Lu Wan (盧綰) | 24 Histories

Overview

Lu Wan was an Early Han general, King of Yan, and later rebel.

Life and dates

Death

BC 194 居歲餘
At among the Xiongnu 胡中
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 111

Attested activity

BC 196 十一年
Directly stated · Book of Han 47, passage 219
BC 195 四月，高祖崩
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 109
BC 202 to BC 195 漢
Strongly inferred · History of Liao 40, passage 10
BC 202 漢五年
Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 44, passage 6; Records of the Grand Historian 51, passage 8
BC 202 漢五年八月
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 79
BC 195 燕王盧綰反
Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 56, passage 158; Records of the Grand Historian 57, passage 74

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BC 195 燕王盧綰反
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 115, passage 5

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Ancestor of Tazhi (他之)
grandson 孫 · 2 generations
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 115
Parent of Child of Lu Wan (盧綰之子/女)
child 子/女
Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 115
Spouse of Lu Wan's wife (盧綰妻)
wife 妻 · Widowed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passages 112, 114

wife and children (plural) fled and surrendered to Han
Kinship Role children · Count 2
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 112

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Grand Commandant 太尉
Held
Directly stated · Book of Han 44, passage 6; Records of the Grand Historian 51, passage 8; Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 69
King of Yan 燕王
BC 202 to BC 195 歷封 · Enfeoffed · At Yan 燕
Directly stated · History of Liao 40, passage 10
Marquis of Chang'an 長安侯
Enfeoffed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 70
立以為燕王
Directly stated · Book of Han 2, passage 98
King of Yan 燕王
BC 202 漢五年八月 · Appointed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 79
King Lu of the Eastern Hu 東胡盧王
Appointed
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 109

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King of Yan 燕王
Held
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 56, passage 158
Accused
Rebel
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 106
Fled to xiongnu
Exile
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 115, passage 5

Places and affiliations

Yan 燕
Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 115, passage 5
Polity Han 漢 · Relation Enfeoffed under
Directly stated · History of Liao 40, passage 10
Polity Yan 燕 · Relation Ruled
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 56, passage 158
At Feng 豐
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 63
At Yan 燕國 · Relation Enfeoffed in
Directly stated · History of Liao 40, passage 10

Works and attributed material

Speech · Speaker
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passages 98-101

Events and relationships

Fled to xiongnu
Political · Fugitive
Directly stated · Book of Han 47, passage 219
Rebelled and fled
Rebellion · Rebel · At Xiongnu 匈奴
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 115, passage 5
Military · Rebel
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 56, passage 158
Relation Close friend of · Person Gaozu (高祖)
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 69
Type close-friend-of · Person Local Id Liu Bang (劉邦)
Directly stated · Book of Han 2, passage 317

Assessments and attributes

Assessment greatest intimate imperial favor · Mode historian-narrative
Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 93, passage 69

References in the histories

Search passages

History

50 passages

Book of Han, Chapter 1Volume 1: Annals of Emperor Gaozu 1 · 1 passage

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漢王聽其計，使盧綰、劉賈將卒二萬人，騎數百，渡白馬津入楚地，佐彭越燒楚積聚，復擊破楚軍燕郭西，攻下睢陽、外黃十七城。 The King of Han followed his plan, sending Lu Wan and Liu Jia with twenty thousand soldiers and several hundred riders across Baima Ford into Chu territory. They assisted Peng Yue in burning Chu's stockpiles, then attacked and defeated the Chu army west of Yanguo, capturing seventeen cities, including Suiyang and Waihuang.

Book of Han, Chapter 2Volume 1: Annals of Emperor Gaozu 2 · 14 passages

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遣盧綰、劉賈擊虜尉。 He sent Lu Wan and Liu Jia to attack and capture Wei.

於是諸侯王及太尉長安侯臣綰等三百人，與博士稷嗣君叔孫通謹擇良日二月甲午，上尊號。 So the feudal lords and Grand Marshal, Marquis of Chang'an, Wan, and 300 others, together with the Erudite Lord Jisi, Shusun Tong, carefully chose an auspicious day, the jiawu day of the second month, and presented the honored title.

