Song, Liao, and Jin · Jurchen General, Statesman, and Senior Adviser

Huandu 歡都

Huāndū

c. AD 1051 - AD 1113

Passages
37
Chapters
2
Histories
1

Overview

Huandu was a Jurchen General, Statesman, and Senior Adviser.

IdentityHistorical · Male

Other names

TypeEnglishChinesePinyin
Posthumous name Zhongmin 忠敏

Life and dates

Birth

Death

Age

Attested activity

Family

Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.

Key source chapters

  1. History of Jin, Chapter 68 Volume 68 Biographies 6: Huandu and His Son Mouyan; Yehe and His Sons Alubu, Gunan, and Egunai; Sanda's Son Pucha 36 passages
  2. History of Jin, Chapter 59 Volume 59 Tables 1: Imperial Family 1 passage

Career and standing

Places and affiliations

Learning and skills

Works and attributed material

  • Offered himself as hostage in place of the women of Muzong’s household.
    Direct quotation · Mode direct-speech
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passages 56-58
  • Refused surrender to Beinai and vowed to fight to the death.
    Direct quotation · Mode direct-speech
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passages 25-26
  • Urged Shizu to remember Puyangwen and his wife before attacking Talan.
    Direct quotation · Mode direct-speech
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 39
  • Warned Muzong’s dissenting kinsmen that he would not remain silent if they quarreled.
    Direct quotation · Mode direct-speech
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 69

