zhu Tao (朱滔)
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 17
Supported by
AD 784 興元初 · Political · Usurper · With Zhu Tao (硃滔)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 138, passage 154
Usurped throne
Rebellion · Leader
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 131, passage 22
Relation Alleged correspondent of · Person Liu Yan (劉晏) · Mode allegation Witness Person Id Yu Zhun (庾準)
Uncertain · Old Book of Tang 127, passage 103
Relation Rebelled against · Person Dezong (德宗)
Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 54, passage 86
Relation Superior of · Person Jiang Zhen (蔣鎮)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 157, passage 93
Relation Secret communication with · Person Tian Xijian (田希鑒)
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 129, passage 95
Relation Patron of · Person Zheng Yunda (鄭雲達)
Directly stated · New Book of Tang 161, passage 110

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Old Book of Tang 113, passage 160; Old Book of Tang 127, passage 100; Old Book of Tang 129, passages 141, 246; Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 17; New Book of Tang 144, passage 164; New Book of Tang 194, passage 243
Misread Zhu-character prophecy as applying to himself; stirred rebellion hoping for undeserved throne
Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Old History of the Five Dynasties 3, passage 17

References in the histories

Search passages

History

54 passages

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 117Volume 113 Biographies 63: Miao Jingqing, Pei Mian, Pei Zunqing · 1 passage

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硃泚反，李懷光又叛河中，使其將趙貴先築壘於同州，紓來奔奉天，向領州務。 When Zhu Ci rebelled and Li Huai'guang rose in Hezhong, Huai'guang sent his general Zhao Guixian to build fortifications at Tong. Li Shu fled to Fengtian, and Xiang was left in charge of the prefecture.

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 127Volume 123 Biographies 73: Liu Yan, Di Wuqi, Ban Hong, Ban Shao, Li Xun · 2 passages

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硃泚、崔寧又從傍與祐甫救解之，寧言頗切，炎大怒，故斥寧令出鎮鄜坊以摧挫之。 Zhu Ci and Cui Ning also sided with Youfu; Ning spoke sharply; Yang was furious and banished Ning to command the Fu-Fang region to break his spirit.

準乃奏晏與硃泚書祈救解，言多怨望，炎又證成其事，上以為然。 Yu Zhun reported that Yan had written to the rebel Zhu Ci pleading for rescue, his language seething with grievance; Yang Yan bolstered the accusation, and the emperor believed it.

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 129Volume 125 Biographies 75: Zhang Yi, Liu Congyi, Xiao Fu, Liu Hun · 6 passages

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盧杞忌鎰名重道直，無以陷之，以方用兵西邊，杞乃偽請行，上固以不可，因薦鎰以中書侍郎為鳳翔隴右節度使代硃泚，與吐蕃相尚結贊等盟於清水。 Lu Qi resented Zhang Yi's great reputation and upright conduct and had no means to entrap him. As troops were then being deployed on the western frontier, Qi falsely offered to go in person. The emperor firmly refused, and Qi therefore recommended Zhang Yi, with the title of vice director of the Secretariat, as military governor of Fengxiang-Longyou to replace Zhu Ci. Zhang Yi then entered into an alliance with the Tibetan minister Shang Jiezan and others at Qingshui.

李楚琳者，嘗事硃泚，得其心。 Li Chulin had once served Zhu Ci and won his confidence.

賊泚及姚令言累遣間諜招誘，河清輒拘而戮焉。 The rebel Zhu Ci and Yao Lingyan repeatedly sent spies to entice him, and Feng Heqing always seized and executed them.

及駕幸梁州，其將田希鑒潛通泚，使結兇黨害河清。 When the imperial carriage proceeded to Liangzhou, his general Tian Xijian secretly communicated with Zhu Ci and caused wicked partisans to kill Feng Heqing.

先時，淮南節度陳少遊首稱臣於李希烈，鳳翔將李楚琳殺節度使張鎰以應硃泚，鎰判官韋臯先知隴州留後，首殺豳叛卒數百人，不應楚琳。 Earlier, Huainan military governor Chen Shaoyou was the first to declare himself subject to Li Xilie. Fengxiang general Li Chulin killed military governor Zhang Yi to join Zhu Ci. Zhang Yi's staff judge Wei Gao, who had earlier served as acting rear commander of Long prefecture, was the first to kill several hundred mutinous soldiers from Bin and refused to follow Chulin.

德宗黜賢相，位奸臣，致硃泚、懷光之亂，是失其人也，豈尤其時哉！ Emperor Dezong dismissed worthy chief ministers and placed treacherous ministers in rank, bringing about the disorders of Zhu Ci and Huai Guang. This was losing the right men. How can one blame the times alone!