荊王臣信等十人皆曰：「太尉長安侯盧綰功最多，請立以為燕王。」 The King of Jing, Xin, and ten others all said: "Grand Marshal Lu Wan, Marquis of Chang'an, has the most merit. Please establish him as King of Yan."

燕王綰、相國何等三十三人皆曰：「子恆賢知溫良，請立以為代王，都晉陽。」 King Wan of Yan, Chancellor Xiao He, and thirty-three others all said: "The son Heng is worthy, wise, gentle, and kind. Please establish him as King of Dai, with his capital at Jinyang."

燕王綰、相國何等請立子恢為梁王，子友為淮陽王。 King Yan Wan, prime minister He and others requested establishing son Hui as King of Liang, son You as King of Huaiyang.

陳豨降將言豨反時燕王盧綰使人之豨所陰謀。 Chen Xi's surrendering generals said that when Xi rebelled, King Yan Lu Wan sent people to Xi's place with secret plots.

上使辟陽侯審食其迎綰，綰稱疾。 The emperor sent Marquis Piyang Shen Shiqi to welcome Lu Wan. Lu Wan claimed illness.

食其言綰反有端。 Shiqi said Lu Wan had signs of rebellion.

春二月，使樊噲、周勃將兵擊綰。 In the second month of spring, he sent Fan Kuai and Zhou Bo to lead troops to attack Lu Wan.

詔曰：「燕王綰與吾有故，愛之如子，聞與陳豨有謀，吾以為亡有，故使人迎綰。 The edict said: "King Lu Wan of Yan has old ties with me. I loved him like a son. When I heard that he had plotted with Chen Xi, I thought there was nothing to it, and so I sent people to welcome Lu Wan.

綰稱疾不來，謀反明矣。 Lu Wan claimed illness and did not come. His rebellion is clear.

與綰居，去來歸者，赦之，加爵亦一級。」 Those who lived with Lu Wan and come and go returning, pardon them, add one rank also."

盧綰與數千人居塞下候伺，幸上疾愈，自入謝。 Lu Wan with several thousand men dwelt below the frontier watching and waiting, hoping the emperor's illness would improve, personally entering to apologize.

盧綰聞之，遂亡入匈奴。 Lu Wan heard of it and fled into the Xiongnu.

Book of Han, Chapter 44Volume 35: Princes of Jing, Yan and Wu · 1 passage

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漢王因使賈將九江兵，與太尉盧綰西南擊臨江王共尉，尉死，以臨江為南郡。 The King of Han then put Liu Jia in command of the Jiujiang forces. With Grand Commandant Lu Wan he struck southwest at Gong Wei, king of Linjiang. Gong Wei fell, and his domain was converted into Nan Commandery.

Book of Han, Chapter 47Volume 38: The Five Sons of Emperor Gao · 1 passage

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十一年，燕王盧綰亡入匈奴，明年，立建為燕王。 In the eleventh year Lu Wan, king of Yan, fled to the Xiongnu; the following year Liu Jian was invested as king of Yan.

History of Liao, Chapter 40Volume 40 Treatises 10: Geography 4 · 1 passage

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漢為燕國，歷封臧荼、盧綰、劉建、劉澤、劉旦，嘗置涿郡廣陽國。 Under Han it became the State of Yan, held in turn by Zang Tu, Lu Wan, Liu Jian, Liu Ze, and Liu Dan, with Zhuo Commandery and Guangyang State established at intervals.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 51Houses of Jing and Yan · 1 passage

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漢王因使劉賈將九江兵，與太尉盧綰西南擊臨江王共尉。 The King of Han then directed Liu Jia to lead the Jiujiang troops and, together with Grand Commandant Lu Wan, march southwest to attack Gong Wei, the King of Linjiang.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 56House of Chancellor Chen · 1 passage

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燕王盧綰反，上使樊噲以相國將兵攻之。 When Lu Wan, King of Yan, rebelled, the emperor sent Fan Kuai as Chancellor to lead an army against him.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 57House of Zhou Bo, Marquis of Jiang · 3 passages

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燕王盧綰反，勃以相國代樊噲將，擊下薊，得綰大將抵、丞相偃、守陘、太尉弱、御史大夫施，屠渾都。 When the King of Yan, Lu Wan, rebelled, Bo, as Chancellor of State, replaced Fan Kuai in command. He attacked and captured Ji, seizing Lu Wan's Grand General Di, Chancellor Yan, Commander Xing, Grand Commandant Ruo, and Censor-in-Chief Shi, and slaughtered Hundu.

