Wu Sangui (吳三桂) | 24 Histories

Overview

Wu Sangui was a Ming-Qing general and feudatory who led the Revolt of the Three Feudatories.

Other names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Epithet	Wu rebel	吳逆

Life and dates

Death

AD 1675 to AD 1682 三桂死
Unspecified
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 8
AD 1679 康熙十八年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 126

Attested activity

AD 1675 康熙十四年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 7
AD 1660 清順治十七年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 6
AD 1641 1641 activity
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 24, passage 128
AD 1644 1644 activity
Dated from the passage context · History of Ming 24, passage 285
AD 1675 to AD 1682 三桂死
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 514, passages 7-9
AD 1673 to AD 1678 三藩之亂
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 270

Show 26 more source-backed claims

AD 1678 十七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 264, passage 196
AD 1673 to AD 1678 十三年…吳三桂負恩叛逆
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passages 161, 171, 181-182
AD 1673 十二年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 251, passages 20-21; Draft History of Qing 268, passages 21, 24
AD 1673 十二年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 271, passage 103
AD 1677 十六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 268, passages 51, 53
AD 1673 吳三桂亂作
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 264, passage 193
AD 1673 to AD 1681 吳三桂反
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 287, passage 6
AD 1673 to AD 1681 吳逆
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 191
AD 1668 康熙七年前後
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 252, passage 17
AD 1664 康熙三年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 14
AD 1662 康熙初
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 79
AD 1674 康熙十三年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passages 14-15, 174
AD 1674 康熙十三年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 85; Draft History of Qing 275, passage 7; Draft History of Qing 298, passage 36
AD 1674 to AD 1678 康熙十三年至十七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 259, passages 10, 20
AD 1673 康熙十二年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passages 78, 118, 120; Draft History of Qing 268, passage 248; Draft History of Qing 269, passage 88; Draft History of Qing 285, passage 8
AD 1673 康熙十二年
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 218
AD 1673 康熙十二年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 42
AD 1676 康熙十五年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 278, passages 15, 18; Draft History of Qing 285, passage 14
AD 1678 康熙十八年已死
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 126
AD 1671 康熙十年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 205
AD 1673 to AD 1681 後吳三桂反
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 170
AD 1673 to AD 1681 方諸籓盛強
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 252, passages 184-185
AD 1660 清順治十七年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 134
AD 1673 皇祖時
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 301, passage 222
AD 1644 to AD 1661 順治
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 247, passage 8
AD 1652 順治九年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 9

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Ancestor of Wu Shifan (吳世璠)
grandfather 祖 · 2 generations
grandson 孫 · paternal line · 2 generations
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 160; Draft History of Qing 514, passage 8
Kin of Wu Shizong (吳世琮)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 252, passage 135
Kin of Wu Shifan (吳世璠)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 252, passage 178
Parent of Parent of Wu Shifan (吳世璠之父)
father 父
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 160
Parent of Wu Shifan (吳世璠)
son 子
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 126
Parent of Wu Yingxiong (吳應熊)
son 子
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 287, passage 6
Parent of Parent of Wu Shifan
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 8

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Granted
AD 1660 清順治十七年 · At former Mu domains 沐府舊地
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 6
feudatory 籓
Requested withdrawal
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 248
Prince Who Pacifies the West 平西王
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 9; Draft History of Qing 514, passage 6
Entered
AD 1674 十三年 · Rebel
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 161
Held
Feudatory prince in rebellion
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 252, passages 184-185

Places and affiliations

Qing 清
Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 259, passage 10
Polity Qing · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 9
Polity Ming 明 · Relation Served
Directly stated · History of Ming 24, passages 128, 285
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Opposed
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 337, passage 71
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Rebelled against
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 252, passages 184-185; Draft History of Qing 282, passage 270
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Rebelled against
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 15; Draft History of Qing 268, passages 51, 85, 161

Show 7 more source-backed claims

Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passages 21, 248; Draft History of Qing 301, passage 222; Draft History of Qing 512, passages 14, 191; Draft History of Qing 514, passages 6, 134
Polity Qing · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 205
AD 1674 康熙十三年
At Songzi 松滋 · Relation Encamped at
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 259, passages 14, 162
AD 1652 to AD 1657 臣昔為河南知縣時，孫可望、李定國尚據云、貴、四川
At Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan 云、貴、四川 · Relation Held · power compared as no less than Wu Sangui's later rebellion
Uncertain · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 171
At Yunnan 雲南 · Relation Garrisoned
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 6
At Yunnan 雲南 · Relation Pacified
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 6
At Yunnan 雲南 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 269, passage 79

Works and attributed material

proclamation 檄
AD 1757 乾隆二十二年 · Relation Attributed author
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 337, passage 71
AD 1673 十二年
Memorial · Author
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 21
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 248

Events and relationships

Betrayed benefactor and rebelled
AD 1674 十三年 · Rebellion · Rebel leader · Mode quotation Speaker Tian Liushan (田六善)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 161
Campaigned against by
Military · Rebel opponent · With Zhao Liangdong (趙良棟) · At Yunnan 雲南
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 282, passage 270
Campaigned against
Military · Commander · With An Kun (安坤)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 247, passage 8
Campaigned against
Rebellion · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 278, passage 18
Established prefectures
AD 1664 康熙三年 · Administrative · Founder · Places Qianxi 黔西, Pingyuan 平遠, Dading 大定, Weining 威寧
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 14
Executed
Military · Commander · With An Kun (安坤)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 247, passage 12