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 131Volume 127 Biographies 77: Yao Lingyan, Zhang Guangcheng, Yuan Xiu, Qiao Lin, Zhang She, Jiang Zhen, Hong Jinglun, Peng Yan · 23 passages

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時太尉硃泚罷鎮居晉昌裏第，是夜，叛卒謀曰：「硃太尉久囚於宅，若迎為主，大事濟矣。」 At that time Grand Preceptor Zhu Ci, having been removed from his command, lived at his mansion in Jinchang Lane. That night the mutinous soldiers said: "Grand Preceptor Zhu has long been confined in his residence—if we welcome him as our leader, the great affair will succeed."

泚嘗節制涇州，眾知其失權，廢居怏怏，又幸泚寬和，乃請令言率騎迎泚於晉昌裏。 Ci had once commanded Jing Prefecture; the troops knew he had lost power and lived in resentful retirement. They also found Ci mild and tolerant, and they asked Lingyan to lead cavalry to welcome Ci from Jinchang Lane.

泚初遲疑，以食飼之，徐觀眾意，既而諸校齊至，乃自第張炬火入居含元殿。 Ci hesitated at first. They fed him, and he slowly watched the soldiers' mood. Once the commanders had all gathered, he left his mansion with torches blazing and entered the Hall of Unified Origin.

硃泚敗，令言與張廷芝尚有眾萬人，從泚將入吐蕃。 When Zhu Ci was defeated, Lingyan and Zhang Tingzhi still had ten thousand men and followed Ci, intending to enter Tibet.

至涇州，欲投田希鑒，希鑒偽致禮誘之，與泚俱斬首來獻。 When they reached Jing Prefecture they wished to surrender to Tian Xijian; Xijian feigned courtesy to lure them in, then beheaded both together with Ci and presented their heads.

賊泚僭逆，署光晟偽節度使兼宰相。 When rebel Ci usurped the throne, he appointed Guangcheng nominal military governor and concurrent chief minister.

及泚眾頻敗，遂擇精兵五千配光晟，營於九曲，去東渭橋凡十餘里。 When Ci's forces suffered repeated defeats, he selected five thousand elite troops for Guangcheng and encamped them at Jiuqu, a little more than ten li from the eastern Wei Bridge.

晟進兵入苑，光晟勸賊泚宜速西奔，光晟以數千人送泚出城，因率眾回降於晟。 When Sheng advanced into the imperial park, Guangcheng urged rebel Ci to flee west quickly; Guangcheng escorted Ci out of the city with several thousand men, then led the troops back to surrender to Sheng.

會涇原兵叛，立硃泚為主。 When the Jingyuan army rebelled, Zhu Ci was made leader.

初但稱太尉，朝官謁泚者，悉勸奏迎鑾駕，既不合泚意而退。 At first he was only called Grand Preceptor; court officials who visited Ci all urged him to welcome back the imperial carriage, which did not suit Ci's intent, and they withdrew.

及休至，遂屏人移時，言多悖逆，盛陳成敗，稱述符命，勸令僭號。 When Xiu arrived he had Ci dismiss attendants for a long while; his words were largely rebellious; he set forth success and failure at length, cited portents, and urged usurpation of the title.

泚悅其言，以休為宰相，判度支。 Ci was pleased with his words and made Xiu chancellor in charge of the treasury.

故時人云：「源休之逆，甚於硃泚。」 Hence people said: "Yuan Xiu's treason exceeded Zhu Ci's."

又勸泚鋤翦宗室，以絕人望，命萬年縣賊曹尉楊偡專其斷決，諸王子孫遇害不可勝數。 He also urged Ci to root out the imperial clan to cut off popular hope, and appointed Yang Zheng of Wannian County rebel magistrate's office to exclusive adjudication; princes and their descendants who perished were beyond counting.

泚敗走，休隨至寧州。 When Ci was defeated and fled, Xiu followed to Ning Prefecture.

泚死，休走鳳翔，為其部曲所殺，傳首來獻。 When Ci died, Xiu fled to Fengxiang and was killed by his own troops; his head was sent in presentation.

硃泚之亂，扈從至奉天，轉吏部尚書，遷太子少師。 During Zhu Ci's rebellion he followed the emperor to Fengtian, was transferred to Minister of Personnel, and promoted to Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent.

賊泚聞之，遂令數十騎追至京城，俾為偽吏部尚書。 Rebel Ci heard of this and sent several dozen horsemen in pursuit to the capital, forcing him to serve as nominal Minister of Personnel.

鍊與源休聞之大喜，遂言於賊泚。 Lian and Yuan Xiu heard this with great joy and reported it to rebel Ci.

泚素慕鎮清名，即令騎二百求之鄠縣西。 Ci had long admired Zhen's pure reputation and at once sent two hundred horsemen to seek him west of Hu County.

然源休與泚頻議，欲逼脅潛藏衣冠，大加殺戮，鎮輒力爭救，獲全者甚眾。 Yet Yuan Xiu and Ci often discussed forcing hidden gentry and officials into service and slaughtering them on a great scale; Zhen repeatedly strove to save them, and very many were spared.