破綰軍上蘭，復擊破綰軍沮陽。 At Shanglan, he defeated Lu Wan's army, then struck and defeated it again at Juyang.

文帝朝，太后以冒絮提文帝，曰：「絳侯綰皇帝璽，將兵於北軍，不以此時反，今居一小縣，顧欲反邪！」 At Emperor Wen's morning audience, the Empress Dowager seized the emperor by his headdress cloth and said: "The Marquis of Jiang once held the imperial seal in his hands and commanded the Northern Army. If he did not rebel then, why would he now, living in some small county, suddenly wish to rebel?"

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 93Biographies of Han Xin (King of Han) and Lu Wan · 26 passages

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盧綰者，豐人也，與高祖同里。 Lu Wan was a native of Feng and came from the same village as the High Ancestor.

盧綰親與高祖太上皇相愛，及生男，高祖、盧綰同日生，里中持羊酒賀兩家。 Lu Wan's parents were close friends with the High Ancestor's father, the Grand Supreme Emperor. When both families had sons, the High Ancestor and Lu Wan were born on the same day, and the villagers brought lamb and wine to congratulate both households.

及高祖、盧綰壯，俱學書，又相愛也。 When the High Ancestor and Lu Wan came of age, they studied together and grew fond of each other.

高祖為布衣時，有吏事辟匿，盧綰常隨出入上下。 When the High Ancestor was still a commoner and had to go into hiding over legal troubles, Lu Wan always accompanied him wherever he went.

及高祖初起沛，盧綰以客從，入漢中為將軍，常侍中。 When the High Ancestor first rose in revolt at Pei, Lu Wan followed as a retainer. He entered Hanzhong, was made a general, and attended constantly at court.

從東擊項籍，以太尉常從，出入臥內，衣被飲食賞賜，群臣莫敢望，雖蕭曹等，特以事見禮，至其親幸，莫及盧綰。 He followed the eastward campaign against Xiang Ji, serving as Grand Commandant and constantly at the Emperor's side, even entering the private chambers. In clothing, bedding, food, drink, and gifts bestowed, no minister dared aspire to his level. Even Xiao He and Cao Shen were only accorded respect on account of their official duties—when it came to intimate favor, none could match Lu Wan.

綰封為長安侯。 Lu Wan was enfeoffed as Marquis of Chang'an.

漢五年冬，以破項籍，乃使盧綰別將，與劉賈擊臨江王共尉，破之。 In the winter of the fifth year of the Han dynasty, after the defeat of Xiang Ji, the Emperor dispatched Lu Wan to command a separate force. Together with Liu Jia, he attacked and defeated Gong Wei, the King of Linjiang.

欲王盧綰，為群臣觖望。 He wished to make Lu Wan a king, but this aroused resentment among his ministers.

群臣知上欲王盧綰，皆言曰：「太尉長安侯盧綰常從平定天下，功最多，可王燕。」 The ministers, knowing the Emperor wished to make Lu Wan king, all declared: 'The Grand Commandant, the Marquis of Chang'an, Lu Wan, has followed the Emperor throughout the pacification of the realm and has the greatest merit. He should be made King of Yan.'

漢五年八月，乃立虜綰為燕王。 In the eighth month of the fifth year of the Han dynasty, Lu Wan was established as King of Yan.

諸侯王得幸莫如燕王。 Of all the vassal kings, none enjoyed greater imperial favor than the King of Yan.

漢十一年秋，陳豨反代地，高祖如邯鄲擊豨兵，燕王綰亦擊其東北。 In the autumn of the eleventh year, Chen Xi rebelled in the territory of Dai. The High Ancestor marched to Handan to attack Chen Xi's forces, and the King of Yan, Wan, also struck at his northeastern flank.