Show 31 more source-backed claims

Fabricated a Kangdong raid and incited the Kaili Miao
Biographical event
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 252, passage 17
Issued false baron patent
Political · Issuer · With Shunnian (舜年)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 191
allot Yunnan waste lands to fief retainers 並雲南荒田給與籓下壯丁耕種
AD 1660 清順治十七年 · Political · Petitioner · Petitioned
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 134
Plotted and raised rebellion
AD 1673 康熙十二年 · Military · Rebel leader · At Guizhou 貴州
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passages 249-250
Predicted that his fall would settle Sichuan and Guangxi
AD 1675 十四年 · Prediction · Target · Mode quotation Speaker Tian Liushan (田六善)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 182
Raised rebellion
Military · Rebel leader · From Source Date: Text: 吳三桂亂作 · Western Year: AD 1673
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 264, passage 193
Rebelled and killed Zhu Guozhi
Biographical event
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 252, passage 27
Rebelled
AD 1675 康熙十四年 · Political · Rebel
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 7
Rebelled
AD 1673 to AD 1681 吳三桂反 · Military · Rebel leader
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 287, passage 6
Rebelled
AD 1674 康熙十三年 · Military · Rebel leader
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 15; Draft History of Qing 259, passage 10
Rebelled
AD 1673 康熙十二年 · Military · Rebel leader
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 120
Rebelled
AD 1673 康熙十二年 · Rebellion · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 42
Rebelled
AD 1671 康熙十年 · Military · Rebel leader · At Chenlong Pass 辰龍關
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 205
Rebelled
AD 1673 to AD 1681 後吳三桂反 · Rebellion · Leader
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 170
Rebelled
AD 1673 既而吳三桂反 · Military · Rebel leader
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 24
Rebelled
Military · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 251, passage 24; Draft History of Qing 253, passage 78
Rebelled
Military · Rebel
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 253, passages 174, 218; Draft History of Qing 275, passage 7; Draft History of Qing 301, passage 223
Rebellion cited as cause of suspended grand evaluation
AD 1678 十七年 · Military · Rebel leader
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 264, passage 196
Received defection of Wenkun troops
Political · Rebel leader · With Gan Wenkun (甘文焜)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 252, passage 185
Requested abolition of feudatories
AD 1674 康熙十三年 · Political · Petitioner
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 253, passage 14
Requested fief withdrawal
Political · Vassal
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 301, passage 222
Requested withdrawal of fief
AD 1673 康熙十二年 · Political · Petitioner
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 248
Retake cities
AD 1652 順治九年 · Military · Commander
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 270, passage 9
Rose in rebellion
AD 1673 十二年 · Military · Rebel
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 271, passage 103
Secured
AD 1660 清順治十七年 · Military · Commander · At Yunnan 雲南
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 6
Seized
Military · Commander · At Hunan 湖南
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 51
Sent generals to raid
Military · Commander · At Guangdong and Guangxi 兩廣
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 51
Sought to weary the empire from one corner
AD 1675 十四年 · Military · Rebel · Mode quotation Speaker Tian Liushan (田六善)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 181
Suppressed rebellion
AD 1664 康熙三年 · Military · Commander · With An Kun (安坤) · At Shuixi 水西
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 512, passage 14
Relation Patron of · Person Peng Ershu (彭而述)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 247, passage 14
Relation Patron of · Person Li Shiping (李世屏)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 514, passage 170

Assessments and attributes

Assessment in a position that must be destroyed · Mode quotation Speaker Tian Liushan (田六善)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 161
Assessment reputed skilled in war but failed to force Jingzhou or open Jiangxi-Guangdong route · Mode historian-judgment
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 259, passages 161-163

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 264, passage 193; Draft History of Qing 269, passage 79
Value historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 268, passage 248

References in the histories

Search passages

History

136 passages

History of Ming, Chapter 24Volume 24 Annals 24: Emperor Zhuanglie 2 · 2 passages

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甲子，總兵官吳三桂、王樸自松山遁，諸軍夜潰。 On jiazi regional commanders Wu Sangui and Wang Pu fled from Songshan, and the armies broke and fled in the night.

癸巳，封總兵官吳三桂、左良玉、唐通、黃得功俱為伯。 On guisi regional commanders Wu Sangui, Zuo Liangyu, Tang Tong, and Huang Degong were all enfeoffed as earls.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 247Volume 247 Biographies 34: Peng Ershu, Lu Zhenfen, Yao Yanzhu, Bi Zhenji, Fang Guodong, Yu Pengju, Wang Tianjian, Yue Tingbiao · 3 passages

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吳三桂徵水西土司安坤，而述謀曰：「烏蒙、烏撒、鎮雄、東川四府與水西為脣齒，土司隴安籓又與安氏婚媾。 When Wu Sangui marched against An Kun, the Shuixi chieftain, Ershu counseled him: "Wumeng, Wusa, Zhenxiong, and Dongchuan stand with Shuixi like lip and teeth, and the chieftain Long Anfan is tied to the An family by marriage as well.

三桂用其策，誅安坤。 Sangui took his advice and put An Kun to death.

三桂薦為雲南左布政使，而述乞歸，三桂留之，會有詔召，遂行，出會城三十里，一夕無疾卒。 Sangui recommended him for Left Administrative Commissioner of Yunnan. Ershu asked to retire, but Sangui kept him until an imperial summons came; he then departed, and thirty li outside the capital he died suddenly in the night without any known illness.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 251Volume 251 Biographies 38: Tu Hai, Li Zhifang · 12 passages

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七月，吳三桂繼之，實探朝旨。 In the seventh month Wu Sangui followed suit, in reality to test the court's intentions.

