Overview
Xuantong Emperor was a ruler.
IdentityHistorical · Male
Life and dates
Attested activity
AD 1927 丁卯民國十六年，1927
AD 1911 宣統三年
AD 1917 宣統九年1917年五月十三日
AD 1909 宣統元年
AD 1908 宣統嗣立
AD 1912 宣統遜位
Show 1 more source-backed claim
Key source chapters
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Draft History of Qing, Chapter 473
Volume 473 Biographies 260: Zhang Xun, Kang Youwei
9 passages
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Draft History of Qing, Chapter 472
Volume 472 Biographies 259: Lu Runxiang, Shi Xu, Yi Ketan, Liang Dingfen, Xu Fang, Lao Naixuan, Shen Cengzhi
8 passages
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Draft History of Qing, Chapter 142
Volume 142 Treatises 117: Penal Law 1
1 passage
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Draft History of Qing, Chapter 438
Volume 438 Biographies 225: Yan Jingming, Zhang Zhiwan, Lu Chuan Lin, Lin Shaonian
1 passage
Places and affiliations
- Polity Qing 清 · Relation Ruled
Works and attributed material
Events and relationships
Abdicated
Political · Ruler
References in the histories
No matching passages.
Draft History of Qing, Chapter 142Volume 142 Treatises 117: Penal Law 1 · 1 passage
Draft History of Qing, Chapter 438Volume 438 Biographies 225: Yan Jingming, Zhang Zhiwan, Lu Chuan Lin, Lin Shaonian · 1 passage
Draft History of Qing, Chapter 472Volume 472 Biographies 259: Lu Runxiang, Shi Xu, Yi Ketan, Liang Dingfen, Xu Fang, Lao Naixuan, Shen Cengzhi · 8 passages
皇帝典學，充毓慶宮授讀，兼顧問大臣。
When the emperor undertook his formal studies, he became tutor in the Yuqing Palace and also served as an advisory minister.
我皇上睿哲性成，聰明天縱，衝齡踐祚，洪業肇基，當此春秋典學之時，實為聖敬日躋之始，伏維監國攝政王薰陶德性，輔養聖躬，慎選侍從，左右將護，亦既淵衝翕受，法戒靡遺。
Our Emperor is wise and sagacious by nature, bright with heaven's gift; he ascended the throne in tender years, the great enterprise only just begun. At this season of youth and classical study, it is truly the beginning of daily ascent in sagely reverence. The regent prince overseeing the realm has shaped his moral nature, nurtured the imperial person, chosen attendants with care, and guarded him on every side—the young emperor has already absorbed it all, and no lesson or warning has been spared.
唯是皇上一念之張弛，系萬機之治忽；
Yet a single moment's slackening or tightening in the emperor's mind bears upon whether the myriad affairs of state flourish or fail;
有不得不慎之又慎者，謹為我皇上詳晰陳之：一，請崇聖學。
Some things must be guarded with redoubled care; I respectfully set them out in detail for Our Emperor: First, I ask that sagely learning be exalted.
今我皇上典學之初，應定教學科目，自應會通今古，融貫中西，不可拘於舊例。
Now, at the outset of Our Emperor's classical studies, the curriculum ought to be set: it should unite past and present and draw together Chinese and Western learning, and not be confined to old precedent.
我皇上毓德方新，始基宜固，舊制選派內監伴讀，似不足以肅學製而廣箴規。
Our Emperor's moral cultivation has only just begun, and the foundation ought to be made firm; the old practice of assigning eunuchs as reading companions seems insufficient to give the school system proper gravity or to broaden the scope of admonition.
我皇上今日之言動起居，罔有勿敬，即異日之立政敷教，罔有勿臧，此尤根本之至計，不可不謹之於漸，而慎之於始者也。
Our Emperor's words, conduct, and daily life today are without anything irreverent; likewise, when he later establishes policy and spreads instruction, nothing will be amiss—this above all is the root plan, which must be guarded from the first and watched from the very beginning.
伏念朝廷廣勵人才，振興教育，侁侁學子，爭自濯磨，皇上典學伊始，益宜宏茲遠謨，以慰天下士民之望。」
Reflecting that the court broadly encourages talent and revives education, and eager students everywhere strive to refine themselves, at the very outset of the emperor's classical studies it is all the more fitting to expand this far-reaching design and satisfy the hopes of scholars and common people throughout the realm."
Draft History of Qing, Chapter 473Volume 473 Biographies 260: Zhang Xun, Kang Youwei · 9 passages
權衡重輕，天人交迫，不得已允如所奏，於宣統九年1917年五月十三日臨朝聽政，收回大權，與民更始。
Weighing what matters most, pressed by Heaven and men alike, I have no choice but to grant the request as memorialized; on the thirteenth day of the fifth month in the ninth year of Xuantong (1917) I shall attend court and resume rule, reclaim supreme authority, and make a new beginning with the people.
*自宣統九年五月本日以前，凡與東西各國正式簽定條約，及已付債款合同，一律繼續有效。
All treaties formally concluded with Eastern and Western countries before this day in the fifth month of the ninth year of Xuantong, and all debt contracts already paid, shall remain in force without exception.
*民國刑律不適國情，應即廢除，暫以宣統初年頒定現行刑律為準。
The criminal code of the Republic does not suit national conditions and shall be abolished at once; for the present the current criminal code promulgated in the early Xuantong period shall serve as the standard.
*凡我臣民，無論已否剪髮，應遵照宣統三年九月諭旨，悉聽其便。
All my subjects, whether or not they have cut their hair, shall follow the edict of the ninth month of the third year of Xuantong and be left entirely to their own choice.
京、外官暫照宣統初年官制辦理；
capital and provincial offices were for the time being to follow the official system of the early Xuantong period;
甲子民國十三年，1924，移宮事起，修改優待條件，有為馳電以爭，略曰：「優待條件，系大清皇帝與民國臨時政府議定，永久有效，由英使保證，並用正式公文通告各國，以昭大信，無異國際條約。
In the jiazi year, the thirteenth year of the Republic (1924), when the palace was to be moved and the terms of favorable treatment were revised, Kang sent an urgent telegram of protest. In essence he wrote: "The terms of favorable treatment were agreed between the Qing emperor and the Republic's provisional government. They were meant to remain permanently valid, guaranteed by the British minister and formally notified to all nations—no different from an international treaty.
今政府擅改條文，強令簽認，复敢挾兵搜宮，侵犯皇帝，侮逐后妃，抄沒寶器，不顧國信，倉卒要盟，則內而憲法，外而條約，皆可立廢，尚能立國乎？
Now the government alters the articles on its own authority, forces them to be signed, and further dares to search the palace at gunpoint, violate the emperor, insult and expel the empress and consorts, and seize imperial treasures—all without regard for national honor, pressing for a hasty settlement. If so, constitution and treaty alike may be cast aside at will. How can such a state endure?
宣統三年，鄂變作，始開黨禁，戊戌政變獲咎者悉原之，於是有為出亡十餘年矣，始謀歸國。
In the third year of Xuantong (1911), when the Hubei uprising broke out, the ban on political associations was lifted and all those punished in the Wuxu coup were pardoned. Kang Youwei, who had been in exile for more than ten years, now planned to return home.
論曰：光、宣兩朝，世變迭起，中國可謂多故矣。
The commentator says: Under the Guangxu and Xuantong emperors, upheavals followed one upon another; China may truly be said to have known troubled times.