Events and relationships

  • At his words the company fell quiet, and from that day no one spoke out again.
    Biographical record · Source Text 眾聞之遂帖然，自是不復有異言者。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 70
  • Beinai of the Wole clan had lived with his brothers north of the Anchu River since Jingzu's day. When Wuchun rebelled, Beinai was ready to join him and secretly won over the Woluguan water folk, intending to destroy Huandu first.
    Biographical record · Source Text 斡勒部人杯乃，自景祖時與其兄弟俱居安出虎水之北，及烏春作難，杯乃將與烏春合，間誘斡魯紺出水居人與之相結，欲先除去歡都。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 19
  • During Azu'a's revolt Mouyan went with Huandu and stood hostage in his place.
    Biographical record · Source Text 謀演，當阿注阿之難，從歡都代為質。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 83
  • Dusk had fallen and Shizu had barely fifty or sixty riders. Huandu plunged into the enemy line and fought back and forth four times over before Shizu, wounded, called a halt.
    Biographical record · Source Text 日已曛，惟從五六十騎，歡都入敵陣鏖擊之，左右出入者數四，世祖中創乃止。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 35
  • Early in Muzong's reign, his cousins Xilie and Xiebo, together with his elder brothers, murmured dissent: "Those men made themselves lord and minister—what of us?"
    Biographical record · Source Text 穆宗襲位之初，諸父之子習烈、斜缽及諸兄有異言，曰：「君相之位，皆渠輩為之，奈何？」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 68
  • From Jingzu's day Jin began its rise, and the lord and minister order among the tribes was first fixed. Hence among ministers of other surnames Huandu leads the roll.
    Biographical record · Source Text 蓋金自景祖始大，諸部君臣之分始定，故傳異姓之臣，以歡都為首。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 197
Show 58 more source-backed claims
  • Gushi, Bashi, and others of the Pucha tribe lured the troops into a city and trapped more than three hundred men.
    Biographical record · Source Text 蒲察部故石、拔石等，誘其眾入城，陷三百餘人。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 47
  • He gave Huandu a horse and said: "When you fight, ride this one."
    Biographical record · Source Text 贈歡都以馬，曰：「戰則乘此。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 28
  • He met the messenger on the road and reached home at noon. Azu'a told Muzong: "Let the noted bureaucrats of the registered Jurchen band together, send my brothers and kin by the Xianzhou road into Liao, give me gold from the treasury and horses from the stables without stint, and let Huandu escort me to the Liao frontier before he returns."
    Biographical record · Source Text 中途逢告者，日午至，阿注阿謂穆宗曰：「可使系案女直知名官僚相結，送我兄弟親屬由咸州路入遼國，庫金廄馬與我勿惜，歡都亦當送我至遼境，然後還。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 62
  • He pressed the point again and again until Azu'a agreed. The empress was freed and Huandu held in her place.
    Biographical record · Source Text 再三言之，阿注阿從之，貞惠皇后乃得解，而質歡都。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 59
  • He then killed Sanbin and his mother, reported the whole affair to Liao, and asked that Azu'a be returned. Liao banished him to Yijin.
    Biographical record · Source Text 遂殺三濱並其母，具報於遼，乞還阿注阿，遼人流之曷堇城。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 66
  • His grandfather Shilu was Zhaozu's contemporary, clansman, and namesake; the two became fast friends and swore an oath: "In life we shall share one river's bank; in death one valley's grave."
    Biographical record · Source Text 祖石魯，與昭祖同時同部同名，交相得，誓曰：「生則同川居，死則同穀葬。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 3
  • His sons were Gushen and Mouyan.
    Biographical record · Source Text 子穀神、謀演。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 80
  • Huandu buckled on armor, seized his halberd, and rose. "He is a rebel. If they demand the Grand Preceptor's brothers, will you surrender them as well?
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都被甲執戟而起曰：「彼為亂之人也，若取太師兄弟，則亦與之乎。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 25
  • Huandu came in to counsel and went out to command on the field; he never left Shizu's side.
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都入與謀議，出臨戰陣，未嘗去左右。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 18
  • Huandu dismounted, seized the bridle, and pleaded: "Have you no thought for your beloved younger brother Puyangwen and his wife?"
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都下馬執轡而諫曰：「獨不念愛弟蒲陽溫與弟婦乎。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 39
  • Huandu reached Jizhou, which was in fact Huanglong Prefecture, and sent riders by relay to cut off Azu'a's party, sparing only his kin.
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都至濟州，實黃龍府，使人馳驛要遮阿注阿黨屬，惟縱其親人使去。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 65
  • Huandu said: "If you quarrel among yourselves, I shall not stand idly by."
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都曰：「汝輩若紛爭，則吾必不默默但已。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 69
  • Huandu served four sovereigns across forty years. In battle he always met the enemy first; in great council his counsel was often followed.
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都事四君，出入四十年，征伐之際遇敵則先戰，廣廷大議多用其謀。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 71
  • Huandu was Hesun's son.
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都，劾孫子。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 14
  • Huandu was made commander in chief and sent to investigate Xiebo's loss of the force. He relieved Xiebo of his entire command, crushed Wuchun and Womouhan at Xiedui, and captured Gushi and Bashi.
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都為都統，往治斜缽失軍之狀，盡解斜缽所將軍、大破烏春、窩謀罕於斜堆，擒故石、拔石。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 48