燕王綰亦使其臣張勝於匈奴，言豨等軍破。 The King of Yan also sent his minister Zhang Sheng to the Xiongnu to report that Chen Xi's army had been defeated.

燕王綰疑張勝與胡反，上書請族張勝。 The King of Yan suspected Zhang Sheng of conspiring with the Xiongnu to rebel and submitted a memorial requesting that Zhang Sheng's entire clan be executed.

燕王寤，乃詐論它人，脫勝家屬，使得為匈奴閒，而陰使范齊之陳豨所，欲令久亡，連兵勿決。 The King of Yan came to understand and so framed another man in Zhang Sheng's place, freed Sheng's family, and had Sheng serve as a liaison with the Xiongnu. Meanwhile, he secretly sent Fan Qi to Chen Xi's camp, intending to prolong the conflict and keep the armies locked in an unresolved stalemate.

其裨將降，言燕王綰使范齊通計謀於豨所。 One of Chen Xi's subordinate generals surrendered and revealed that the King of Yan had sent Fan Qi to coordinate plots with Chen Xi.

高祖使使召盧綰，綰稱病。 The High Ancestor sent a messenger to summon Lu Wan, but Wan pleaded illness.

上又使辟陽侯審食其、御史大夫趙堯往迎燕王，因驗問左右。 The Emperor then sent the Marquis of Biyang, Shen Shiqi, and the Grand Censor Zhao Yao to receive the King of Yan and to investigate and interrogate his attendants.

綰愈恐，閉匿，謂其幸臣曰：「非劉氏而王，獨我與長沙耳。 Wan grew even more fearful and shut himself away. He confided to his trusted ministers: 'Of those who bear the title of king without being of the Liu surname, only I and the King of Changsha remain.

於是上曰：「盧綰果反矣！」 At this, the Emperor declared: 'Lu Wan has indeed rebelled!'

燕王綰悉將其宮人家屬騎數千居長城下，侯伺，幸上病愈，自入謝。 The King of Yan gathered all his palace women and family members, along with several thousand horsemen, and camped below the Great Wall, watching and waiting, hoping that the Emperor would recover so he could go in person to beg forgiveness.

四月，高祖崩，盧綰遂將其眾亡入匈奴，匈奴以為東胡盧王。 In the fourth month, the High Ancestor died. Lu Wan then led his followers across the border into Xiongnu territory. The Xiongnu made him King Lu of the Eastern Hu.

綰為蠻夷所侵奪，常思復歸。 Among the barbarians, Wan was constantly harassed and plundered, and he never stopped longing to return home.

高后時，盧綰妻子亡降漢，會高后病，不能見，舍燕邸，為欲置酒見之。 During Empress Gao's regency, Lu Wan's wife and children fled and surrendered to Han. But as it happened, Empress Gao was ill and could not receive them. She lodged them at the Yan residence, intending to hold a banquet to meet them.

太史公曰：韓信、盧綰非素積德累善之世，徼一時權變，以詐力成功，遭漢初定，故得列地，南面稱孤。 The Grand Historian remarks: Han Xin and Lu Wan came not from families that had long cultivated virtue and accumulated merit. They seized upon the expedient shifts of their time, winning success through cunning and force. It was only because they happened to live at the founding of the Han dynasty that they were able to receive territories, face south, and bear the title of king.

Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 115Treatise on Korea · 1 passage

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燕王盧綰反，入匈奴，滿亡命，聚黨千餘人，魋結蠻夷服而東走出塞，渡浿水，居秦故空地上下鄣，稍役屬真番、朝鮮蠻夷及故燕、齊亡命者王之，都王險。 When Lu Wan, the King of Yan, rose in rebellion and fled to the Xiongnu, Wiman went into exile. He gathered more than a thousand followers, tied up their hair in the fashion of the eastern barbarians, donned barbarian clothing, and fled east beyond the frontier passes. After crossing the Pae River, he settled in the abandoned Qin territories between the upper and lower fortifications, and gradually brought the barbarians of Zhendan and Joseon under his rule, along with refugees from the former states of Yan and Qi. He made himself their king and established his capital at Wanggeom.