三桂既反，命攝戶部，理餉運。 Once Sangui had risen in rebellion, Tu Hai was ordered to act as head of the Ministry of Revenue and oversee the transport of provisions.

陝西提督王輔臣以平涼叛應三桂，定西大將軍貝勒董額督諸軍攻之，久未下。 Wang Fuchen, provincial commander of Shaanxi, rebelled at Pingliang in support of Sangui. Prince Dong'e of the Blood, Pacifier of the West, directed the siege for a long time without success.

三桂遣王屏籓、吳之茂等犯秦、隴，欲與平涼合。 Sangui sent Wang Pingfan, Wu Zhimao, and others to strike into Qin and Long, aiming to link up with the Pingliang garrison.

輔臣使榮遇上軍民冊，子繼貞繳三桂所授敕印，顧猶觀望，復命昌偕兄子保定諭之，乃薙發降。 Fuchen had Rongyu submit the register of troops and civilians, and his son Jizhen returned the commission and seal Sangui had granted him. Still he wavered, so Chang was sent again with his nephew Baoding to persuade him, and only then did Fuchen shave his head and surrender.

圖海疏請遣兵赴湖廣，會徵三桂，上命圖海親率精銳以行。 Tu Hai memorialized requesting troops for Huguang to join the campaign against Sangui. The emperor ordered him to lead elite forces there in person.

上慮克漢中、興安轉餉難，令守諸要隘，分兵赴荊州攻三桂。 Fearing the difficulty of supplying troops once Hanzhong and Xing'an were taken, the emperor ordered key passes held and detachments sent to Jingzhou against Sangui.

慶陽賊袁本秀受三桂劄，謀亂。 The Qingyang rebel Yuan Benxiu received a commission from Sangui and plotted an uprising.

十月，師次鎮安，分兵為二隊，進敗三桂將王遇隆，渡乾玉河，奪梁河關。 In the tenth month the army halted at Zhen'an, split into two columns, defeated Sangui's general Wang Yulong, crossed the Qianyu River, and seized Lianghe Pass.

三桂將韓晉卿遁。 Sangui's general Han Jinqing fled.

會吳三桂反，十三年，奏請復標兵原額，督習槍砲。 When Wu Sangui rebelled, he memorialized in the thirteenth year to restore the garrison troops to their original strength and to supervise training in firearms.

時吳三桂兵寇吉安、袁州，江西兵不能東，乃獨遣兵复玉山，文生遁； At the time Wu Sangui's troops threatened Ji'an and Yuanzhou, and Jiangxi's forces could not move east. Zhifang therefore sent troops on his own to recover Yushan, and Wensheng fled;

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 252Volume 252 Biographies 39: Gan Wenkun, Fan Chengmo, Ma Xiongzhen, Fu Honglie · 18 passages

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時吳三桂鎮雲南，欲藉邊釁固兵權，詭報土番康東入寇，紿文焜移師，又陰嗾凱里諸苗乘其後。 Wu Sangui then held Yunnan and sought border troubles to tighten his grip on the army. He fabricated a report that the Kangdong tribes had raided, lured Wenkun into moving his forces, and secretly stirred the Kaili Miao to attack from behind.

三桂慮詐洩，謂康東已遠遁，繇是益憚之。 Sangui, fearing exposure of his ruse, claimed Kangdong had already fled into the distance—and from that point feared Wenkun all the more.

三桂請以雲南巡撫兼督篆，令督標兵悉詣雲南受節度，而以利啗之，冀為己用。 Sangui asked that the Yunnan governor also hold the governor-general's seal, ordered all troops of the governor-general's command to Yunnan under his direction, and tried to buy them off with profit, hoping to turn them to his cause.

三桂反，殺巡撫硃國治，遣其黨偪貴陽。 Sangui rose in rebellion, killed the Yunnan governor Zhu Guozhi, and sent his followers to threaten Guiyang.

本標兵已受三桂餌，紛潰弗聽調。 Benshen's troops had already accepted Sangui's bribes and broke ranks, refusing to obey.

吳三桂反，承謨察精忠有異志，時方議裁兵，承謨疏請緩行。 When Wu Sangui rebelled, Chengmo saw that Geng Jingzhong harbored rebellious intent. As the court debated troop reductions, Chengmo memorialized asking that the cuts be postponed.

十二年，吳三桂反。 In the twelfth year Wu Sangui rebelled.

十三年，孫延齡以廣西叛應之，圍雄鎮廨，脅降。 In the thirteenth year Sun Yanling rebelled in Guangxi in support of Wu Sangui, besieged Xiongzhen's headquarters, and tried to force him to submit.

三桂使招降，雄鎮不為屈。 Sangui sent envoys to win him over, but Xiongzhen would not submit.

十六年十月，三桂遣其從孫世琮殺延齡，擁雄鎮至賊壘，迫使降，雄鎮大呼曰：「吾義守封疆，不能寸斬汝以報國，死吾分也！」 In the tenth month of the sixteenth year Sangui sent his grandnephew Shizong to kill Yanling and dragged Xiongzhen to the rebel camp to force his surrender. Xiongzhen cried out, "It is my duty to guard this frontier. I cannot cut you down to serve the throne—death is what I owe!"

三桂既平，歲正，上宴群臣，特命世濟及陳啟泰子汝器至御座前賜酒。 After Sangui's rebellion was crushed, at the New Year banquet the emperor summoned Shiji and Chen Qitai's son Ruqi before the throne to receive wine in special honor.