  • Huandu was of the Wanyan tribe.
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都，完顏部人。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 2
  • Huandu went in to Azu'a and said: "What end do you intend for this plot of yours?
    Biographical record · Source Text 歡都入見阿注阿曰：「汝輩所謀之事奈何。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 56
  • If they demand us, we will never go. If it must come to war, we shall fight to the last man."
    Biographical record · Source Text 今取我輩，我輩決不可往，若必用戰，當盡力致死。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 26
  • In Jingzu's day Shilu's son Hesun brought his tribe in submission and settled south of Hukai Mountain on the headwaters of the Anchu River.
    Biographical record · Source Text 至景祖時，石魯之子劾孫舉部來歸，居於安出虎水源胡凱山南。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 12
  • In Mingchang 5 he was raised to Grand Master of the Palace with Equal Protocol and given the posthumous name Zhongmin, Loyal and Keen.
    Biographical record · Source Text 明昌五年，贈開府儀同三司，諡曰忠敏。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 79
  • In Mingchang 5 he was raised to Special Advancement with the posthumous name Zhongji, Loyal and Succoring, and together with Duke of Dai Huandu, Special Advancement Hezhe, Grand Master of the Palace Penna, and Bearer of the Triple Staff Bada was granted collateral sacrifice in Shizu's temple.
    Biographical record · Source Text 明昌五年，贈特進，諡忠濟，與代國公歡都、特進劾者、開府儀同三司盆納、儀同三司拔達，俱配享世祖廟廷。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 93
  • In the second month of Kangzong 11 (guisi) he fell ill, withdrew to the Milimei River to convalesce, and died at sixty three.
    Biographical record · Source Text 康宗十一年癸巳二月，得疾，避疾于米里每水，薨，年六十三。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 76
  • In Tianhui 15 he was posthumously made Bearer of the Triple Staff with Equal Protocol and Duke of Dai.
    Biographical record · Source Text 天會十五年，追贈儀同三司、代國公。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 78
  • It later came out that the fire had been set by Beinai's servant Achuhushan. Beinai had sought a pretext for strife and had framed Huandu.
    Biographical record · Source Text 既而聞之，放火者杯乃家人阿出胡山也，杯乃欲開此釁，故以誣歡都雲。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 33
  • Kangzong treated him as a veteran of his father and uncles' generation, honored him the more, and drew great profit from his service.
    Biographical record · Source Text 康宗以為父叔舊人，尤加敬禮，多所補益。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 75
  • Later, homesick for his own country, Azu'a fled back and joined the registered Jurchen. He raided the dwellings of their officials, was seized, refused to yield, and was executed.
    Biographical record · Source Text 其後，阿注阿懷思鄉土，亡歸，附於系案女直，因亂其官僚之室，捕之，不伏，乃見殺。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 67
  • Liao appointed Muzong, Taizu, Cibushi, and Huandu each to the office of xiangwen.
    Biographical record · Source Text 遼人命穆宗、太祖、辭不失、歡都俱為詳穩。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 45
  • Muzong remembered Huandu's counsel and later arranged for Talan's daughter Heluoshen to marry Huandu's son Gushen.
    Biographical record · Source Text 穆宗德歡都言，後以撻懶女曷羅哂妻其子谷神。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 43
  • Muzong said: "How bold Huandu is! In my judgment he is entirely right."
    Biographical record · Source Text 穆宗曰：「壯哉歡都，以我所見，正如此爾。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 27
  • Of Shizu's maternal brothers Muzong was the youngest, and so earned that name.
    Biographical record · Source Text 世祖母弟中穆宗最少，故雲然。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 42
  • Puyangwen is the Jurchen name for "younger brother" in Chinese.
    Biographical record · Source Text 蒲陽溫者，漢語雲幼弟也。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 41
  • Shizu once said: "With Huandu at my side, what could I not accomplish?"
    Biographical record · Source Text 世祖嘗曰：「吾有歡都，則何事不成。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 72
  • Shizu then went to Beinai and, standing across the Biecih River, said: "Bugesou has named Huandu and the rest as the arsonists. I shall keep our agreement to the letter.
    Biographical record · Source Text 世祖乃往見杯乃，隔鱉刺水而與之言曰：「不歌束既告縱火由歡都等，謹當如約。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 30
  • Shizu was moved and drew rein.
    Biographical record · Source Text 世祖感其言，遂止。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 40
  • Suzong had twice been beaten by Huanhan. Shizu sent Huandu and Yehe with the commandery levies of their tribes to reinforce him.
    Biographical record · Source Text 肅宗拒桓赧已再失利，世祖命歡都、冶訶，以本部謀克之兵助之。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 90
  • Talan was Empress Zhenhui's younger brother.
    Biographical record · Source Text 撻懶者，貞惠皇后之弟也。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 38
  • The encomium reads: Virtuous Shilu was friend to Zhaozu; Huandu served Jingzu and Shizu as minister.
    Biographical record · Source Text 贊曰：賢石魯與昭祖為友，歡都事景祖、世祖為之臣。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 196
  • The people called Zhaozu "Brave Shilu" and Shilu "Virtuous Shilu."
    Biographical record · Source Text 土人呼昭祖為勇石魯，呼石魯為賢石魯。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 4
  • The tribal chiefs Laobolun, Baheru, and Xiabasu quarreled over a thousand household command. The emperor said: "Have any of you served the state as Huandu and his son have?"
    Biographical record · Source Text 孛堇老孛論、拔合汝、轄拔速三人爭千戶，上曰：「汝輩能如歡都父子有勞于國者乎。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 85