及硃泚反，偽授太常少卿。 When Zhu Ci rebelled, he was given the nominal post of Vice Minister of Ceremonies.

硃泚素知之，得偃甚喜，偽署中書舍人，僭號辭令，皆偃為之。 Zhu Ci had long known him; obtaining Yan he was very pleased and appointed him nominal Secretariat Drafter; usurpation proclamations and orders were all written by Yan.

Old Book of Tang, Chapter 157Volume 153 Biographies 103: Yao Nanzhong, Liu Nai, Yuan Gao, Duan Pingzhong, Xue Cuncheng, Lu Tan · 2 passages

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迺臥疾在私第，賊泚遣使以甘言誘之，乃稱疾篤。 Nai lay ill at home. The rebel Zhu Ci sent envoys with flattering words to entice him, and Nai claimed his illness was grave.

又令其偽宰相蔣鎮自來招誘，迺托喑疾，灸灼遍身。 Ci also sent his false chancellor Jiang Zhen in person to recruit him. Nai feigned aphasia and had moxibustion burns applied all over his body.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 3Volume 3 Book of Later Liang 3: Taizu Annals 3 · 1 passage

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然「朱」字「牛」下安「八」，八即角之象也，故朱滔、朱泚構喪亂之禍，冀無妄之福，豈知應之帝也。 Yet in the character Zhu the element for "ox" stands above "eight"—eight being the sign of horns—so Zhu Tao and Zhu Ci stirred rebellion hoping for a throne that was not theirs, never guessing the omen pointed to the Emperor himself.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 52Volume 52 Treatises 48: Finance and Economics 2 · 2 passages

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朱泚平，天下戶口三耗其二。 After Zhu Ci's defeat, two-thirds of the empire's registered population was gone.

朱泚既平，於是帝屬意聚斂，常賦之外，進奉不息。 After Zhu Ci's defeat, Dezong turned to hoarding; beyond regular taxes, "presented tribute" never stopped.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 54Volume 54 Treatises 50: Finance and Economics 3 · 1 passage

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及朱泚平，佞臣希意興利者益進。 After Zhu Ci's rebellion was crushed, ever more courtiers currying favor pushed profit-seeking schemes.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 114Volume 114 Biographies 39: Cui Rong and Descendent Cong, Descendent Neng, Neng's Nephew: Shen You, Neng's Nephew an Qian, Neng's Son: Yan Ceng, Xu Yanbo, Su Weidao, Dou Lu Qin Wang · 1 passage

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硃泚之亂，渾瑊以朔方軍戰武功，引佐幕府。 During Zhu Ci's rebellion, Hun Jian fought at Wugong with the Shuofang army and brought Neng onto his staff.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 138Volume 138 Biographies 63: · 2 passages

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硃滔悉幽薊兵與回紇圍貝州，以應硃泚。 Zhu Tao mustered the armies of You and Ji with Uyghur allies to besiege Beizhou in support of Zhu Ci.

即以數騎馳入見武俊，曰：「泚、希烈爭竊帝號，滔攻貝州，此其志皆欲自肆於天下。 He rode in with only a few horsemen to see Wujun. "Ci and Xilie vie for the throne, and Tao attacks Beizhou—they all mean to rule the empire for themselves.

New Book of Tang, Chapter 144Volume 144 Biographies 69: Lai, Tian, Hou, Cui, Yan · 5 passages

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今朱泚所部范陽勁卒戍近甸，趨與禁兵雜往，舉無不克，因是役得以親兵內其腹中，則蜀將破膽不敢動，然後換授他帥，以收其權，得千里肥饒之地，是謂因小禍受大福也。」 Zhu Ci's Fanyang veterans garrison the capital approaches; march them with the palace guard and they cannot fail. Use that campaign to plant loyal troops in Ning's rear, terrify Shu into inaction, then replace him and recover a thousand li of rich land—turn a small risk into a great gain."

朱泚亂，帝出居奉天，寧後數日至，帝喜甚。 When Zhu Ci rebelled and the emperor fled to Fengtian, Ning arrived a few days later to the emperor's great relief.

會泚行反間，而除柳渾為宰相，署寧中書令。 Zhu Ci spread disinformation, Liu Hun was made chief minister, and Ning was named director of the Secretariat.

時朔方掌書記康湛為盩厔尉，翃逼湛詐作寧遺泚書獻之，杞遂奏：「寧初無效順心，向聞與賊盟署中書令，今果後至，復得所與賊書，反狀明甚。 Wang Hong forced Kang Zhan to forge a letter from Ning to Zhu Ci; Qi then memorialized, "Ning had never been loyal, had long been rumored to have accepted a rebel appointment as director of the Secretariat, had arrived late, and now the forged letter proved treason beyond doubt.