吳三桂蓄逆謀久，康熙七年，弘烈密以告，逮治，坐誣，論斬。 Wu Sangui had long plotted rebellion. In the seventh year of Kangxi, Honglie secretly reported him, was arrested, convicted of false accusation, and sentenced to death.

及三桂反，將軍孫延齡、提督馬雄以廣西叛應之。 When Sangui rebelled, General Sun Yanling and commander Ma Xiong joined the revolt in Guangxi.

弘烈欲集兵圖恢復，陽受三桂偽職，入思州、泗城、廣南、富川諸土司，歷交阯界，募義軍得五千人，遂移檄討賊，從尚可喜軍規肇慶。 Honglie sought to raise troops to recover the province. He outwardly accepted a false commission from Sangui, traveled among the chieftaincies of Sizhou, Sicheng, Guangnan, and Fuchuan, crossed into Annam, and recruited five thousand volunteers. He then issued a proclamation against the rebels and joined Shang Kexi's army in a move on Zhaoqing.

三桂甚惎之，使馬雄如柳州害其家百口。 Sangui hated him bitterly and sent Ma Xiong to Liuzhou to slaughter his entire family of a hundred souls.

當是時，馬雄據柳州，三桂諸將分據平樂、南寧、橫州，勢洶洶。 At that time Ma Xiong held Liuzhou while Sangui's generals occupied Pinglo, Nanning, and Hengzhou; rebel strength was formidable.

馬雄死，子承廕仍附三桂，受偽封懷寧公，詭言乞款附，弘烈許之，為疏聞。 After Ma Xiong died, his son Chengyin remained with Sangui, took the false title Duke of Huaining, and pretended to seek surrender. Honglie accepted this and reported it to the court.

文焜雖與三桂分疆而治，所部貳於三桂久矣。 Though Wenkun governed a separate territory from Sangui, his own troops had long since gone over to the rebel.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 253Volume 253 Biographies 40: Mo Luo, Chen Fu, Wang Zhiding, Li Xingyuan, Chen Qitai, Chen Danchi, Ye Yingliu · 13 passages

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十三年，吳三桂等奏請撤籓，上敕廷臣議，皆主勿徙，惟莫洛與米思翰、明珠議撤。 In Kangxi 13 (1674), when Wu Sangui and others asked that the princely fiefs be abolished, the Emperor ordered the court to debate the matter. Nearly all favored leaving the fiefs in place; only Mo Luo, Misihan, and Mingzhu argued for abolition.

三桂反，四川提督鄭蛟麟等叛應之。 Wu Sangui rose in rebellion, and Sichuan Provincial Military Commissioner Zheng Jiaolin and others joined him.

吳三桂反，鄭蛟麟以四川叛應之，遣使誘福。 When Wu Sangui rebelled, Zheng Jiaolin rose in Sichuan in support and sent envoys to win Fu over.

吳三桂、耿精忠相繼反。 Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong rose in rebellion one after another.

其明年，詔敕有司審理平西籓下逃兵。 The following year an edict ordered officials to try deserters from Wu Sangui's Pacification of the West fief.

時平西勳莊棋布，管莊者殺人奪貨，滋為民患。 Wu Sangui's merit estates were scattered across the province like chess pieces. Estate managers killed and plundered, becoming a growing scourge on the people.

有犯者論如法，部民德之，而大忤三桂意。 Offenders were punished according to law, to the people's gratitude, but this deeply offended Wu Sangui.

三桂將叛，使冶者鑄印，昆诇知，白興元，興元啟巡撫硃國治，趣入告。 As Wu Sangui prepared to rebel, he had seals cast. Kun discovered this through reconnaissance and told Xingyuan, who alerted Governor Zhu Guozhi and urged him to report at once to the capital.

國治遲數日始發，為三桂邏卒所得，遂作亂。 Guozhi delayed several days before dispatching the report. Sangui's couriers seized it, and rebellion followed.

三桂怒，杖而下之獄。 Wu Sangui in anger had him beaten and thrown into prison.

十八年，師克湖南，時三桂已死，其子世璠使刺殺興元。 In Kangxi 18 (1679), as government forces took Hunan, Wu Sangui was already dead. His son Shifan sent assassins to kill Xingyuan.

會吳三桂反，詔入覲官悉還治所。 Wu Sangui rebelled just then, and an edict ordered all officials en route to audience to return to their posts.

出榷贛關，會吳三桂叛，贛南北路絕。 He went to supervise the Ganzhou customs station. When Wu Sangui rebelled, routes north and south through Ganzhou were cut.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 259Volume 259 Biographies 46: Yi Li Bu, Ha Ke San, A Er Hu, Lu Shen, Ya Ji, Kuo Er Kun, Wang Chengye · 18 passages

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吳三桂反，十三年，大將軍順承郡王勒爾錦率師討之，以宜里布參贊軍務。 When Wu Sangui rebelled, Grand General Shuncheng Prince Le'erjin marched against him in Kangxi 13 (1674), and Yi Li Bu advised on military affairs.

既至荊州，三桂自常德攻陷松滋，襄陽總兵楊來嘉、副將洪福叛附之，壁穀城、鄖陽間，窺覗郡邑，詔宜里布守宜昌。 At Jingzhou, Sangui advanced from Changde and seized Songzi. Xiangyang commander Yang Laijia and vice commander Hong Fu defected, entrenched between Gucheng and Yunyang, and threatened nearby prefectures. Yi Li Bu was ordered to hold Yichang.