  • The tribal chiefs Saola and Fuzhe Talan watched to see which side would win and withheld their support. Both had previously joined Lapei and Machan, so Shizu meant to destroy them on the march home and spurred his horse forward.
    Biographical record · Source Text 於是騷臘勃堇、富者撻懶歡勝負不助軍，而騷臘、撻懶先曾與臘醅、麻產合，世祖欲因軍還而遂滅之，馳馬前進。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 37
  • The tribes still refused law and custom. Zhaozu showed his strength at Qingling and White Mountain and pressed into Subin and Yelan, with Virtuous Shilu at his side throughout.
    Biographical record · Source Text 是時，諸部不肯用條教，昭祖耀武於青嶺、白山，入于蘇濱、耶懶之地，賢石魯佐之也。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 10
  • The women of the inner quarters are poor hostages; you only terrify them to no purpose.
    Biographical record · Source Text 閨門眷屬豈足劫質，徒使之驚恐耳。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 57
  • They bound Huandu together with Alutaiwan, Alutaibuwan, and five others, linking their robe hems, and marched with Azu'a. At the Liao border they set Huandu free.
    Biographical record · Source Text 遂執歡都及阿魯太彎、阿魯不太彎等七人，以衣裾相結，與阿注阿俱行，至遼境，乃釋歡都。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 64
  • Under Suzong his trust outranked every courtier near the throne.
    Biographical record · Source Text 肅宗時，委任冠於近僚。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 73
  • When Cibushi stormed the stronghold of Wuchun and Womouhan he took Sanbin and Sada and their mother as well. He made her a secondary consort and raised the two boys.
    Biographical record · Source Text 辭不失破烏春窩謀罕城，獲三濱、撒達，並獲其母，以為次室，撫其二子。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 51
  • When his house burned, he secretly suborned the bondservant Bugesou to claim that Huandu and Hutu had set the blaze, and sent Zhudu to Shizu with the message: "Bugesou reports that the fire the other day was the work of Huandu and his party.
    Biographical record · Source Text 會其家被火，陰約隸人不歌束，詭稱放火乃歡都、胡土二人，使注都來謂世祖曰：「不歌束來告曰'前日之火，歡都等縱之'。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 20
  • When Muzong came to the throne, every matter touching Liao was placed solely in his hands.
    Biographical record · Source Text 穆宗嗣位，凡圖遼事皆專委之。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 74
  • When Shizu first came to power, Huandu inherited the post of military governor.
    Biographical record · Source Text 世祖初，襲節度使。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 15
  • When Taizu pursued Machan, Huandu struck him in the head with an arrow and took him prisoner.
    Biographical record · Source Text 太祖追麻產，歡都射中其首，遂獲之。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 44
  • When the bier came home Kangzong met it on the road, escorted it to Huandu's house, and oversaw the burial himself.
    Biographical record · Source Text 喪歸，康宗親迓于路，送至其家，親視葬事。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 77
  • While Muzong was out hunting at dawn, he rallied seven or eight armed men, forced their way into the palace, seized the inner gate, and took Empress Zhenhui and the household hostage.
    Biographical record · Source Text 因穆宗晨出獵，糾率七八人操兵入宅，奪據寢門，劫貞惠皇后及家人等。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 55
  • Woshan and Wotuo brought the Guli contingent in submission, and Shizu sent the tribal chief Xiebo to settle them.
    Biographical record · Source Text 斡善、斡脫以姑裏甸兵來歸，使斜缽勃堇撫定之。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 46
  • Yehe and Huandu were always at Shizu's side, joining his councils in camp and taking their places in the battle line in the field. They were never absent from his affairs.
    Biographical record · Source Text 冶訶與歡都常在世祖左右，居則與謀議，出則泣行陣，未嘗不在其間。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 91
  • Yehe, though of the imperial house, shared Huandu's merit, and is therefore set down here beside him.
    Biographical record · Source Text 冶訶雖宗室，與歡都同功，故列敘焉。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 198
  • You know me well. Take me instead."
    Biographical record · Source Text 汝固識我，盍以我為質也。」
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 58
  • Zhaozu and Shilu plotted to recover them, went together beyond the ridge, and shot arrows tipped with burning tinder.
    Biographical record · Source Text 昭祖與石魯謀取之，遂偕至嶺右，炷火於箭端而射。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 6
  • Zhaozu and Shilu then marched in force, seized their goods, and carried off the two women.
    Biographical record · Source Text 昭祖及石魯以眾至，攻取其貲產，虜二女子以歸。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 8
  • Zhaozu took one for himself and Virtuous Shilu the other; each made his a concubine.
    Biographical record · Source Text 昭祖納其一，賢石魯納其一，皆以為妾。
    Directly stated · History of Jin 68, passage 9

Source notes

  • Cited as example of different-surname Wanyan (tribesman), not same-surname imperial kin. 異姓完顏，蓋部人
    Directly stated · History of Jin 59, passage 5

References in the histories

37 passages

History of Jin, Chapter 59Volume 59 Tables 1: Imperial Family · 1 passage
Open chapter
History of Jin, Chapter 68Volume 68 Biographies 6: Huandu and His Son Mouyan; Yehe and His Sons Alubu, Gunan, and Egunai; Sanda's Son Pucha · 36 passages
Open chapter
中途逢告者，日午至，阿注阿謂穆宗曰：「可使系案女直知名官僚相結，送我兄弟親屬由咸州路入遼國，庫金廄馬與我勿惜，歡都亦當送我至遼境，然後還。」 He met the messenger on the road and reached home at noon. Azu'a told Muzong: "Let the noted bureaucrats of the registered Jurchen band together, send my brothers and kin by the Xianzhou road into Liao, give me gold from the treasury and horses from the stables without stint, and let Huandu escort me to the Liao frontier before he returns."