時三桂屯松滋北山，緣江置戰艦，謀水陸並進。 Sangui then held the north hill of Songzi, lined the river with warships, and planned a combined land-and-sea advance.

三桂遣其將張以誠與來嘉等寇南漳，宜里布與總督蔡毓榮分率勁旅夾擊，斬三千餘級。 Sangui sent Zhang Yicheng and Laijia against Nanzhang. Yi Li Bu and Governor Cai Yurong led elite troops in a pincer attack and killed more than three thousand.

三桂兵奔攸縣，宜里布追擊之，斬四千餘級，俘百餘，克攸縣。 Sangui's men fled to Youxian. Yi Li Bu pursued, killed more than four thousand, took more than a hundred prisoners, and captured the county.

三桂遣其將馬寶、胡國柱等來犯，與副都統哈克三督兵御之，力戰，殞於陣。 Sangui sent Ma Bao, Hu Guozhu, and others to attack. Yi Li Bu and Deputy Commander Hake San led the defense, fought fiercely, and both fell in battle.

十六年，大將軍簡親王喇布討吳三桂，哈克三參贊軍務。 In Kangxi 16 (1677), when Grand General Prince Jian Labu campaigned against Wu Sangui, Hake San again advised on military affairs.

三桂將韓大任據萬安，哈克三與副都統雅沁等分道進，大任渡河走。 Sangui's general Han Daren held Wan'an. Hake San and Deputy Commander Yaqin advanced on separate routes, and Daren fled across the river.

三桂將馬寶、胡國柱攻永興急，穆佔令哈克三率師赴援，與都統宜里布力戰，同歿於陣。 Ma Bao and Hu Guozhu pressed Yongxing hard. Muzhan sent Hake San to relieve the city; he and Commander Yi Li Bu fought fiercely and fell together.

其冬，吳三桂將王屏籓等自四川窺陝西，提督王輔臣叛應之。 That winter Sangui's generals Wang Pingfan and others threatened Shaanxi from Sichuan, and Regional Commander Wang Fuchen rebelled in support.

與三桂將彭時亨戰仰天池，大捷。 He defeated Sangui's general Peng Shiheng at Yangtianchi in a great victory.

十月，三桂將石存禮等擁眾八千出棧道，據益門鎮口，分七營窺寶雞，兼為王輔臣聲援。 In the tenth month Shi Cunli and others led eight thousand men along the plank road, seized Yimen Pass, split into seven camps threatening Baoji, and supported Wang Fuchen.

十六年，三桂將吳國貴犯長沙，力戰，死之。 In Kangxi 16 (1677), when Wu Guogui attacked Changsha, he fought fiercely and was killed.

吳三桂反，路什年已七十，請從征，遂從貝勒尚善徇湖南。 When Wu Sangui rebelled, Lu Shen was seventy and asked to take the field; he followed Prince Shangshan in Hunan.

吳三桂反，命率師駐防太原。 When Wu Sangui rebelled, he was ordered to garrison Taiyuan.

三桂將吳之茂犯廣元，遣兵敗之，復分水陸兼進，又擊之敗去。 Sangui's general Wu Zhimao attacked Guangyuan; Kuo Er Kun defeated him by land and water and drove him off.

三桂將彭時亨等擁眾八千據險邀阻，擴爾坤擊潰之，且戰且行三晝夜，次洋縣金水河，七戰皆捷。 Peng Shiheng and eight thousand men blocked the route. Kuo Er Kun routed them, fighting three days and nights to Jinshui River in Yang County, winning seven battles in succession.

論曰：吳三桂白首舉事，號善用兵。 The commentators say: Wu Sangui took up arms in old age and was reputed a master of war.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 264Volume 264 Biographies 51: Hao Weine, Ren Kepu, Liu Hongru, Liu Jian, Zhang Tingshu · 2 passages

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吳三桂亂作，措餉供兵，事辦而民不擾。 After Wu Sangui's rebellion broke out, he arranged funds and supplied the army; affairs were handled and the people were not disturbed.

十七年，擢副都御史，疏言：「自吳三桂為亂，軍需旁午，大計暫停。 In the seventeenth year he was promoted to vice censor-in-chief and memorialized: "Since Wu Sangui's rebellion, military needs have crowded in from every direction and the grand evaluation has been suspended.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 268Volume 268 Biographies 55: Mi Sihan, Gu Badai, Ma Er Han, Tian Liushan, Du Zhen, Sa Mu Ha · 16 passages

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十二年，尚可喜疏請撤籓，吳三桂、耿精忠疏繼入，下戶、兵二部議。 In year 12 Shang Kexi memorialized asking to surrender his princely fief, and Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong soon sent similar requests. The court referred the matter to the Ministries of Revenue and War.

米思翰與兵部尚書明珠議三籓並撤，有言吳三桂不可撤者，以兩議入奏。 Mi Sihan and Minister of War Mingzhu argued that all three feudatories should be abolished at once, while others held that Wu Sangui must be left in place. Both positions were reported to the emperor.

既而吳三桂反，上命王貝勒等率八旗兵討之，議者謂軍需浩繁，宜就近調兵禦守。 Wu Sangui soon rose in rebellion, and the emperor ordered princes and beile to lead the Eight Banners against him. Some argued that the war would be costly and that troops should be drawn from nearby garrisons for defense alone.

時三桂勢方張，精忠及可喜子之信皆叛，議者追咎撤籓主議諸臣，上曰：「朕自少時，以三籓勢日熾，不可不撤。 While Wu Sangui's power was still spreading and Geng Jingzhong and Shang Kexi's son Zhixin had also rebelled, critics blamed the ministers who had urged abolishing the feudatories. The emperor said, "Even as a young man I saw the Three Feudatories growing stronger every day and knew they had to be removed.

吳三桂陷湖南，遣其將掠兩廣。 Wu Sangui seized Hunan and sent his generals to ravage Guangdong and Guangxi.

巡撫傅弘烈為三桂將吳世琮所敗，莽依圖引兵與相合。 Governor Fu Honglie was defeated by Wu Sangui's general Wu Shicong, and Manggitu marched to join forces with him.

師進克南寧，叛將馬承廕與三桂軍合，可十萬，拒戰。 The army advanced and took Nanning. The rebel Ma Chengyin united with Wu Sangui's troops to some one hundred thousand men and offered battle.

康熙十三年，陝西提督王輔臣叛應吳三桂，上命揚威將軍阿密達自江寧移師討之，瑪爾漢以署驍騎參領從。 In Kangxi year 13 the Shaanxi commander Wang Fuchen rebelled in support of Wu Sangui. The emperor ordered General of Might Amida to move his army from Jiangning against him, and Ma Erhan followed as acting cavalry company commander.

十三年，疏言：「吳三桂負恩叛逆，處必滅之勢。 In year 13 he memorialized, "Wu Sangui has betrayed his benefactor and rebelled; he is in a position that must be destroyed.

十四年，疏言：「臣昔為河南知縣時，孫可望、李定國尚據云、貴、四川，其勢不減於吳三桂。 In year 14 he memorialized, "When I was a county magistrate in Henan, Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo still held Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan, and their power was no less than Wu Sangui's.

至三桂狡謀，覬以一隅之地困天下全力，我即以天下全力困此一隅。 Wu Sangui's crafty plot is to weary the empire's full strength with one corner; we should weary that corner with the empire's full strength.

三桂授首，則四川、廣西不煩兵而自定。」 When Wu Sangui falls, Sichuan and Guangxi will need no armies and will settle of themselves."

康熙十二年，聖祖允吳三桂疏請撤籓，遣薩穆哈偕郎中黨務禮、席蘭泰，主事辛珠，筆帖式薩爾圖如貴州，具舟及芻粟，諭以毋騷擾，毋遲悮。 In Kangxi year 12 the emperor approved Wu Sangui's request to surrender his fief and dispatched Sa Muha with Director Dangwuli, Xilantai, Principal Clerk Xinzhu, and clerk Sartu to Guizhou to provide boats and fodder, instructing them to cause no disturbance and no delay.

既至，三桂謀反，提督李本深與謀，書招貴州巡撫曹申吉，總督甘文焜得之，告薩穆哈等，趣詣京師告變，並請兵赴援。 After they arrived, Wu Sangui plotted rebellion. Provincial Commander Li Benshen joined the plot and wrote to recruit Guizhou Governor Cao Shenji. Governor-General Gan Wenkun learned of it, informed Sa Muha and the others, urged them to hurry to the capital to report the rebellion, and asked for relief troops.

薩穆哈與黨務禮、席蘭泰行至鎮遠，三桂已舉兵，鎮遠將吏得三桂檄，不給驛馬。 Sa Muha, Dangwuli, and Xilantai reached Zhenyuan, but Wu Sangui had already raised troops and Zhenyuan officers who received his summons would not supply relay horses.

乃乘驛，十一晝夜至京師，詣兵部，下馬喘急，抱柱不能言，久之始蘇，上三桂反狀。 Then they took the relay route and in eleven days and nights reached the capital. At the Ministry of War they dismounted gasping, clung to a pillar unable to speak, and only after long time revived to report Wu Sangui's rebellion.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 269Volume 269 Biographies 56: Suo Etu, Ming Zhu · 6 passages

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康熙初，南疆大定，留重兵鎮之：吳三桂雲南，尚可喜廣東，耿精忠福建。 Early in the Kangxi reign the south was pacified but heavily garrisoned: Wu Sangui in Yunnan, Shang Kexi in Guangdong, and Geng Jingzhong in Fujian.

十馀年，漸跋扈，三桂尤驕縱。 After more than a decade they grew arrogant and overbearing, Sangui most of all.

精忠、三桂繼請。 Jingzhong and Sangui soon made the same request.

上曰：「三桂等蓄謀久，不早除之，將養癰成患。 The emperor said, 'Sangui and the others have plotted for years; if we do not act now, we will nurse a sore into a mortal disease.

三桂遂反，精忠及可喜子之信皆叛應之。 Sangui rebelled, and Jingzhong and Kexi's son Zhixin joined him.

吳三桂既死，其孫世璠猶據滇、黔，命佛倫總理糧餉，通鎮遠運道，旋兼理四川糧餉。 After Sangui's death his grandson Shifan still held Yunnan and Guizhou; Folun was put in charge of provisions, opened the Zhenyuan supply route, and soon managed Sichuan as well.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 270Volume 270 Biographies 57: Hao Yu, Yang Suyun, Guo Xiu · 22 passages

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九年，平西王吳三桂與固山額真李國翰分兵復成都、嘉定、敘州、重慶。 In year 9 Wu Sangui, Prince Who Pacifies the West, and Li Guohan, gushan ejen, led separate columns to retake Chengdu, Jiading, Xuzhou, and Chongqing.

已而兩路兵俱敗，三桂退駐綿州。 Soon both armies were beaten and Sangui fell back to Mianzhou.

浴在保寧監臨鄉試，可望將數万人薄城，浴飛檄邀三桂，激以大義，謂「不死於賊，必死於法」。 Yu was in Baoning overseeing the civil examinations when Kewang approached with tens of thousands of men. He fired off urgent messages to Sangui, appealing to honor: "Either I die fighting the bandits, or I die under the code."

踰月，三桂乃赴援，可望等引去。 After a month Sangui finally marched to relieve the city, and Kewang withdrew.

部議謂戰守事當聽三桂主之，遂報寢。 The ministries ruled that war and defense were Sangui's to decide, and the proposal died there.

三桂入四川，浸驕橫，部下多不法，憚浴嚴正，輒禁止沿路塘報。 Once Sangui was in Sichuan he grew arrogant; his men broke the law freely. They feared Yu's rigor and repeatedly cut off courier reports along the road.

及保寧圍解，頒賞將士，三桂以冠服與浴，浴不受。 After Baoning was relieved and rewards were handed out, Sangui offered Yu ceremonial dress; Yu refused.

疏言：「平賊乃平西王責。 He wrote: "Crushing the rebels is the Prince's duty.

因陳三桂擁兵觀望狀，三桂深銜之。 He went on to describe Sangui hoarding troops and holding back. Sangui never forgave him.

三桂嗾顯忠等入京陳辨，浴坐鐫秩去。 Sangui sent Xianzhong and the others to Beijing to plead their case, and Yu was demoted and dismissed.

十一年，大學士馮銓、成克鞏、呂宮等交章薦浴，三桂乃摭浴保寧奏捷疏有「親冒矢石」語，指為冒功，論劾，部議當坐死，上命寬之，流徙奉天。 In year 11 Grand Secretaries Feng Quan, Cheng Kegong, and Lü Gong recommended Yu in turn. Sangui seized on Yu's Baoning victory report and the phrase "personally braved arrow and stone," accused him of false credit, and impeached him. The ministries called for death; the emperor commuted the sentence to exile in Fengtian.

十二年，三桂反，尚書王熙、給事中劉沛先薦浴，為部議所格。 In year 12 Sangui rebelled. Minister Wang Xi and supervising secretary Liu Pei recommended Yu first, but the ministries blocked it.

當日參浴者三桂也，使三桂始終恭順，方且任以腹心。 The man who attacked Yu then was Sangui—and if Sangui had stayed loyal, the court would still have trusted him with everything.

今三桂叛矣，天下無不恨三桂，即無不憐浴。 Now Sangui has rebelled. The empire hates Sangui—and pities Yu.

浴當三桂身居王爵，手握兵柄，不畏威，不附勢，致為所仇。 When Sangui held a princely title and an army, Yu neither feared him nor curried favor—and Sangui made him an enemy.

三桂之所仇，正國家之所取，何忍棄之？」 Whom Sangui hated is exactly whom the throne should want. How can we abandon him?"

時吳三桂鎮雲南，郡縣吏得自闢署，謂之「西選」。 Wu Sangui then held Yunnan and appointed local officials at will—the "western selection."

素蘊疏言：「三桂以上湖南道胡允等十員題補雲南各道，並有奉差部員在內，深足駭異。 Suyun protested: "Sangui has nominated ten men, including Hu Yun of upper Hunan circuit, for Yunnan posts—even ministry officials on imperial commission. This is shocking.

縱或云、貴新經開闢，料理乏人，諸臣才品為籓臣所素知，亦宜請旨令吏部簽補； Even if newly opened Yunnan and Guizhou lack administrators and Sangui knows these men's talents, he should still ask the throne and let the Ministry of Personnel appoint them;

三桂見素蘊前奏，惡之，具疏辨，並摘「防微杜漸」語，謂意含隱射，語伏危機。 Sangui read Suyun's earlier memorial, took offense, and replied at length, seizing on "guard against the subtle and stop the gradual" as a veiled threat.

居十年，三桂反。 Ten years later Sangui rebelled.

尚書郝惟訥、冀如錫，侍郎楊永寧交章請起用，惟訥詞尤切，略言：「素蘊首劾三桂，雲當防微杜漸。 Ministers Hao Weina and Ji Ruxi and Vice Minister Yang Yongning asked that he be recalled. Weina wrote most urgently: "Suyun was the first to attack Sangui and warned that trouble must be stopped at the first sign.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 271Volume 271 Biographies 58: Xu Qianxue, Wang Hongxu, Gao Shiqi · 2 passages

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及呉三桂反，順承郡王勒爾錦駐師荊州，方旦以佔驗出入軍營，巡撫張朝珍亦稱爲異人。 When Wu Sangui rose in rebellion, Prince Le'erjin of Shuncheng encamped at Jingzhou; Zhu Fangdan went in and out of the army camps practicing divination, and Governor Zhang Chaozhen also hailed him as a man of extraordinary powers.

疎劾廣東巡撫李士楨貪劣，潮州知府林杭學嘗從呉三桂反，乃舉其淸廉。 He impeached Guangdong Governor Li Shizhen for corruption, yet praised Chaozhou Prefect Lin Hangxue—who had once joined Wu Sangui's rebellion—as upright and honest.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 275Volume 275 Biographies 62: Ge Er Gu De, Zhao Shilin, Guo Shilong, Fu Lata, Ma Rulong · 3 passages

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十三年，從安親王岳樂討吳三桂。 In Kangxi 13 (1674) he accompanied Prince An, Yuele, on the campaign against Wu Sangui.

三桂將林興珠降，上策請分水師，泊君山，斷常德道； After Wu Sangui's general Lin Xingzhu defected, Ge submitted a plan to split the fleet: station ships at Junshan to sever the Changde line;

泊香爐夾扁山，斷長沙、衡州道：則三桂將坐困。 anchor others at Xianglu, Jiabian, and Bianshan to block the roads to Changsha and Hengzhou—so that Wu's commanders would be hemmed in.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 278Volume 278 Biographies 65: Mu Tianyan, A Shan, Ga Li · 2 passages

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師徵吳三桂，大將軍貝勒尚善請造船濟師，下天顏督造送岳州。 During the campaign against Wu Sangui, Grand General Prince Shangshan asked for transport vessels, and Tianyan was ordered to build them and send them to Yuezhou.

天顏反覆申辨，副都御史噶爾圖舉天顏訴辭先後互異，坐奏事上書不以實論罪，上追錄天顏造舟濟師，特寬之。 Tianyan argued repeatedly. Vice Censor-in-Chief Ga Ertu noted contradictions in his testimony and convicted him of false reporting. The emperor recalled his boat-building for the Wu Sangui campaign and showed special leniency.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 282Volume 282 Biographies 69: Jiang Xizhe, Yu Jin, De Ge Lei, Chen Zizhi, Ren Hongjia, Gao Cengyun, Shen Kaiceng, Gong Xianglin, Gao Xiachang · 1 passage

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雲貴總督趙良棟討吳三桂，定雲南，以敘功未允，為部下乞恩，屢有求請。 Yunnan-Guizhou Governor Zhao Liangdong had suppressed Wu Sangui and pacified Yunnan, but dissatisfied with the merit awards granted, he repeatedly petitioned on behalf of his subordinates.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 285Volume 285 Biographies 72: Wang Zishou, Yuan Zhouzuo, Li Shihong, Duo Hong An, Wang Xu, Zhang Mengqiu · 3 passages

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吳三桂反，贛南總兵劉進寶有謀略，紫綬推誠結納，預籌防禦。 When Wu Sangui rose in rebellion, Gannan's garrison commander Liu Jinbao proved resourceful; Zishou won his trust and laid plans for defense ahead of time.

三桂將高得捷、韓大任據吉安，餉道絕，屬縣相繼陷。 Sangui's generals Gao Dejie and Han Daren held Ji'an, cutting supply lines as dependent counties fell one by one.

吳三桂亂起，關隴震動，大吏疏請擢洮西道副使，未到官而洮、岷陷。 When Sangui rebelled the northwest shook; he was nominated vice commissioner of Taoxi, but Tao and Min fell before he arrived.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 287Volume 287 Biographies 74: Tong Guo Wei, Ma Qi, A Ling A, Kui Xu, E Lundai · 1 passage

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吳三桂反，子應熊以額駙居京師，謀為亂，以紅帽為號。 When Wu Sangui rose in rebellion, his son Yingxiong lived in the capital as an imperial son-in-law and plotted an uprising, using the red cap as their rallying sign.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 298Volume 298 Biographies 85: Ga Er Bi, Fa La, Cha Kedan, Qin Bai, Chang Lai, Ha Yuan Sheng, Ha Shang De, Dong Fang, Cha Bina, Da Fu, Ding Shou, Su Tu · 1 passage

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康熙十三年，以護軍從討吳三桂，自廣東下雲南。 In Kangxi 13 he joined the guards in the expedition against Wu Sangui, marching from Guangdong into Yunnan.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 301Volume 301 Biographies 88: Ne Qin, Fu Heng, Fu Ling An, Fu Long An, Fu Long An, Feng Shenjilun, Fu Chang An · 2 passages

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皇祖時，吳三桂請撤籓，諮於群臣，議撤者惟米思翰、明珠數人。 Under the Kangxi Emperor, when Wu Sangui asked to give up his fief, only Misanhan, Mingzhu, and a few others favored withdrawal.

及三桂反，眾請誅議撤諸臣，皇祖深闢其非。 When Sangui rebelled, many wanted those ministers killed; the grandfather firmly refused.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 337Volume 337 Biographies 124: Lu Chao, Tu Er Bing A, A Si Ha, Gong Zhaolin, Yang Jingsu, Min Eyuan · 1 passage

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上復遣侍衛成林會圖爾炳阿至夏邑按治，於昌緒家得傳鈔吳三桂檄。 The emperor again sent Bodyguard Cheng Lin with Tu Erbing'a to investigate in Xiayi, where they found copied proclamations of Wu Sangui in Changxu's house.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 512Volume 512 Biographies 299: Native Chieftain Biographies 1: Huguang · 3 passages

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康熙三年，吳三桂督雲、貴兵兩路討水西宣慰安坤之叛，平其地，設黔西、平遠、大定、威寧四府。 In Kangxi 3 (1664), Wu Sangui led Yunnan-Guizhou forces on two routes against the rebellion of An Kun, pacification commissioner of Shuixi; after pacifying the territory he established the four prefectures of Qianxi, Pingyuan, Dading, and Weining.

甘霖子舜年，字九峰，受吳逆偽承恩伯敕，後繳。 Ganlin's son Shunnian, styled Jiufeng, had accepted a false patent as Baron of Chengen from the Wu rebel, which he later surrendered.

康熙十年，吳三桂叛踞辰龍關，授永順宣慰使彭廷椿偽印，廷椿繳之。 In Kangxi 10 (1671), Wu Sangui rebelled and held Chenlong Pass; he issued a false seal to Yongshun Pacification Commissioner Peng Tingchun, but Tingchun turned it in.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 514Volume 514 Biographies 301: Native Chieftain Biographies 3: Yunnan · 5 passages